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作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (11): 1579-1591.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.01579

• 综述 •    下一篇

藜麦活性成分研究进展

胡一晨1,赵钢1,*(),秦培友2,成颜芬3,曹亚楠1,4,邹亮1,任贵兴2,*()   

  1. 1 成都大学 / 农业部杂粮加工重点实验室, 四川成都 610106
    2 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所, 北京 100081
    3 成都中医药大学药学院, 四川成都 611137
    4 西华大学食品与生物工程学院, 四川成都 610039
  • 收稿日期:2018-05-18 接受日期:2018-08-20 出版日期:2018-11-12 网络出版日期:2018-09-07
  • 通讯作者: 赵钢,任贵兴
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-08-02A);四川省教育厅科研项目(17ZB0113)

Research Progress on Bioactive Components of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Yi-Chen HU1,Gang ZHAO1,*(),Pei-You QIN2,Yan-Fen CHENG3,Ya-Na CAO1,4,Liang ZOU1,Gui-Xing REN2,*()   

  1. 1 Chengdu University / Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, China
    2 Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
    3 Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China
    4 College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, Sichuan, China
  • Received:2018-05-18 Accepted:2018-08-20 Published:2018-11-12 Published online:2018-09-07
  • Contact: Gang ZHAO,Gui-Xing REN
  • Supported by:
    supported by the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-08-02A);the Education Department Research Project of Sichuan Province(17ZB0113)

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摘要：

藜麦是苋科藜属一年生双子叶植物, 作为一种营养价值突出的功能性健康食品, 不仅富含多酚、黄酮、皂苷、多糖、多肽、蜕皮激素等活性成分, 还含有丰富的维生素、必需氨基酸、矿物质(K、P、Mg、Ca、Zn、Fe)等营养物质, 具有均衡补充营养、增强机体功能、抗氧化、降血糖、降血脂、抗炎、提高免疫、防治心血管疾病以及抗菌抗溃疡等生理活性, 尤其适于高血糖、高血压、高血脂、心脏病等慢性病人群及婴幼儿、孕产妇、儿童、学生、老年人等人群食用。藜麦因其全面的营养价值和食用功能特性, 且优于大多数谷物, 成为适宜人类食用的全营养食品。本文综述藜麦的活性成分及其生理功能作用, 并展望其在食品工业中的发展前景, 旨在对藜麦产业、食品保健和医药研发等领域提供重要的参考价值。

关键词: 藜麦, 活性成分, 多酚, 皂苷, 多糖

Abstract:

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), a dicotyledon belonging to Amaranthaceae family, has been regarded as a functional healthy food because of its excellent nutritional characteristics. Quinoa has been most widely commercialized, consumed and also studied for their high contents of vitamin, essential amino acids, minerals and bioactive compounds. Indeed, the presence of these bioactive compounds in quinoa seeds well leads to their being considered a ‘‘functional food”. The bioactive compounds mainly consist of polyphenolic compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins), saponins, polysaccharides, polypeptides, ecdysone and aliphatic acids, and are confirmed as the main constituents of quinoa secondary metabolite, with activities in antioxidant, antidiabetics, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-inflammatory, enhancing immune, preventing cardiovascular diseases and antibacterial. The popularity of quinoa has increased in recent years due to the claims of benefits to health and superfood qualities. This paper reviews the function of bioactive compounds in quinoa, and its research and development of related products in future. It is intended to provide important references to the quinoa industry, food health and pharmaceutical research and development.

Key words: quinoa, bioactive components, polyphenol, saponin, polysaccharide

表1

用HPLC-DAD-MS技术测定的3种不用颜色藜麦籽粒中自由酚类化合物的含量[10]"

编号
Code		 自由酚类化合物
Free phenolic compounds		 白色藜麦籽粒
White quinoa		 红色藜麦籽粒
Red quinoa		 黑色藜麦籽粒
Black quinoa
1 3,4-二羟基苯甲酸 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid Not detected 29.82±0.67 47.38±1.39
2 对香豆酸 4-葡萄糖苷 p-coumaric acid 4-glucoside Not detected 19.34±1.21 31.31±1.88
3 对羟基苯甲酸 p-hydroxybenzoic acid 15.84±0.72 17.24±0.49 16.97±0.31
4 香草酸 4-葡萄糖苷 Vanillic acid 4-glucoside 23.09±1.75 24.62±1.12 27.39±1.09
5 2,5-二羟基苯甲酸 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid 0.59±0.06 0.73±0.13 0.28±0.04
6 咖啡酸 Caffeic acid 4.39±0.02 4.94±0.03 19.61±0.02
7 香草酸 Vanillic acid 63.45±2.22 70.02±1.71 39.03±2.04
8 表没食子儿茶素 Epigallocatechin 1.55±0.03 2.71±0.04 3.21±0.04
9 表儿茶素 Epicatechin 4.62±0.12 3.89±0.11 4.23±0.18
10 香草醛 Vanillin 4.19±0.09 6.65±0.24 8.39±0.39
11 金合欢素/单甲醚/芹黄素-7-甲醚
Acacetin/questin/apigenin-7-methylether		 10.08±0.73 13.33±0.48 16.56±0.55
12 对香豆酸 p-coumaric acid 13.01±0.58 22.73±0.54 29.52±1.06
13 阿魏酸 Ferulic acid 37.52±2.61 58.41±1.82 47.21±1.77
编号
Code		 自由酚类化合物
Free phenolic compounds		 白色藜麦籽粒
White quinoa		 红色藜麦籽粒
Red quinoa		 黑色藜麦籽粒
Black quinoa
14 阿魏酸4-葡萄糖苷 Ferulic acid 4-glucoside 131.97±2.26 151.65±3.17 161.39±0.64
15 异阿魏酸 Isoferulic acid 8.21±0.26 19.44±0.62 12.35±0.49
16 山奈酚3,7-二鼠李糖苷 Kaempferol 3,7-dirhamnoside 20.61±0.94 27.00±1.14 29.41±0.52
17 山奈酚3-半乳糖苷 Kaempferol 3-galactoside 24.01±1.42 28.78±1.77 23.32±0.81
18 槲皮素-3-芸香糖苷 Quercetin-3-rutinoside 57.10±2.76 71.04±1.99 57.63±1.47
19 山奈酚3-葡萄糖苷 Kaempferol 3-glucoside 13.29±1.33 16.42±1.58 24.08±1.69
20 槲皮素3-阿拉伯糖苷 Quercetin 3-arabinoside 24.97±1.19 26.46±1.28 65.79±0.71
21 槲皮素 Quercetin 5.27±0.82 11.82±0.41 12.99±0.11
22 山奈酚 Kaempferol 2.56±0.08 1.18±0.08 1.58±0.07
23 鹰嘴豆芽素 Biochanin A 0.67±0.27 6.44±0.45 2.42±0.79
总酚类指数 Total phenols index (TPI) 466.99±3.27 634.66±5.87 682.05±4.73

表2

藜麦、苍白茎藜、尾穗苋籽粒中可溶性酚酸和黄酮的含量[20]"

类别
Type		 藜麦
Quinoa		 苍白茎藜
Ka?iwa		 尾穗苋
Kiwicha
可溶性酚酸
Soluble phenolic acids		 咖啡酸 Caffeic acid 0.7±0.4 3±2 0.9±0.2
阿魏酸 Ferulic acid 15±3 23±7 6.9±1.0
对香豆酸 p-coumaric acid 8±7 1.0±0.5 0.89±0.11
对羟基苯甲酸 p-OH-benzoic acid 2.9±0.6 1.7±0.2 3.0±0.7
香草酸 Vanillic acid 11±2 4±2 5.4±1.3
黄酮
Flavonoids		 杨梅酮 Myricetin 0.5±0.5 0.04±0.08 Not detected
槲皮素 Quercetin 36±13 60±30 Not detected
山奈酚 Kaempferol 20±20 2±3 Not detected
异鼠李素 Isorhamnetin 0.4±0.7 30±20 Not detected

表3

20种三萜皂苷结构[29]"

序号
Code		 化合物
Compound		 苷元
Aglycone		 R#
1 3β-[(O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→3)-α-L-阿拉伯吡喃基)氧]-23-氧-
齐墩果-12-en-28-油酸 β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷
3β-[(O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl)oxy]-23-
oxo-olean-12-en-28-oic acid β-D-glucopyranoside		 I β-D-Glc(1→3)-α-L-Ara
2 3β-[(O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→3)-α-L-阿拉伯吡喃基)氧]-27-
氧-齐墩果-12-en-28-油酸 β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷
3β-[(O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl)oxy]-27-
oxo-olean-12-en-28-oic acid β-D-glucopyranoside		 II β-D-Glc(1→3)-α-L-Ara
3 3-O-α-L-阿拉伯吡喃基 脱氧美商陆酸 28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯
3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl serjanic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester		 III α-L-Ara
4 3-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸 脱氧美商陆酸 28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯
3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl serjanic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester		 III β-D-GlcA
序号
Code		 化合物
Compound		 苷元
Aglycone		 R#
5 3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→3)-α-L-阿拉伯吡喃基
脱氧美商陆酸 28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯
3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl serjanic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester		 III β-D-Glc(1→2)-β-D-
Glc(1→3)-α-L-Ara
6 3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→3)-α-L-阿拉伯吡喃基 脱氧美商陆酸28-O-β-D-
吡喃葡萄糖酯
3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-arabinopyranosylserjanic
acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester		 III β-D-Glc(1→3)-α-L-Ara
7 6-{[4,4,6a,6b,11,11,14b-七乙基-8a-({[3,4,5-三羟基-6-(羟甲基)氧化-2-yl]氧}
羰基)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a,14b-icosahydropicen-3-
yl]氧}-3,5-二羟基-4-[(3,4,5-三羟基氧烷-2-yl)氧]环氧乙烷-2-羧酸
6-{[4,4,6a,6b,11,11,14b-heptamethyl-8a-({[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2- yl]oxy}carbonyl)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a,14b-icosahydropicen-3-yl]oxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-4-[(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxy]oxane-2-carboxylicacid		 IV β-D-Xyl(1→3)-β-D-GlcA
8 藜麦皂苷7 Quinoa saponin 7 IV β-D-Glc(1→2)-β-D-
Glc(1→3)-α-L-Ara
9 3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→3)-α-L-阿拉伯吡喃基 齐墩果酸 28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯
3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucop yranosyl ester		 IV β-D-Glc(1→3)-α-L-Ara
10 竹节参皂苷 IVa Chikusetsusaponin IVa IV β-D-GlcA
11 藜麦皂苷4 Quinoa saponin 4 V β-D-Glc(1→3)-α-L-Ara
12 藜麦皂苷3 Quinoa saponin 3 V α-L-Ara
13 藜麦皂苷5 Quinoa saponin 5 V β-D-Glc(1→3)-β-D-Gal
14 藜麦皂苷8 Quinoa saponin 8 V β-D-Glc(1→2)-β-D-
Glc(1→3)-α-L-Ara
15 3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→4)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→4)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基 商陆皂苷酸 28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯
3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl phytolaccagenic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester		 V β-D-Glc(1→4)-β-D-
Glc(1→4)-β-D-Glc
16 藜麦皂苷2 Quinoa saponin 2 VI β-D-Glc(1→3)-β-D-Gal
17 常春藤皂苷F Hedera nepalensis saponin F VI α-L-Ara
18 藜麦皂苷9 Quinoa saponin 9 VI β-D-GlcA
19 藜麦皂苷1 Quinoa saponin 1 VI β-D-Glc(1→3)-α-L-Ara
20 3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→3)-α-L-阿拉伯吡喃基3β,23,30-三羟基烯烃-12-en-28-油酸 28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯
3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl 3β,23,30-trihydroxy olean- 12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester		 VII β-D-Glc(1→3)-α-L-Ara

图1

7种三萜皂苷的苷元"

"

表5

藜麦与常见谷物宏量营养素的比较[39,40]"

名称
Name		 脂肪
Lipid		 蛋白质
Protein		 膳食纤维
Dietary fiber		 碳水化合物
Carbohydrate
藜麦 Quinoa 6.07 14.12 7.0 64.16
水稻 Rice 0.55 6.81 2.8 81.68
大麦 Barley 1.30 9.91 15.6 77.72
小麦 Wheat 2.47 13.68 10.7 71.13
玉米 Maize 4.74 9.42 7.3 74.26
高粱 Sorghum 3.46 10.62 6.7 72.09
粟 Foxtail millet 3.06 10.29 4.25 69.95
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