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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (4): 1028-1038.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24104

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

冀中地区高密种植条件下棉花药前群体大小和成熟度与化学脱叶催熟效果的关系

孟璐1,2(), 杜明伟1, 黎芳1, 齐海坤1, 路正营3, 徐东永4, 李存东5, 张明才1, 田晓莉1,*(), 李召虎1   

  1. 1中国农业大学农学院作物化控研究中心/植物生长调节剂教育部工程研究中心, 北京 100193
    2山西农业大学高寒区作物研究所, 山西大同 037006
    3邯郸市农业科学院, 河北邯郸 056001
    4河北省棉花种子工程技术研究中心, 河北河间 062450
    5河北农业大学农学院, 河北保定 071000
  • 收稿日期:2022-04-27 接受日期:2022-09-05 出版日期:2023-04-12 网络出版日期:2022-09-20
  • 通讯作者: *田晓莉, E-mail: tianxl@cau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: ml513635063@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-15-16);河北省重点研发计划项目(21326404D)

Relationship between cotton population, maturity, and the efficacy of harvest aids under high-density planting conditions in Central Hebei province, China

MENG Lu1,2(), DU Ming-Wei1, LI Fang1, QI Hai-Kun1, LU Zheng-Ying3, XU Dong-Yong4, LI Cun-Dong5, ZHANG Ming-Cai1, TIAN Xiao-Li1,*(), LI Zhao-Hu1   

  1. 1Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
    2High Latitude Crops Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Datong 037006, Shanxi, China
    3Handan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Handan 056001, Hebei, China
    4Hebei Cottonseed Engineering Technology Research Center, Hejian 062450, Hebei, China
    5College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China
  • Received:2022-04-27 Accepted:2022-09-05 Published:2023-04-12 Published online:2022-09-20
  • Contact: *E-mail: tianxl@cau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-15-16);Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province(21326404D)

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摘要：

化学脱叶催熟是棉花机械采收的前提, 棉田药前群体大小和成熟度等显著影响脱叶催熟效果。本文于2016—2017年在河北省河间市开展研究, 采用不同品种(中棉所60、欣抗4号)、种植密度(90,000、120,000株 hm-2)和播期(4月20日、5月10日)塑造不同的群体, 在此基础上应用50%噻苯·乙烯利悬浮剂(T·E)进行化学脱叶催熟, 考察各因素对化学脱叶催熟效果的影响, 并应用Spearman偏相关分析药前叶片数、吐絮率和叶铃比与药后脱叶率、残留叶片数及药后吐絮率的关系。结果表明, 品种间的药前叶片数、吐絮率和叶铃比无显著差异; 与90,000株 hm-2相比, 120,000株 hm-2的药前叶片数多、吐絮率低; 晚播棉的药前叶片数和叶铃比高于早播棉、吐絮率则低于早播棉。T·E的脱叶效果较好, 2年药后21 d的脱叶率均高于90%、脱叶率药效接近或超过90%, 残留叶片数为8.1~23.3片 m-2; 不同品种、密度和播期的脱叶率相当, 但2017年120,000株 hm-2和晚播的残留叶片数分别多于90,000株 hm-2和早播。T·E的催熟效果欠佳, 2年药后21 d的吐絮率低于70%、吐絮率药效不足25%; 不同品种和密度的吐絮率相当, 但晚播棉的吐絮率低于早播棉。相关分析结果表明, 药后7、14、21 d的脱叶率和药效及残留叶片数与药前叶片数、吐絮率和叶铃比无关, 但药后7、14、21 d的吐絮率与药前叶片数呈显著负相关(r = -0.393 ~ -0.432)、与药前吐絮率呈显著正相关(r = 0.558 ~ 0.862), 吐絮率药效也与药前吐絮率呈显著正相关。综上, 黄河流域棉区高密群体(90,000~120,000株 hm-2)的化学脱叶效果较好, 且与药前群体大小和成熟度等的关系较小; 而化学催熟不充分, 药后21 d的吐絮率达不到机采要求的95%, 且对药前群体大小和成熟度的依赖性较强。通过合理密植和适期播种控制群体、促进早熟是改善棉花化学催熟效果的关键。

关键词: 棉花, 群体特征, 脱叶率, 吐絮率, 相关分析

Abstract:

Chemical defoliation and ripening is the premise of mechanical harvesting of cotton. The population size and maturity of cotton before defoliants significantly affect the efficacy of harvest aids. This field experiment was carried out in Hejian, Hebei in 2016 and 2017. Different varieties (CRI 60, Xinkang 4), planting densities (90,000 plants hm-2 and 120,000 plants hm-2), and sowing dates (April 20 and May 10) were used to create different populations. Then, 50% thidiazuron·ethephon suspension agent (T·E) was applied for defoliation and boll opening in late-September. The results showed that there were no differences in leaf number, boll opening percent and ratio of leaf to boll just prior to the application of T·E between two varieties, and 120,000 plants hm-2 had more leaves and lower percent of open bolls before T·E application compared with 90,000 plants hm-2. In addition, the late planting produced more leaves and higher ratio of leaf to boll, but lower percent of open bolls than early planting before T·E application. T·E enhanced leaf dropping powerfully, the defoliation was more than 90% at 21 days after T·E application in both years, and the defoliation efficacy was near or beyond 90%, while the number of residual leaves were 8.1-23.3 per square meter. The defoliation did not differ between varieties, plant densities, and sowing dates. However, the 120,000 plants hm-2 and late planting had more remained leaves than 90,000 plants hm-2 and early planting in 2017, respectively. In contrast to the excellent defoliation efficacy after T·E application, the efficacy of boll opening of T·E was less than 25%. At 21 days after T·E application, the percentage of open bolls was still lower than 70% in both years. Different varieties and plant densities had similar percent of boll opening, but the late sowing showed lower percent than early sowing. The Spearman partial correlation analysis showed that defoliation, defoliation efficacy and the number of remaining leaves at 7, 14, and 21 days after the T·E treatment were not related to the number of leaves, boll opening rate, and ratio of leaves to bolls before T·E application. However, there was a significant negative correlation between the percent of open bolls at 7, 14, and 21 days after T·E with the number of leaves before T·E (r = -0.393 to -0.432), and a significant positive correlation with the boll opening percent before T·E (r = 0.558 to 0.862). The efficacy of boll opening was also positively correlated with the boll opening percent before T·E. In conclusion, the efficacy of chemical defoliation under high-density population (90,000-120,000 plants hm-2) in the Yellow River Basin was better, and had a minor relationship with cotton population and maturity before treatment. However, the efficacy of boll opening was low, and the percent of boll opening at 21 days after T·E treatment was less than 95% for mechanical harvesting. In addition, the percent and efficacy of boll opening had a strong dependence on cotton population size and maturity before T·E application. The key to improve the efficacy of harvest aids in cotton is to control the population size and promote earliness through reasonable decision of sowing time and density.

Key words: cotton, canopy characteristics, defoliation, percent of boll opening, correlation analysis

图1

2016-2017年棉花生育期日均温和降雨量"

图2

2016-2017年脱叶催熟剂喷施药后日均温、降水量和日照时数"

表1

品种和播期对棉花脱叶催熟药前叶片数、吐絮率和叶铃比的影响(2016)"

处理
Treatment		 叶片数
Number of leaves (No. m-2)		 吐絮率
Percentage of open bolls (%)		 叶铃比
Ratio of leaves to bolls
品种
Variety		 欣抗4号 Xinkang 4 310.7 a 22.5 a 2.1 a
中棉所60 CRI60 323.9 a 19.2 a 2.1 a
播期
Sowing date		 4月20日 April 20 301.6 a 29.1 a 1.8 b
5月10日 May 10 333.0 a 12.7 b 2.4 a
变异来源
Source of variation		 品种 Variety (V) 0.287 0.141 0.871
播期 Sowing date (S) 0.014 0 0
品种×播期 V×S 0.255 0.480 0.839

表2

密度和播期对棉花脱叶催熟药前叶片数、吐絮率和叶铃比的影响(2017)"

处理
Treatment		 叶片数
Number of leaves (No. m-2)		 吐絮率
Percentage of open bolls (%)		 叶铃比
Ratio of leaves to bolls
密度
Density (plant hm-2)		 90,000 302.8 b 16.3 a 2.1 a
120,000 353.8 a 11.9 b 2.2 a
播期
Sowing date		 4月20日 April 20 311.9 b 18.3 a 1.9 b
5月10日 May 10 344.7 a 10.0 b 2.4 a
变异来源
Source of variation		 密度 Density (D) 0 0.008 0.653
播期 Sowing date (S) 0.014 0 0
密度×播期 D×S 0.720 0.357 0.319

表3

品种和播期对棉花化学脱叶药后脱叶率的影响及化学脱叶药效(2016)"

处理
Treatment		 药后天数 Days after harvest aids application
7 d 14 d 21 d
脱叶率
Defoliation		 药效
Defoliation
efficacy		 脱叶率
Defoliation		 药效
Defoliation efficacy		 脱叶率
Defoliation		 药效
Defoliation efficacy
品种
Variety		 欣抗4号 Xinkang 4 58.9 a 62.0 a 76.7 a 84.0 a 81.8 a 88.1 a
中棉所60 CRI60 60.7 a 67.1 a 77.5 a 87.0 a 81.1 a 90.0 a
播期
Sowing date		 4月20日 April 20 58.0 a 60.6 a 76.9 a 82.2 b 81.0 a 86.0 b
5月10日 May 10 61.5 a 68.4 a 77.4 a 88.7 a 81.9 a 92.1 a
脱叶催熟剂
Harvest aids		 CK 22.7 b — 35.7 c — 43.5 b —
T·E 1800 mL hm-2 74.3 a 69.0 a 90.6 ab 85.6 b 93.4 a 87.9 ab
T·E 2700 mL hm-2 69.9 a 60.7 a 87.2 b 79.0 b 92.5 a 86.5 b
T·E 1350+1350 mL hm-2 72.2 a 64.0 a 95.0 a 91.8 a 96.4 a 92.8 a
变异来源
Source of
variation		 品种 Variety (V) 0.585 0.246 0.647 0.241 0.700 0.435
播期 Sowing date (S) 0.282 0.078 0.784 0.014 0.554 0.017
脱叶催熟剂 Harvest aids (H) 0 0.300 0 0.001 0 0.092
品种×播期 V×S 0.131 0.181 0.209 0.898 0.331 0.369
品种×脱叶催熟剂 V×H 0.580 0.478 0.864 0.797 0.798 0.692
播期×脱叶催熟剂 S×H 0.889 0.876 0.058 0.881 0.251 0.913
品种×播期×脱叶催熟剂 V×S×H 0.301 0.179 0.063 0.091 0.553 0.362

表4

密度和播期对棉花化学脱叶药后脱叶率及化学脱叶药效的影响(2017)"

处理
Treatment		 药后天数 Days after harvest aids application
7 d 14 d 21 d
脱叶率
Defoliation		 药效
Defoliation efficacy		 脱叶率
Defoliation		 药效
Defoliation efficacy		 脱叶率
Defoliation		 药效
Defoliation efficacy
密度
Density (plant hm-2)		 90,000 72.2 a 80.5 a 81.8 a 89.7 a 88.6 a 92.0 a
120,000 66.8 b 76.0 a 79.7 a 89.1 a 86.3 a 91.2 a
播期
Sowing date		 4月20日 April 20 70.9 a 78.6 a 81.8 a 90.0 a 88.6 a 92.7 a
5月10日 May 10 68.0 a 77.9 a 79.6 a 88.8 a 86.3 a 90.5 a
脱叶催熟剂
Harvest aids		 CK 26.2 b — 41.6 b — 60.1 b —
T·E 1800 mL hm-2 82.2 a 77.1 a 92.4 a 87.7 a 95.8 a 90.4 a
T·E 2700 mL hm-2 83.3 a 76.3 a 92.7 a 87.0 a 96.5 a 90.8 a
T·E 1350+1350 mL hm-2 86.2 a 81.3 a 96.2 a 93.5 a 97.4 a 93.6 a
变异来源
Source of variation		 密度 Density (D) 0.042 0.182 0.334 0.811 0.242 0.774
播期 Sowing date (S) 0.259 0.834 0.300 0.666 0.222 0.390
脱叶催熟剂 Harvest aids (H) 0 0.534 0 0.084 0 0.495
密度×播期 D×S 0.672 0.752 0.327 0.862 0.583 0.487
密度×脱叶催熟剂 D×H 0.954 0.832 0.742 0.808 0.469 0.610
播期×脱叶催熟剂 S×H 0.577 0.919 0.617 0.660 0.633 0.687
密度×播期×脱叶催熟剂 D×S×H 0.921 0.762 0.445 0.818 0.874 0.993

表5

品种和播期对棉花化学脱叶药后残留叶片数的影响(2016)"

处理
Treatment		 药后天数 Days after harvest aids application
7 d 14 d 21 d
品种
Variety		 欣抗4号 Xinkang 4 125.1 a 70.8 a 56.1 a
中棉所60 CRI60 133.2 a 77.2 a 65.4 a
播期
Sowing date		 4月20日 April 20 129.6 a 72.0 a 60.1 a
5月10日 May 10 128.7 a 75.9 a 61.4 a
脱叶催熟剂
Harvest aids		 CK 253.4 a 212.2 a 187.0 a
T·E 1800 mL hm-2 79.9 b 29.1 b 20.7 b
T·E 2700 mL hm-2 90.4 b 38.2 b 23.3 b
T·E 1350+1350 mL hm-2 92.9 b 16.4 b 12.0 b
变异来源
Source of
variation		 品种 Variety (V) 0.492 0.379 0.206
播期 Sowing date (S) 0.939 0.595 0.859
脱叶催熟剂 Harvest aids (H) 0 0 0
品种×播期 V×S 0.050 0.089 0.189
品种×脱叶催熟剂 V×H 0.313 0.157 0.185
播期×脱叶催熟剂 S×H 0.880 0.109 0.293
品种×播期×脱叶催熟剂 V×S×H 0.289 0.039 0.400

表6

密度和播期对棉花化学脱叶药后残留叶片数的影响(2017)"

处理
Treatment		 药后天数 Days after harvest aids application
7 d 14 d 21 d
密度
Density		 90,000 plant hm-2 82.8 b 54.0 b 33.9 b
120,000 plant hm-2 115.0 a 70.6 a 47.3 a
播期
Sowing date		 4月20日 April 20 88.7 b 54.4 b 34.1 b
5月10日 May 10 109.1 a 70.2 a 47.1 a
脱叶催熟剂
Harvest aids		 CK 237.4 a 187.2 a 128.2 a
T·E 1800 mL hm-2 60.3 b 26.5 b 14.7 b
T·E 2700 mL hm-2 53.9 b 23.5 b 11.4 b
T·E 1350+1350 mL hm-2 44.1 b 12.0 b 8.1 b
变异来源
Source of
variation		 品种 Variety (V) 0 0.017 0.027
播期 Sowing date (S) 0.014 0.023 0.032
脱叶催熟剂 Harvest aids (H) 0 0 0
品种×播期 V×S 0.514 0.390 0.614
品种×脱叶催熟剂 V×H 0.318 0.078 0.054
播期×脱叶催熟剂 S×H 0.038 0.042 0.080
品种×播期×脱叶催熟剂 V×S×H 0.884 0.509 0.829

表7

品种和播期对棉花化学催熟药后吐絮率的影响及化学催熟药效(2016)"

处理
Treatment		 药后天数 Days after harvest aids application
7 d 14 d 21 d
吐絮率
Boll opening rate		 药效
Boll opening efficacy		 吐絮率
Boll opening rate		 药效
Boll opening efficacy		 吐絮率
Boll opening rate		 药效
Boll opening efficacy
品种
Variety		 欣抗4号 Xinkang 4 34.4 a -10.9 a 53.4 a -0.6 a 57.8 a -1.4 b
中棉所60 CRI60 30.4 a -6.2 a 50.4 a 12.3 a 57.5 a 23.4 a
播期
Sowing date		 4月20日 April 20 42.6 a -10.1 a 61.9 a 4.7 a 66.9 a 11.1 a
5月10日 May 10 22.2 b -7.0 a 42.0 b 7.0 a 48.4 b 11.0 a
脱叶催熟剂
Harvest aids		 CK 36.2 a — 49.2 — 53.4 bc —
T·E 1800 mL hm-2 29.9 a -11.1 a 56.5 10.9 a 63.5 a 19.0 ab
T·E 2700 mL hm-2 33.9 a -2.4 a 55.0 13.8 a 62.6 ab 23.3 a
T·E 1350+1350 mL hm-2 29.7 a -12.1 a 47.0 -7.2 a 51.1 c -9.2 b
变异来源
Source of variation		 品种 Variety (V) 0.123 0.323 0.337 0.170 0.922 0.033
播期 Sowing date (S) 0 0.504 0 0.807 0 0.995
脱叶催熟剂 Harvest aids (H) 0.209 0.185 0.160 0.154 0.035 0.050
品种×播期 V×S 0.908 0.867 0.733 0.867 0.687 0.683
品种×脱叶催熟剂 V×H 0.769 0.554 0.827 0.894 0.438 0.661
播期×脱叶催熟剂 S×H 0.902 0.521 0.991 0.807 0.990 0.601
品种×播期×脱叶催熟剂 V×S×H 0.992 0.787 0.997 0.954 0.989 0.946

表8

密度和播期对棉花化学催熟药后吐絮率的影响及化学催熟药效(2017)"

处理
Treatment		 药后天数 Days after harvest aids application
7 d 14 d 21 d
吐絮率
Boll opening rate		 药效
Boll opening efficacy		 吐絮率
Boll opening rate		 药效
Boll opening efficacy		 吐絮率
Boll opening rate		 药效
Boll opening efficacy
密度
Density		 90,000 plant hm-2 25.1 a 6.1 a 35 a 14.8 a 38.4 a 17.7 a
120,000 plant hm-2 20.8 b -2.4 a 31 a 8.3 a 34.5 a 7.2 a
播期
Sowing date		 4月20日 April 20 28.3 a 5.2 a 41.6 a 20.5 a 45.3 a 23.7 a
5月10日 May 10 17.6 b -1.5 a 24.4 b 2.6 b 27.5 b 1.2 b
脱叶催熟剂
Harvest aids		 CK 21.1 a — 25.8 b — 28.8 b —
T·E 1800 mL hm-2 24.9 a 4.6 a 35.4 a 12.0 a 38.8 a 13.0 a
T·E 2700 mL hm-2 21.3 a -0.5 a 33.9 a 10.7 a 37.4 a 11.6 a
T·E 1350+1350 mL hm-2 24.6 a 1.4 a 37.1 a 11.9 a 40.6 a 12.7 a
变异来源
Source of
variation		 密度 Density (D) 0.046 0.076 0.123 0.232 0.136 0.053
播期 Sowing date (S) 0 0.158 0 0.002 0 0
脱叶催熟剂 Harvest aids (H) 0.426 0.667 0.018 0.977 0.013 0.976
密度×播期 D×S 0.100 0.104 0.062 0.256 0.161 0.300
密度×脱叶催熟剂 D×H 0.044 0.139 0.111 0.154 0.060 0.084
播期×脱叶催熟剂 S×H 0.756 0.978 0.245 0.912 0.090 0.840
密度×播期×脱叶催熟剂 D×S×H 0.574 0.921 0.767 0.769 0.710 0.763

表9

脱叶催熟药前叶片数、吐絮率和叶铃比与药后脱叶催熟效果及药效的Spearman偏相关分析(n = 84)"

药后 After harvest aids application 药前 Before harvest aids application
脱叶吐絮效果
Functions of harvest aids		 天数
Days (d)		 叶片数
Number of leaves		 吐絮率
Percentage of open bolls		 叶铃比
Ratio of leaves to bolls
r p r p r p
脱叶率
Defoliation		 7 0.142 0.192 -0.099 0.362 -0.165 0.128
14 0.133 0.222 -0.159 0.143 -0.148 0.173
21 0.046 0.675 -0.342 0.001 -0.256 0.018
脱叶率药效
Defoliant efficacy of defoliation rate		 7 0.143 0.193 -0.128 0.244 -0.182 0.098
14 0.104 0.347 -0.187 0.089 -0.146 0.184
21 0.004 0.972 -0.324 0.003 -0.233 0.033
残留叶片数
Number of remained leaves		 7 0.099 0.365 0.092 0.398 0.188 0.083
14 0.059 0.591 0.195 0.072 0.196 0.070
21 0.144 0.187 0.347 0.001 0.282 0.009
吐絮率
Percent of open bolls		 7 -0.416 0 0.862 0 0.224 0.038
14 -0.393 0 0.652 0 0.077 0.479
21 -0.432 0 0.558 0 0.076 0.491
吐絮率药效
Defoliant efficacy of boll opening rate		 7 -0.026 0.819 0.289 0.008 0.139 0.211
14 -0.128 0.250 0.299 0.006 0.045 0.689
21 -0.213 0.054 0.240 0.030 0.069 0.536
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