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作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (1): 1-18.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.02021

• 综述 •    下一篇

生物炭的结构及其理化特性研究回顾与展望

张伟明(), 修立群, 吴迪, 孙媛媛, 顾闻琦, 张鈜贵, 孟军, 陈温福*()   

  1. 沈阳农业大学农学院/辽宁省生物炭工程技术研究中心, 辽宁沈阳 110866
  • 收稿日期:2020-03-17 接受日期:2020-08-19 出版日期:2021-01-12 网络出版日期:2020-09-22
  • 通讯作者: 陈温福
  • 作者简介:E-mail: biochar_zwm@syau.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目“稻田生物炭基培肥产品的研制与施用技术”(2016YFD0300904-4);“生物炭基复合肥料研制与示范”(2017YFD0200802-02);辽宁省高校重大科技创新平台(生物炭工程技术研究中心)项目;院士专项基金和国家水稻产业技术体系项目(CARS01-46)

Review of biochar structure and physicochemical properties

ZHANG Wei-Ming(), XIU Li-Qun, WU Di, SUN Yuan-Yuan, GU Wen-Qi, ZHANG Hong-Gui, MENG Jun, CHEN Wen-Fu*()   

  1. College of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University / Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
  • Received:2020-03-17 Accepted:2020-08-19 Published:2021-01-12 Published online:2020-09-22
  • Contact: CHEN Wen-Fu
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China “the Development and Application of Biochar-based Fertilizer in Rice Soil Fertility”(2016YFD0300904-4);State Key Special Program of Biochar-Fertilizer Technology Research and Industrialization Demonstration(2017YFD0200802-02);Liaoning Province Major Science and Technology Platform for University (Biochar Engineering and Technical Research Center);Special Fund for Academicians, and the National Rice Industrial Technology System(CARS01-46)

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摘要：

作为新兴技术, 生物炭技术及其应用在近年发展迅速, 但由于来源、材质、炭化工艺等存在较大差异, 导致生物炭特性及应用效果千差万别, 研究结果难以比对甚至相悖, 在一定程度上阻碍了生物炭研究与应用的发展。为此, 本文从制约生物炭功效发挥的关键因素, 即生物炭的结构及理化特性入手, 系统梳理了近年有关生物炭的定义、形成、结构、元素及其主要理化特性和调控技术等方面的研究进展, 总结分析了生物炭结构及其理化特性的共性、差异性特征及规律, 厘清了有关生物炭特性及功能的基本观点、现状和共识。认为, 生物炭的结构及其理化特性是影响生物炭作用、功能及效果的最主要因素, 决定了生物炭的应用领域、范围、量级、目标和方向, 采用改性或优化调控技术是发挥生物炭功效优势、潜力与价值的关键。并从资源与环境的“循环、可持续”发展角度, 结合生物炭研究与应用实际, 探讨了未来有关生物炭理化特性研究的基本原则和方向, 旨在为生物炭基础科学研究与应用技术发展提供基础和参考。

关键词: 生物炭, 结构, 理化特性, 研究进展

Abstract:

As a new emerging technology, biochar and its applications have been rapidly developed in recent years. However, due to large differences in carbonization materials and processes, it is difficult to compare or even contrast the results of biochar application studies, thus hindering the development of biochar applications to some extent. For this reason, our paper focuses on the key factors restricted the function of biochar, namely, the structure as well as physical and chemical properties of biochar, and then systematically presents the main research advances in recent years from the following perspectives of biochar such as definition, formation, structure, elemental composition, and other main physical-chemical properties, and property controlling-technologies. The paper analyses and summarizes the common and differential characteristics of biochar structure and physical and chemical properties and clarifies the relevant basic perspectives, statuses, trends, and consensus on the structure and properties of biochar. The structure and fundamental physical and chemical properties of biochar are believed to be the most important factors affecting the roles, function, and effects of biochar. They also determine the application field, scope, amount, objective, and direction of biochar. Therefore, the modification technology or optimal regulation technique is the key to develop the efficacy advantage, potential and values of biochar. By further combining the research and application of biochar, the basic principles and development directions of biochar physicochemical property research in the future focusing on the physical and chemical properties of biochar are evaluated from cycle and sustainable development of resources and material perspectives. This paper aims to provide the basis and reference for the development of basic scientific science and application technology studies on biochar.

Key words: biochar, structure, physicochemical properties, advances

图1

不同炭化温度下的生物炭结构表征示意图[4] A: 生物炭结构中芳香族碳增加, 主要以无定型碳为主。B: 生物炭结构中涡轮层状芳香碳增加。C: 生物炭结构趋于石墨化。"

表1

生物炭中有害元素含量上限阈值[111]"

有害元素
Toxic element		 含量
Content (mg kg-1)
砷Arsenic 13-100
镉Cadmium 1.4-39.0
铜Copper 143-6000
铬Chromium 93-1200
镍Nickel 47-420
铅Lead 121-300
锌Zinc 416-7400
汞Mercury 1-17
钼Molybdenum 5-75
钴Cobalt 34-100

图2

生物炭对重金属(a)和有机污染物(b)吸附模型[87]"

图3

生物炭的疏水性(a)和持水性(b)[133] "

图4

生物炭基纳米复合材料的合成制备过程[175]"

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