作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (4): 1039-1051.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.22023
张晨晖(), 章岩, 李国辉, 杨子君, 查莹莹, 周驰燕, 许轲*(), 霍中洋, 戴其根, 郭保卫
ZHANG Chen-Hui(), ZHANG Yan, LI Guo-Hui, YANG Zi-Jun, ZHA Ying-Ying, ZHOU Chi-Yan, XU Ke*(), HUO Zhong-Yang, DAI Qi-Gen, GUO Bao-Wei
摘要:
水稻侧深施肥是均匀地将肥料深施在秧苗一侧土壤根际的一种不对称局部施肥技术, 具有减肥增产、提高肥料利用率和减少劳动力投入等优点, 然而侧深施肥下水稻根系特征及其与产量形成的关系尚不清楚。本试验以丰粳1606和南粳9108为材料, 设置普通尿素常规施肥(conventional fertilization with common urea, CF)、缓释肥减氮15%表施(conventional fertilization with 15% reduction of control released fertilizer, CFCR)、普通尿素减氮15%侧深施肥(side-deep fertilization with 15% reduction of common urea, SDCU)和缓释肥减氮15%侧深施肥(side-deep fertilization with 15% reduction of control released fertilizer, SDCR) 4种氮处理, 研究不同施肥方式对水稻根系形态结构和生理特征以及产量的影响。结果表明: (1) SDCR处理水稻产量最高, 其次分别为CF和CFCR处理, 而SDCU处理产量最低; (2) SDCR处理显著提高了不同生育时期总根长、根尖数、根表面积和根体积; (3) SDCR处理降低了不同生育时期根系的皮层横截面积、皮层细胞层数和不定根直径, 提高了根系中柱直径, 但对皮层生活细胞面积和通气组织面积影响不显著; (4)与CF处理相比, SDCR处理显著提高了根系活力; 根系氮代谢酶在生育期内呈现先上升后下降趋势, 抽穗期达到峰值, 其中SDCR处理下不同生育时期水稻根系谷氨酸合成酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性最高。因此, 缓释肥侧深施肥可改善根系形态、结构和生理特征, 增强根系吸收养分和水分能力, 防止后期植株早衰, 从而提高水稻产量, 达到提高肥料利用效率, 实现减氮增产的目的。
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