欢迎访问作物学报，今天是
作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2012, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (02): 191-201.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2012.00191

• 综述 •    下一篇

植物组织培养再生相关基因鉴定、克隆和应用研究进展  

叶兴国1，佘茂云1,2，王轲1，杜丽璞1，徐惠君1   

  1. 1 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所 / 国家农作物基因资源与基因改良重大科学工程 / 农业部作物遗传育种重点开放实验室, 北京 100081;2 Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
  • 收稿日期:2011-10-18 修回日期:2011-12-13 出版日期:2012-02-12 网络出版日期:2011-12-13
  • 基金资助:

    本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(30971776)和国家转基因生物新品种培育重大专项(2008ZX08010-004)资助。

Identification, Cloning, and Potential Application of Genes Related to Somatic Embryogenesis in Plant Tissue Culture

YE Xing-Guo1,SHE Mao-Yun1,2, WANG Ke1,DU Li-Pu1,XU Hui-Jun1   

  1. 1 Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement / Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China; 2 Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
  • Received:2011-10-18 Revised:2011-12-13 Published:2012-02-12 Published online:2011-12-13

PDF

4954

被引次数

16

摘要： 离体植物组织体细胞胚胎发生是一个复杂的无性繁殖过程，依次经历外源植物激素信号应答、已分化细胞的脱分化、静止细胞的再分裂以及特定组织、器官原基或分生组织的形成等，是多个基因在外界因素刺激下协调、有序表达和互作的结果，不但受培养基中植物激素和营养成分的影响，也与外植体的生理状态关系密切。本文综述了外源激素和内源激素在植物组织培养中的作用，以及外源激素对内源激素的调节功能；重点介绍了5类与植物体细胞胚胎发生有关的候选基因，包括体细胞胚胎发生相关类受体蛋白激酶、阿拉伯葡聚糖酶、亚硝酸还原酶、生长素结合蛋白和抗氧化酶。再生相关基因的利用不但有助于提高植物组织培养植株再生率和遗传转化率，而且有助于获得安全型转基因植物，在基因工程育种中具有潜在应用前景。不同植物和同种植物不同外植体组织培养中调控体细胞胚胎发生的主效基因可能不同，关键再生相关基因的克隆和功能鉴定是今后需要加强的方向。

关键词: 植物, 组织培养, 体细胞胚胎发生, 器官发生, 再生相关基因

Abstract: Plant embryogenesis or organogenesis in vitro is a complicated asexual reproductive process consisting of many aspects such as phytohormone perception, dedifferentiation of differentiated cells to acquire organogenic competence, re-entry of quiescent cells into cell cycle, and organization of cell division to form specific organ primordia and meristems. In fact, plant regeneration is the result of multigenic interactions and regulatory controls, which are not only affected by plant hormones and other nutrients in the medium, but also showed a close relationship with the physiological state of explants. The effects of exogenous and endogenous hormones on plant regeneration and the regulation of exogenous hormones on endogenous hormones were reviewed in this paper. Research progresses on five classes of genes related to somatic embryogenesis were collectively described. They are somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase, arabinogalactan-proteins, nitrite reductase, auxin binding protein, and antioxidant enzyme. Regeneration associated genes are prospected to be potentially used in plant genetic breeding, whose applications will be involved in the improvement of plant regeneration efficiency and transformation efficiency, also in obtaining transgenic plants with bio-safety. However, main candidate genes related to regeneration might vary in different plants or tissues, or function through different pathways. Therefore, cloning and characterization of some important genes related to somatic embryogenesis or organogenesis should be strengthened in future.

Key words: Plants, Tissue culture, Somatic embryogenesis, Organogenesis, Regeneration-associated genes

[1]Verdeil J L, Alemanno L, Niemenak N, Tranbarger T J. Pluripotent versus totipotent plant stem cells: dependence versus autonomy? Trends Plant Sci, 2007, 12: 245-252

[2]Sathyanarayana B N, Varghese D B. Plant Tissue Culture: Practices and New Experimental Protocols, , New Delhi, India: I.K. International Publishing Housse Pvt. Ltd. 2007. pp 1-8

[3]Zhu Z-Q(朱至清). Theoretic basis of plant cell engineering: cell totipotency. In: Plant Cell Engineering (植物细胞工程). Beijing, China: Chemical Industry Press, 2003. pp 1-14

[4]Zimmermann J L, Apuya N, Darwish K, O’Caroll C. Novel regulation of heat shock genes during carrot somatic embryo development. Plant Cell, 1989, 1: 1137-1146

[5]Gupta S D, Conger B V. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from suspension cultures of switchgrass. Crop Sci, 1999, 39: 243-247

[6]Sugiyama M. Organogenesis in vitro. Curr Opin Plant Biol, 1999, 2: 61-64

[7]Zhao X Y, Su Y H, Cheng Z J, Zhang X S. Cell fate switch during in vitro plant organogenesis. J Integr Plant Biol, 2008, 50: 816-824

[8]Jiménez V M. Involvement of plant hormones and plant growth regulators on in vitro somatic embryogenesis. Plant Growth Regul, 2005, 47: 91-110

[9]Lakshmanan P, Ng S K, Loh C S, Goh C J. Auxin, cytokinin and ethylene differentially regulate specific developmental states associated with shoot bud morphogenesis in leaf tissues of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) cultured in vitro. Plant Cell Physiol, 1997, 38: 59-64

[10]Kamada H, Tachikawa Y, Saitou T, Harada H. Heat stresses induction of carrot somatic embryogenesis. Plant Tiss Cul Lett, 1994, 11: 229-232

[11]Singla B, Tyagi A, Khurana J, Khurana P. Analysis of expression profile of selected genes expressed during auxin-induced somatic embryogenesis in leaf base system of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and their possible interactions. Plant Mol Biol, 2007, 65: 677-692

[12]Karami O, Saidi A. The molecular basis for stress-induced acquisition of somatic embryogenesis. Mol Biol Rep, 2010, 37: 2493-2507

[13]Pasternak T, Prinsen E, Ayaydin F, Miskolczi P, Potters G, Asard H, Van Onckelen H, Dudits D, Fehér A. The role of auxin, pH and stress in the activation of embryogenic cell division in leaf protoplast-derived cells of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Plant Physiol, 2002, 129: 1807-1819

[14]Fischer-Iglesias C, Sundberg B, Neuhaus G, Jones A M. Auxin distribution and transport during embryonic pattern formation in wheat. Plant J, 2001, 26: 115-129

[15]Jiménez V M, Bangerth F. Endogenous hormone levels in explants and in embryogenic and nonembryogenic cultures of carrot. Physiol Plant, 2001, 111: 389-395

[16]Mahalakshmi A, Khurana J P, Khurana P. Rapid induction of somatic embryogenesis by 2,4-D in leaf base cultures of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Biotechnol, 2003, 20: 267-273

[17]Singla B, Khurana J, Khurana P. Characterization of three somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase genes from wheat, Triticum aestivum. Plant Cell Rep, 2008, 27: 833-843

[18]Ogawa T, Kawahigashi H, Toki S, Handa H. Efficient transformation of wheat by using a mutated rice acetolactate synthase gene as a selectable marker. Plant Cell Rep, 2008, 27: 1325-1331

[19]Nissen P, Minocha S C. Inhibition by 2,4-D of somatic embryogenesis in carrot as explored by its reversal by difluoromethylornithine. Physiol Plant, 1993, 89: 673-680

[20]Michalczuk L, Druart P. Indole-3-acetic acid metabolism in hormone-autotrophic, embryogenic callus of Inmil (R) cherry rootstock (Prunus incisa × serrula ‘GM9’) and in hormone-dependent, non-embryogenic calli of Prunus incisa × serrula and Prunus domestica. Plant Physiol, 1999, 107: 426-432

[21]Michalczuk L, Cooke T J, Cohen J D. Auxin levels at different stages of carrot somatic embryogenesis. Phytochemistry, 1992, 31: 1097-1103

[22]Miroshnichenko D, Filippov M, Dolgov S. Effects of daminozide on somatic embryogenesis from immature and mature embryos of wheat. Aust J Crop Sci, 2009, 3: 83-94

[23]Nishiwaki M, Fujino K, Koda Y, Masuda K, Kikuta Y. Somatic embryogenesis induced by the simple application of abscisic acid to carrot (Daucus carota L.) seedlings in culture. Planta, 2000, 211: 756-759

[24]Charriére F, Sotta B, Miginiac É, Hahne G. Induction of adventitious or somatic embryos on in vitro cultured zygotic embryos of Helianthus annuus: variation of endogenous hormone levels. Plant Physiol Bioch, 1999, 37: 751-757

[25]Ivanova A, Velcheva M, Denchev P, Atanassov A, Van Onckelen H. Endogenous hormone levels during direct somatic embryogenesis in Medicago falcata. Plant Physiol, 1994, 92: 85-89

[26]Fernando S C, Gamage C K A. Abscisic acid induced somatic embryogenesis in immature embryo explants of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). Plant Sci, 2000, 151: 193-198

[27]Choi Y E, Yang D C, Park J C, Soh W Y, Choi K T. Regenerative ability of somatic single and multiple embryos from cotyledons of Korean ginseng on hormone-free medium. Plant Cell Rep, 1998, 17: 544-551

[28]Schmidt E D, Guzzo F, Toonen M A, de Vries S C. A leucine-rich repeat containing receptor-like kinase marks somatic plant cells competent to form embryos. Development, 1997, 124: 2049-2062

[29]Li J. Multi-tasking of somatic embryogenesis receptor-like protein kinases. Curr Opin Plant Biol, 2010, 13: 509-514

[30]Hecht V, Vielle-Calzada J P, Hartog M V, Schmidt E D, Boutilier K, Grossniklaus U, de Vries S C. The Arabidopsis SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE 1 gene is expressed in developing ovules and embryos and enhances embryogenic competence in culture. Plant Physiol, 2001, 127: 803-816

[31]Becraft P W. Receptor kinase signaling in plant development. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 2002, 18: 163-192

[32]Hu H, Xiong L, Yang Y. Rice SERK1 gene positively regulates somatic embryogenesis of cultured cell and host defense response against fungal infection. Planta, 2005, 222: 107-117

[33]Nolan K E, Kurdyukov S, Rose R J. Expression of the SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE1 (SERK1) gene is associated with developmental change in the life cycle of the model legume Medicago truncatula. J Exp Bot, 2009, 60: 1759-1771

[34]Gruszczyńska A, Rakoczy-Trojanowska M. Expression analysis of somatic embryogenesis-related SERK; LEC1; VP1; and NiR ortologues in rye (Secale cereale L.). J Appl Genet, 2011, 52: 1-8

[35]Zhang S, Liu X, Lin Y, Xie G, Fu F, Liu H, Wang J, Gao S, Lan H, Rong T. Characterization of a ZmSERK gene and its relationship to somatic embryogenesis in a maize culture. Plant Cell Tiss Org, 2011, 105: 29-37

[36]Zakizadeh H, Stummann B, Lütken H, Müller R. Isolation and characterization of four somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase (RhSERK) genes from miniature potted rose (Rosa hybrida cv. Linda). Plant Cell Tiss Org, 2010, 101: 331-338

[37]Yakandawala N, Jordan M C. Isolation of a somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase gene from wheat and assessment of its role in transformation. In: Appels R, Eastwood R, Lagudah E, Langridge P, Mackay M, McIntyre L, Sharp P, eds. Proceedings of 11th International Wheat Genetics Symposium 2008. Sydney, Austrilia: Sydney University Press, 2008. pp 610-612

[38]Ito Y, Takaya K, Kurata N. Expression of SERK family receptor-like protein kinase genes in rice. Biochim Biophys Acta Gene Struct Expr, 2005, 1730: 253-258

[39]Baudino S, Hansen S, Brettschneider R, Hecht V F G, Dresselhaus T, Lorz H, Dumas C, Rogowsky P M. Molecular characterization of two novel maize LRR receptor-like kinases, which belong to the SERK gene family. Planta, 2001, 213: 1-10

[40]Yopp J H, Mandava N B, Sasse J M. Brassinolide, a growth-promoting steroidal lactone. Physiol Plantarum, 1981, 53: 445-452

[41]Chapman A, Blervacq A S, Vasseur J, Hilbert J L. Arabinogalactan-proteins in Cichorium somatic embryogenesis: effect of β-glucosyl Yariv reagent and epitope localisation during embryo development. Planta, 2000, 211: 305-314

[42]Lucau-Danila A, Laborde L, Legrand S, Huot L, Hot D, Lemoine Y, Hilbert J L, Hawkins S, Quillet M C, Hendriks T, Blervacq A S. Identification of novel genes potentially involved in somatic embryogenesis in chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). BMC Plant Biol, 2010, 10: 122-136

[43]Legrand S, Hendriks T, Hilbert J L, Quillet M C. Characterization of expressed sequence tags obtained by SSH during somatic embryogenesis in Cichorium intybus L. BMC Plant Biol, 2007, 7: 27-38

[44]Kasha K J, Simion E, Miner M, Letarte J, Hu T C B B. Haploid wheat isolated microspore culture protocol. In: Malszynnski M, Kasha K J, Forster B P, Szarejko I, eds. Doubled haploid production in crop plants: a manual. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003

[45]Hellens R, Mullineaux P, Klee H. Technical focus: a guide to Agrobacterium binary Ti vectors. Trends Plant Sci, 2000, 5: 446-451

[46]Nishimura A, Ashikari M, Lin S, Takashi T, Angeles E R, Yamamoto T, Matsuoka M. Isolation of a rice regeneration quantitative trait loci gene and its application to transformation systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2005, 102: 11940-11944

[47]Ozawa K, Kawahigashi H. Positional cloning of the nitrite reductase gene associated with good growth and regeneration ability of calli and establishment of a new selection system for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Sci, 2006, 170: 384-393

[48]Fehér A, Pasternak T, Ötvös K, Miskolczi P, Dudits D. Induction of embryogenic competence in somatic plant cells: a review. Biologia, 2002, 57: 5-12

[49]Goldsworthy A, Mina M G. Electrical patterns of tobacco cells in media containing indole-3-acetic acid or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Planta, 1991, 183: 368-373

[50]Schauf C L, Bringle B, Stillwell W. Membrane-directed effects of the plant hormones abscisic acid, indole-3-acetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1987, 143: 1085-1091

[51]Wei Y D, Zheng H G, Hall J C. Role of auxinic herbicide-induced ethylene on hypocotyls elongation and root/hypocotyl radical expansion. Int J Pest Manage, 2000, 56: 377-387

[52]Tromas A, Paponov I, Perrot-Rechenmann C. Auxin binding protein: 1: Functional and evolutionary aspects. Trends Plant Sci, 2010, 15: 436-446

[53]Chen J G, Ullah H, Young JC, Sussman M R, Jones A M et al. ABP1 is required for organized cell elongation and division in Arabidopsis embryogenesis. Genes Dev, 2001, 15: 902-911

[54]Braun N, Wyrzykowska J, Muller P, David K, Couch D, Perrot-Rechenmann C, Fleming A J. Conditional repression of AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN1 reveals that it coordinates cell division and cell expansion during postembryonic shoot development in Arabidopsis and tobacco. Plant Cell, 2008, 20: 2746-2762

[55]David K M, Couch D, Braun N, Brown S, Grosclaude J, Perrot-Rechenmann C. The auxin-binding protein 1 is essential for the control of cell cycle. Plant J, 2007, 50: 197-206

[56]Cutler A, Saleem M, Wang H. Cereal protoplast recalcitrance. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol, 1991, 27: 104-111

[57]Papadakis A, Roubelakis-Angelakis K. Oxidative stress could be responsible for the recalcitrance of plant protoplasts. Plant Physiol Biochem, 2002, 40: 549-559

[58]Lamb C, Dixon R. The oxidative burst in plant disease resistance. Annu Rev Plant Biol, 1997, 48: 251-275

[59]Szechyńska-Hebda M, Skrzypek E, D?browska G, Biesaga-Ko?cielniak J, Filek M, W?dzony M. The role of oxidative stress induced by growth regulators in the regeneration process of wheat. Acta Physiol Plant, 2007, 29: 327-337

[60]Zhang S G, Han S Y, Yang W H, Wei H L, Zhang M, Qi L W. Changes in H2O2 content and antioxidant enzyme gene expression during the somatic embryogenesis of Larix leptolepis. Plant Cell Tiss Org, 2010, 100: 21-29

[61]Gupta S D, Datta S. Antioxidant enzyme activities during in vitro morphogenesis of gladiolus and the effect of application of antioxidant on plant regeneration. Biol Plant, 2003/2004, 47: 179-183

[62]Libik M, Konieczny R, Pater B, Slesak I, Miszalski Z. Differences in the activities of some antioxidant enzymes and in H2O2 content during rhizogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in callus cultures of the ice plant. Plant Cell Rep, 2005, 23: 834-841

[63]Cui K R, Xing G S, Liu X M, Xing G M, Wang Y F. Effect of hydrogen peroxide on somatic embryogenesis of Lycium barbarum L. Plant Sci, 1999, 146: 9-16

[64]Rajeswari V, Paliwal K. Peroxidase and catalase changes during in vitro adventitious shoot organogenesis from hypocotyls of Albizia odoratissima L. f. (Benth). Acta Physiol Plant, 2008, 30: 825-832

[65]Tian M, Gu Q, Zhu M Y. The involvement of hydrogen peroxide and antioxidant enzymes in the process of shoot organogenesis of strawberry callus. Plant Sci, 2003, 165: 701-707

[66]Moller I M, Sweetlove L J. ROS signaling-specificity is required. Trends Plant Sci, 2010, 15: 370-374

[67]Zubko E, Adams C J, Macháèková I, Malbeck J, Scollan C, Meyer P. Activation tagging identifies a gene from Petunia hybrida responsible for the production of active cytokinins in plants. Plant J, 2002, 29: 797-80

[68]Low R K, Prakash A P, Swarup S, Goh C J, Kumar P P. A differentially expressed bZIP gene is associated with adventitious shoot regeneration in leaf cultures of Paulownia kawakamii. Plant Cell Rep, 2001, 20: 696-700

[69]Koornneef M, Bade J, Hanhart C, Horsman K, Schel J, Soppe W, Verkerk R, Zabel P. Characterization and mapping of a gene controlling shoot regeneration in tomato. Plant J, 1993, 3: 131-141

[70]Banno H, Ikeda Y, Niu Q W, Chua N H. Overexpression of Arabidopsis ESR1 induces initiation of shoot regeneration. Plant Cell, 2001, 13: 2609-2618

[71]Lotan T, Ohto M, Yee K M, West M A, Lo R, Kwong R W, Yamagishi K, Fischer R L, Goldberg R B, Harada J J. Arabidopsis LEAFY COTYLEDON1 is sufficient to induce embryo development in vegetative cells. Cell, 1998, 93: 1195-1205

[72]Zuo J, Niu Q, Frugis G, Chua, N H. The WUSCHEL gene promotes vegetative-to-embryonic transition in Arabidopsis. Plant J, 2002, 30: 349-359

[73]Galland R, Randoux B, Vasseur J, Hilbert J L. A glutathione-S-transferase cDNA identified by mRNA differential display is upregulated during somatic embryogenesis in Cichorium. Biochim Biophys Acta Gene Struct Expr, 2001, 1522: 212-216

[74]Sauter M, von Wiegen P, Lörz H, Kranz E. Cell cycle regulatory genes from maize are differentially controlled during fertilization and first embryonic cell division. Sexual Plant Reprod, 1998, 11: 41-48

[75]Zhang S, Wong L, Meng L, Lemaux P G. Similarity of expression patterns of knotted1 and ZmLEC1 during somatic and zygotic embryogenesis in maize (Zea mays L.). Planta, 2002, 215: 191-194

[76]Komatsuda T, Annaka T, Oka S. Genetic mapping of a quantitative trait locus (QTL) that enhances the shoot differentiation rate in Hordeum vulgare L. Theor Appl Genet, 1993, 86: 713-720
[1] 蔡兆琴, 何观咏, 何文, 阮丽霞, 梁振华, 李永珍, 李恒锐, 陈会鲜. 木薯分枝发育过程的动态转录组分析与关键基因发掘[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(5): 1430-1441.
[2] 马亮, 马璐, 张舒钰, 章慧敏, 王仁明, 宋旭东, 张振良, 冒宇翔, 陆虎华, 陈国清, 郝德荣, 周广飞. 玉米苞叶数目转录组分析及候选基因鉴定[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(3): 790-801.
[3] 王婷, 段武丽, 王蕊, 刘海岚. 植物胆碱单加氧酶基因家族的进化与表达分析[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(1): 44-55.
[4] 杨姝, 白伟, 蔡倩, 杜桂娟. 玉米‖紫花苜蓿间作群体光分布特征及对植物性状和产量的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2025, 51(9): 2514-2526.
[5] 沈傲, 刘敏, 倪迪安, 刘炜. 谷子m6A甲基转移酶基因SiMTA1的启动子序列特征和基因表达模式分析[J]. 作物学报, 2025, 51(7): 1969-1978.
[6] 宋松泉, 唐翠芳, 程红焱, 王程亮, 袁良兵, 左胜. 谷类作物的胚乳发育及其对种子休眠与萌发的作用[J]. 作物学报, 2025, 51(5): 1133-1155.
[7] 苏畅, 满福原, 王镜博, 冯晶, 姜思旭, 赵明辉. 铝胁迫下水稻osalr3突变体对外源有机酸和植物生长调节物质的响应[J]. 作物学报, 2025, 51(3): 676-686.
[8] 赵黎明, 段绍彪, 项洪涛, 郑殿峰, 冯乃杰, 沈雪峰. 干湿交替灌溉与植物生长调节剂对水稻光合特性及内源激素的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2025, 51(1): 174-188.
[9] 谢章书, 谢学方, 屠小菊, 刘爱玉, 董合忠, 周仲华. 植物激素对棉花蕾铃脱落的调控研究进展[J]. 作物学报, 2025, 51(1): 1-29.
[10] 李旭娟, 李纯佳, 田春艳, 孔春艳, 徐超华, 刘新龙. 甘蔗硝酸盐转运蛋白1/肽转运蛋白家族6.4基因(ScNPF6.4)克隆及其调控分蘖功能分析[J]. 作物学报, 2024, 50(8): 2131-2142.
[11] 乐愉, 王涛, 张献龙, 林忠旭. 陆地棉重组自交系再生能力和遗传转化效率筛选[J]. 作物学报, 2024, 50(5): 1172-1180.
[12] 张慧, 张欣雨, 袁旭, 陈伟达, 杨婷. 烟草叶片响应镉胁迫的差异表达基因鉴定及分析[J]. 作物学报, 2024, 50(4): 944-956.
[13] 段凌凤, 王新轶, 王治昊, 耿泽栋, 卢运瑞, 杨万能. 基于改进Pix2Pix-HD网络的多品种水稻生长可视化预测方法[J]. 作物学报, 2024, 50(12): 3083-3095.
[14] 张馨月, 秦阳, 李瑞, 黄全生, 王逸茹, 郑军. 玉米穗发芽突变体vp2的基因克隆及功能研究[J]. 作物学报, 2024, 50(11): 2712-2719.
[15] 宋松泉, 唐翠芳, 雷华平, 姜孝成, 王伟青, 程红焱. 种子休眠与萌发调控的研究进展[J]. 作物学报, 2024, 50(1): 1-15.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!
京ICP备15008789号-2