作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (2): 511-525.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.22010
陶士宝1(), 柯健1, 孙杰1, 尹传俊1, 朱铁忠1, 陈婷婷1, 何海兵1, 尤翠翠1, 郭爽爽2, 武立权1,3,*()
TAO Shi-Bao1(), KE Jian1, SUN Jie1, YIN Chuan-Jun1, ZHU Tie-Zhong1, CHEN Ting-Ting1, HE Hai-Bing1, YOU Cui-Cui1, GUO Shuang-Shuang2, WU Li-Quan1,3,*()
摘要:
探明长江中下游地区不同穗型中籼杂交稻产量成因及高产品种群体共性特征。以120个中籼杂交稻为材料, 于2019—2020年在安徽舒城农科所开展品种评比试验, 并根据每穗粒数排序将供试品种均分为大穗型(193~270)、中穗型(167~191)和小穗型(108~166) 3类, 比较不同穗型中籼杂交稻的产量及构成、生育进程、日产量、叶面积指数、生物量和穗型结构的差异。结果表明, 各穗型下水稻产量变幅均较大, 通过聚类分析可进一步分别分为高产、中产和低产3种类型。高日产量是不同穗型品种高产共性指标, 其中大穗型与增加叶面积指数有关, 而中、小穗型可能与促进光能转化效率有关。除日产量外, 不同穗型品种高产形成极具差异。从产量构成来看, 大穗型品种主要依靠有效穗数、每穗粒数和千粒重来增产; 中穗型品种为有效穗数和结实率; 而小穗型品种为有效穗数、每穗粒数和结实率, 这种穗型间的差异与分类方法和大穗型水稻灌浆障碍有关。从物质积累来看, 与小穗型高产品种较高的收获指数不同, 大、中穗型水稻要依靠生物量增加来提高产量。各穗型下不同产量水平的穗位枝梗分布与穗长均无显著差异。主成分分析发现, 大穗型高产品种主要表现为日产量高、生物量大、穗多粒重、叶面积指数高; 中穗型高产品种表现为日产量高、穗数多、生物量大; 而小穗型高产品种则为日产量高、收获指数大、穗粒兼顾、结实率高。总的来说, 大穗型高产品种的共性指标为: 日产量107.0 kg hm-2 d-1、生物量20.2 t hm-2、有效穗数229.8 m-2、叶面积指数6.1; 中穗型高产品种为: 日产量95.3 kg hm-2 d-1、有效穗数253.9 m-2、生物量19.5 t hm-2; 小穗型高产品种: 日产量79.6 kg hm-2 d-1、收获指数61.0%、有效穗数239.0 m-2、结实率84.6%。此外, 应该根据品种穗型大小针对性进行高产氮肥管理。
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