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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (2): 497-510.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23014

所属专题： 玉米：耕作栽培·生理生化

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同降雨年型施氮量与收获期对夏玉米产量及氮肥利用效率的影响

刘梦1(), 张垚1, 葛均筑1,*(), 周宝元2, 吴锡冬1, 杨永安3, 侯海鹏4   

  1. 1天津农学院农学与资源环境学院，天津 300384
    2中国农业科学院作物科学研究所，北京 100081
    3天津市优质农产品开发示范中心，天津 301500
    4天津市农业发展服务中心，天津 300061
  • 收稿日期:2022-02-18 接受日期:2022-06-07 出版日期:2022-07-14 网络出版日期:2022-07-14
  • 通讯作者: 葛均筑
  • 作者简介:E-mail: m15222312583@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(31701378);国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0300410)

Effects of nitrogen application and harvest time on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of summer maize under different rainfall years

LIU Meng1(), ZHANG Yao1, GE Jun-Zhu1,*(), ZHOU Bao-Yuan2, WU Xi-Dong1, YANG Yong-An3, HOU Hai-Peng4   

  1. 1College of Agronomy and Resources and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
    2Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
    3Tianjin High-quality Agricultural Products Development Demonstration Center, Tianjin 301500, China
    4Tianjin Agricultural Development Service Center, Tianjin 300061, China
  • Received:2022-02-18 Accepted:2022-06-07 Published:2022-07-14 Published online:2022-07-14
  • Contact: GE Jun-Zhu
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(31701378);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0300410)

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摘要：

为探讨施氮量与收获期对华北平原热量资源限制区夏玉米籽粒灌浆与脱水、产量形成及氮素利用效率的调控效应, 本研究采用二因素区组试验设计, 因素公顷施氮量为0 (N0)、120 kg (N120, 2021)、180 kg (N180)、240 kg (N240)、300 kg (N300)、360 kg (N360)和450 kg (N450, 2020), 因素收获期设为传统收获(normal harvest, NH)和延迟收获(delayed harvest, DH), 测定干物质积累量(dry matter accumulation, DM)、籽粒灌浆与脱水、产量(grain yield, GY)及其构成因素、氮肥偏生产力(nitrogen partial factor productivity, PFPN)和农学利用效率(nitrogen agronomic use efficiency, ANUE)。与干旱年型(2020年)相比, 丰水年型(2021年) DM和粒重(grain weight, GW)显著下降16.3%~81.5%和2.1%~28.1%, 穗粒数(ear grains number, EGN)显著减少44.7%~47.4%, 导致GY、PFPN和ANUE显著降低31.4%~58.3%、27.2%~30.0%和2.9%~18.0%。与N0相比, 施氮显著提高DM, GW提高14.6~82.1 mg grain-1, 最大灌浆速率(maximum grain filling rate, Gmax)及其生长量(weight increment of Gmax, Wmax)提高0.2~3.4 mg (grain d)-1和10.4~44.1 mg grain-1, 到达Gmax时期(time reaching the Gmax, Tmax)提前0.4~7.0 d, GY显著提高51.5%~169.5% (P<0.01), N240增产效应最优; 增施氮肥导致PFPN和ANUE比N180/N120显著降低11.7%~57.9%和2.5%~54.9%、19.9%~52.6%和4.9%~37.0%。与NH相比, DH处理DM和GW显著提高0.8%~55.7%和3.4%~79.3%, 籽粒含水率(grain moisture content, GMC)显著降低至22.0%~27.9%, GY、PFPN和ANUE显著提高10.6%~18.5%、4.4%~26.8%和1.5%~48.6%。线性加平台模型分析表明, DH处理比NH GY提高11.3%~12.6% (P<0.01), 达12.0×103 kg hm-2和7.0×103 kg hm-2, 但最优施氮量自200~210 kg hm-2增至247 kg hm-2。综之, 华北平原热量限制区夏玉米传统收获情景下减氮至200 kg hm-2, 产量稳定在6.0×103~10.5×103 kg hm-2以上; 延迟收获情景下, 降低籽粒含水率, 减氮至240 kg hm-2, 产量达8.0×103~12.0×103 kg hm-2以上, PFPN和ANUE最优为19.2~49.6 kg kg-1和15.3~20.8 kg kg-1, 可为区域夏玉米降低籽粒含水率, 实现籽粒机收与减氮稳产高效的生产目标提供理论支撑。

关键词: 夏玉米, 降雨年型, 施氮量, 收获期, 产量, 氮肥利用效率

Abstract:

To investigate the effects of nitrogen application and harvest time on summer maize grain filling and dehydration, yield formation, and nitrogen use efficiency in thermal resource restricted area in the North China Plain, we adopted a two-factor randomized block area experiment design, one factor was nitrogen application rate per hectare [0 kg (N0), 120 kg (N120, 2021), 180 kg (N180), 240 kg (N240), 300 kg (N300), 360 kg (N360), and 450 kg (N450, 2020)], and another factor was harvest time [normal harvest (NH) and delayed harvest (DH)]. Dry matter accumulation (DM), grain filling and dehydration processes, grain yield (GY) and its components, nitrogen partial factor productivity (PFPN), and agronomic nitrogen utilization efficiency (ANUE) were investigated. Compared to the dry year (2020), DM, grain weight (GW), a%, respectively, resulting in GY, PFPN, and ANUE significantly reduced by 31.4%-58.3%, 27.2%-30.0%, and 2.9%-18.0%, respectively. Compared with N0, nitrogen application significantly enhanced DM, and GW were 14.6-82.1 mg grain-1 higher than N0, while the maximum grain filling rate (Gmax) and its weight increment (Wmax) were enhanced by 0.2-3.4 mg (grain d)-1 and 10.4-44.1 mg grain-1, meanwhile the time reaching Gmax (Tmax) were earlier by 0.4-7.0 d. The GY of nitrogen application treatments were dramatically raised by 51.5%-169.5% than N0, and in the N240 level it was the optimized nitrogen application. Compared with that of N180/N120, with the increase of nitrogen application rate, the PFPN and ANUE in two years were significantly reduced by 11.7%-57.9% and 2.5%-54.9%, 19.9%-52.6% and 4.9%-37.0%, respectively. Compared with NH treatment, the DM and GW of DH treatment were increased significantly by 0.8%-55.7% and 3.4%-79.3%, and dramatically reduced grain moisture content to 22.0%-27.9% at harvest stage. The GY, PFPN, and ANUE of DH treatment were remarkable higher than NH treatment by 10.6%-18.5%, 4.4%-26.8%, and 1.5%-48.6%, respectively. The linear plus platform model showed that the highest GY of DH treatment obtained to 12.0×103 kg hm-2 and 7.0×103 kg hm-2, which were significantly higher than NH by 11.3%-12.6%, whereas the optimal nitrogen application rate were reached to 247 kg hm-2 form 200-210 kg hm-2, increased by 13.9%-22.9%. In conclusion, in thermal resource restricted area in the North nd ear grains number (EGN) under rainy year (2021) were significant decreased by 16.3%-81.5%, 2.1%-28.1%, and 44.7%-47.4 China Plain, the nitrogen application rate could reduce to 200 kg hm-2 and GY stabilized above 6.0×103-10.5×103 kg hm-2 under normal harvest time, meanwhile the nitrogen application rate could optimized to 240 kg hm-2 and achieved higher GY above 8.0×103-12.0×103 kg hm-2 with higher PFPN and ANUE at 19.2-49.6 kg kg-1 and 15.2-20.8 kg kg-1 levels under delayed harvest. In conclusion, the results revealed that the theoretic support for reduced summer maize grain moisture content, achieving the production goal as grain machine harvesting, nitrogen reduction, high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency of summer maize in the North China Plain.

Key words: summer maize, rainfall year types, nitrogen application rate, harvest time, grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency

图1

2020年和2021年玉米生育期气象数据"

图2

不同降雨年型下延迟收获及施氮量对夏玉米干物质积累量的影响 Stem+Leaf: 茎+叶; Grain: 籽粒。NH: 传统收获处理; DH: 延迟收获处理。N0: 施氮量为0 kg hm-2; N120: 施氮量为120 kg hm-2; N180: 施氮量为180 kg hm-2; N240: 施氮量为240 kg hm-2; N300: 施氮量为300 kg hm-2; N360: 施氮量为360 kg hm-2; N450: 施氮量为450 kg hm-2。V6: 拔节期; R1: 吐丝期。不同小写字母表示不同施氮处理在同一时期达到显著差异(P < 0.05)。"

图3

不同降雨年型下延迟收获及施氮量对夏玉米灌浆期籽粒干重的影响 NH: 传统收获处理; DH: 延迟收获处理。处理同图2。"

图4

不同降雨年型下延迟收获及施氮量对夏玉米籽粒灌浆速率的影响 NH: 传统收获处理; DH: 延迟收获处理。处理同图2。"

图5

不同降雨年型下延迟收获及施氮量对夏玉米灌浆期籽粒含水率的影响 NH: 传统收获处理; DH: 延迟收获处理。处理同图2。"

图6

不同降雨年型下延迟收获及施氮量对夏玉米灌浆期籽粒脱水速率的影响 NH: 传统收获处理; DH: 延迟收获处理。处理同图2。"

图7

不同降雨年型下延迟收获及施氮量对夏玉米产量的影响 NH: 传统收获处理; DH: 延迟收获处理。不同小写字母表示不同施氮处理收获期产量达到显著差异(P < 0.05)。处理同图2。"

表1

不同降雨年型下延迟收获及施氮量对夏玉米产量构成因素的影响"

年型
Year		 收获期
Harvest time
(HT)		 施氮量
Nitrogen
(N)		 穗数
Number of ears
(×104 hm-2)		 穗行数
Number of
grain lines		 行粒数
Number of
line grains		 穗粒数
Number of
ear grains		 千粒重
1000-grain
weight (g)
2020 NH N0 7.5 13.0 ± 0.1 b 22.3 ± 1.7 b 277.0 ± 9.4 e 265.3 ± 0.7 d
N180 7.5 14.1 ± 0.4 a 29.7 ± 1.9 a 442.0 ± 2.5 b 320.2 ± 8.5 c
N240 7.5 14.5 ± 0.3 a 30.2 ± 1.5 a 429.3 ± 3.2 bc 327.9 ± 1.1 bc
N300 7.5 14.4 ± 0.2 a 30.5 ± 2.0 a 456.8 ± 5.4 a 318.4 ± 2.3 c
N360 7.5 14.3 ± 0.3 a 28.7 ± 0.7 a 417.2 ± 10.1 c 338.0 ± 7.6 ab
N450 7.5 14.0 ± 0.3 a 28.1 ± 0.4 a 392.5 ± 5.1 d 346.3 ± 9.7 a
DH N0 7.5 13.3 ± 0.4 b 20.5 ± 1.4 b 285.8 ± 10.7 c 311.2 ± 2.0 c
N180 7.5 14.7 ± 0.8 a 28.7 ± 1.2 a 438.9 ± 21.4 a 347.4 ± 2.5 b
N240 7.5 14.3 ± 0.6 ab 29.9 ± 0.6 a 428.1 ± 22.1 a 370.6 ± 7.7 a
N300 7.5 14.1 ± 0.9 ab 29.7 ± 2.3 a 449.7 ± 10.8 a 369.3 ± 4.0 a
N360 7.5 14.4 ± 0.7 ab 30.3 ± 2.7 a 460.6 ± 20.6 a 370.6 ± 7.5 a
N450 7.5 14.2 ± 0.2 ab 28.5 ± 2.0 a 386.3 ± 6.4 b 373.2 ± 3.5 a
2021 NH N0 7.5 10.4 ± 0.6 b 11.1 ± 1.0 e 125.4 ± 5.2 e 276.7 ± 1.0 b
N120 7.5 11.1 ± 0.8 ab 16.9 ± 2.1 d 171.5 ± 17.2 d 301.8 ± 0.7 ab
N180 7.5 11.5 ± 0.5 a 19.0 ± 0.9 cd 212.1 ± 6.0 cd 326.7 ± 9.3 a
N240 7.5 11.2 ± 0.4 ab 21.8 ± 3.5 bc 249.3 ± 46.0 bc 328.1 ± 30.6 a
N300 7.5 11.4 ± 0.2 a 22.7 ± 1.8 ab 273.6 ± 7.5 ab 323.0 ± 19.3 a
N360 7.5 11.5 ± 0.5 a 26.2 ± 0.8 a 302.6 ± 11.6 a 308.0 ± 8.3 ab
DH N0 7.5 10.7 ± 0.8 a 10.8 ± 0.6 d 119.1 ± 11.5 d 295.9 ± 37.2 b
N120 7.5 11.3 ± 0.6 a 16.8 ± 1.5 c 178.7 ± 21.7 c 339.9 ± 14.0 a
N180 7.5 11.3 ± 0.7 a 18.6 ± 2.7 bc 185.8 ± 0.5 c 376.5 ± 1.5 a
N240 7.5 11.1 ± 0.6 a 21.5 ± 3.2 b 261.1 ± 38.2 ab 348.9 ± 3.1 ab
N300 7.5 11.3 ± 0.2 a 21.4 ± 1.4 b 242.2 ± 20.5 b 373.5 ± 1.4 a
N360 7.5 11.5 ± 0.5 a 25.6 ± 0.7 a 300.7 ± 16.2 a 343.3 ± 19.7 a

图8

不同降雨年型下延迟收获及施氮量对夏玉米氮肥偏生产力的影响 NH: 传统收获处理; DH: 延迟收获处理。不同小写字母表示不同施氮处理氮肥偏生产力达到显著差异(P<0.05)。处理同图2。"

图9

不同降雨年型下延迟收获及施氮量对夏玉米氮肥农学利用效率的影响 NH: 传统收获处理; DH: 延迟收获处理。不同小写字母表示不同施氮处理氮肥农学利用效率达到显著差异(P < 0.05)。处理同图2。"

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