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作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (1): 125-137.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.04077

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

水分亏缺下化肥减量配施有机肥对棉花光合特性与产量的影响

冯克云1(), 王宁1,*(), 南宏宇1, 高建刚2   

  1. 1甘肃省农业科学院作物研究所, 甘肃兰州 730070
    2北京市农林科学院, 北京 100097
  • 收稿日期:2020-03-26 接受日期:2020-08-19 出版日期:2021-01-12 网络出版日期:2020-09-15
  • 通讯作者: 王宁
  • 作者简介:E-mail: fengkymh@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    甘肃省科技重大专项(17ZD2NA016-6);国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0201905);甘肃省农业科学院中青年基金项目(2019GAAS38)

Effects of chemical fertilizer reduction with organic fertilizer application under water deficit on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of cotton

FENG Ke-Yun1(), WANG Ning1,*(), NAN Hong-Yu1, GAO Jian-Gang2   

  1. 1Institute of Crop Sciences, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
    2Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
  • Received:2020-03-26 Accepted:2020-08-19 Published:2021-01-12 Published online:2020-09-15
  • Contact: WANG Ning
  • Supported by:
    Major Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province(17ZD2NA016-6);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0201905);Youth Foundation Project of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2019GAAS38)

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摘要：

于2017年和2018年进行田间定位试验, 采用裂区试验设计, 主区为充分灌溉W1 (灌水量4800 m3 hm-2)和亏缺灌溉W2 (灌水量2400 m3 hm-2), 副区为不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、75%化肥+25%有机肥(M1)、50%化肥+50%有机肥(M2)、25%化肥+75%有机肥(M3) 5个处理, 研究了化肥减量配施有机肥对棉花光合特性及产量的影响, 以期为水分亏缺下合理利用有机肥、减少化肥投入提供理论依据。结果表明, 亏缺灌溉下棉花叶面积指数(leaf area index, LAI)、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、地上部干物质积累量和籽棉产量均低于充分灌溉, 但灌溉水生产力(irrigation water productivity, IWP)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)高于充分灌溉。化肥减量配施有机肥较单施化肥能显著提高盛蕾期后棉花LAI, 提高棉花各生育期Pn和Gs, 增加棉花营养器官和生殖器官干物质积累量, 并促进干物质向生殖器官转运, 提高籽棉产量和IWP, 能在盛铃期和吐絮期提高土壤耕层含水量。充分灌溉下, 各有机肥配施处理间棉花LAI、Pn和籽棉产量均表现为M1>M2>M3, 其中M1籽棉产量2年平均分别较CF、CK提高了6.9%和62.1%; 亏缺灌溉下, 各有机肥配施处理间棉花LAI、Pn和籽棉产量表现为M2>M1>M3, 其中M2籽棉产量2年平均分别较CF、CK提高了19.9%和79.3%。化肥减量配施有机肥在水分亏缺下有利于籽棉增产, 缓解水分亏缺对棉花生长发育的影响, 其中M2 (50%化肥+50%有机肥)为最佳施肥处理。

关键词: 棉花, 水分亏缺, 有机肥, 光合特性, 产量

Abstract:

Fixed position experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018, and split plot arrangement with the main treatment for full irrigation (W1) with irrigation amount was 4800 cubic meters per hectare and deficit irrigation (W2) was 2400 cubic meters per hectare, and the secondary treatment including treatments without fertilization (CK), single application of chemical fertilizer (CF), 75% chemical fertilizer with 25% organic fertilizer (M1), 50% chemical fertilizer with 50% organic fertilizer (M2), and 25% chemical fertilizer with 75% organic fertilizer (M3). The effects of chemical fertilizer reduction and organic fertilizer application on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of cotton were studied to provide theoretical basis for rational utilization of organic fertilizer and reduction of chemical fertilizer input under water deficit. Under deficit irrigation, leaf area index (LAI), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), above-ground dry matter accumulation and seed yield of cotton were all lower than that under full irrigation, while irrigation water productivity (IWP) and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) were higher. The chemical fertilizer reduction combined with application of organic fertilizer could effectively improve the LAI after the full squaring stage, improve Pn and Gs of cotton in all stage, promote the accumulation of vegetative and reproductive organs dry matter, improve its transfer to the reproductive organs, improve the IWP and seed yield, and also increase the moisture content of soil surface in the period of full boll stage and boll opening stage. The effects among different organic fertilizer treatments on LAI, Pn and seed yield were all presented as M1 > M2 > M3, and under the treatment of M1, the average seed cotton yield of two years increased compared with CF and CK by 6.9% and 62.1% respectively. Whereas, the effects under deficit irrigation were presented as M2 > M1 > M3, and the two years’ average seed yield increased by 19.9% and 79.3% respectively compared with CF and CK under M2. Chemical fertilizer reduction and organic fertilizer application were beneficial to increase the yield of seed cotton under water deficit, and alleviate the influence of water deficit on cotton growth and development, M2 (50% fertilizer +50% organic fertilizer) was the best treatment.

Key words: cotton, water deficit, organic fertilizer, photosynthetic characteristics, yield

表1

试验田0~60 cm土层土壤养分含量"

年份
Year		 土层
Soil layer
(cm)		 pH 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 全氮
Total nitrogen
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Alkaline-hydrolytic N (mg kg-1)		 速效磷
Available P
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)
2017 0-20 7.26 12.81 0.62 59.62 28.35 191.27
20-40 7.31 9.78 0.51 46.84 21.38 125.34
40-60 7.38 6.54 0.45 36.97 15.63 82.61
2018 0-20 7.14 13.46 0.67 57.35 29.46 187.35
20-40 7.25 10.15 0.54 48.82 24.37 122.82
40-60 7.32 7.52 0.42 39.67 17.62 87.65

图1

2017年和2018年棉花生育期内月平均气温和降雨量"

图2

不同灌溉量和施肥处理对棉花叶面积指数的影响 不同字母表示同一生育期不同施肥处理差异显著(P < 0.05)。FS: 盛蕾期; FF: 盛花期; EFB: 盛铃前期; FB: 盛铃期; LFB: 盛铃后期; BO: 吐絮期。CK: 不施肥; CF: 单施化肥; M1: 75%化肥+25%有机肥; M2: 50%化肥+50%有机肥; M3: 25%化肥+75%有机肥。W1: 充分灌溉4800 m3 hm-2; W2: 亏缺灌溉2400 m3 hm-2。"

图3

不同灌溉量和施肥处理对棉花光合特性的影响 处理同图2。"

图4

不同处理对棉花地上部干物质的影响 不同字母表示同一年份不同处理差异显著(P < 0.05)。处理同图2。"

表2

不同灌溉量和施肥处理对棉花产量及构成因素的影响"

灌溉
Irrigation		 施肥
Fertilizer		 单株铃数
Number of bolls		 单铃重
Boll mass (g)		 衣分
Lint percentage (%)		 籽棉产量
Lint yield (kg hm-2)
2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018
W1 CK 3.9 d 4.5 e 5.6 b 5.9 b 41.2 a 41.4 a 2758.4 d 2939.7 d
CF 5.4 c 5.6 d 6.2 a 6.3 a 41.6 a 41.6 a 4285.3 c 4357.2 c
M1 6.2 a 6.7 a 6.3 a 6.5 a 41.5 a 41.9 a 4581.6 a 4662.5 a
M2 6.1 a 6.2 b 6.2 a 6.3 a 41.4 a 41.7 a 4417.3 b 4485.6 b
M3 5.7 b 5.9 c 6.2 a 6.2 a 41.5 a 41.5 a 4368.7 b 4405.7 b
W2 CK 3.5 e 3.7 d 5.5 b 5.6 b 42.7 a 42.6 a 2404.6 e 2513.5 e
CF 4.8 d 5.1 c 5.9 a 6.0 a 42.6 a 42.8 a 3625.3 d 3718.7 d
M1 5.5 b 5.7 b 6.1 a 6.1 a 42.5 a 42.5 a 4224.6 b 4273.8 b
M2 5.8 a 6.3 a 6.2 a 6.3 a 42.3 a 42.6 a 4396.8 a 4415.1 a
M3 5.3 c 5.6 b 6.1 a 6.0 a 42.5 a 42.4 a 4128.3 c 4187.4 c
灌水Irrigation (W) ** ** ns ns ** ** ** **
施肥Fertilizer (F) ** ** ** ** ns ns ** **
灌水×施肥W×F ** ** ns * ns ns ** **

图5

不同处理对棉花灌溉水生产力的影响 不同字母表示同一年份不同处理差异显著(P < 0.05)。W表示灌水; F表示施肥; W×F表示灌水与施肥的交互作用。处理同图2。"

图6

不同灌溉量和施肥处理对土壤含水量的影响 不同字母表示同一年份不同处理差异显著(P < 0.05)。FS: 盛蕾期; FF: 盛花期; EFB: 盛铃前期; FB: 盛铃期; BO:吐絮期。处理同图2。"

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