麦秸覆盖还田对大豆耕层物理性状及产量形成的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24051

作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (4): 1052-1064.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24051

麦秸覆盖还田对大豆耕层物理性状及产量形成的影响

吴宗声^1,**(), 徐彩龙^1,**(), 李瑞东¹, 徐一帆¹^,², 孙石¹, 韩天富¹, 宋雯雯¹^,^*(), 吴存祥¹^,^*()

¹中国农业科学院作物科学研究所/国家大豆产业技术研发中心, 北京 100081
²东北农业大学, 黑龙江哈尔滨 150006

收稿日期:2022-03-08 接受日期:2022-09-05 出版日期:2023-04-12 网络出版日期:2022-09-15
通讯作者: *吴存祥, E-mail: wucunxiang@caas.cn;宋雯雯, E-mail: songwenwen@caas.cn
作者简介:吴宗声, E-mail: 3193617957@qq.com;
徐彩龙, E-mail: xucailong@caas.cn
^**同等贡献
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD1000900);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-04);国家自然科学基金项目(32101845);中国农业科学院科技创新工程项目资助

Effects of wheat straw mulching on physical properties of topsoil and yield formation in soybean

WU Zong-Sheng^1,**(), XU Cai-Long^1,**(), LI Rui-Dong¹, XU Yi-Fan¹^,², SUN Shi¹, HAN Tian-Fu¹, SONG Wen-Wen¹^,^*(), WU Cun-Xiang¹^,^*()

¹Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Soybean Industrial Technology R&D Center, Beijing 100081, China
²College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150006, Heilongjiang, China

Received:2022-03-08 Accepted:2022-09-05 Published:2023-04-12 Published online:2022-09-15
Contact: *E-mail: wucunxiang@caas.cn;E-mail: songwenwen@caas.cn
About author:^**Contributed equally to this work
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD1000900);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-04);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101845);Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Program in CAAS

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

黄淮海是我国优质高蛋白大豆主产区, 但前茬小麦秸秆严重制约着该地区的大豆生产。本试验通过研究秸秆免耕覆盖还田下大豆耕层温度、含水量、容重、团粒结构等耕层物理性状以及大豆产量构成因素, 试图解析免耕配合秸秆覆盖还田对耕层结构及大豆产量的调控机制, 为黄淮海地区大豆高产耕作模式的选择提供理论依据。采用裂区试验设计, 主区为肥料处理, 设施肥(F: 225 kg hm^-2)与不施肥(NF); 副区为秸秆处理, 设免耕秸秆不还田(SR)、免耕秸秆覆盖还田(SM)和免耕秸秆粉碎还田(SC)。结果表明: (1) 免耕配合秸秆覆盖还田对耕层的影响主要集中在0~10 cm内。(2) SM与SC较SR耕层温度分别下降0.21℃和0.17℃, 土壤含水量分别增加13.18%和9.07%; SM较SR与SC土壤容重分别下降2.61%和2.87%, 耕层固相占比分别降低2.60%和3.01%, >2 mm土壤团聚体分别增加6.84%和3.14%。(3) SM与SC较SR单株荚数分别增加22.41%和9.49%, 单株粒数分别增加18.20%和7.51%, 百粒重分别增加1.18%和2.40%, 单株产量分别增加39.16%和18.07%, 单位面积产量分别增加11.56%和5.43%; SM较SC增产效果显著, 施肥对秸秆还田的增产效果具有促进作用。综上所述, 麦茬夏大豆免耕覆秸精量播种技术在大豆耕层环境优化与促进产量形成方面具有显著优势。

关键词: 夏大豆, 耕层温度, 物理性质, 产量

Abstract:

Huang-Huai-Hai Rivers region is the main producing area of soybean with high protein content in China. However, the previous wheat straw seriously restricts the production of summer soybean in this area. The traditional farming system with high input and low output cannot meet the demand for high-quality soybean. In this experiment, the soil temperature, soil moisture content, soil apparent density, and soil aggregate structure of the topsoil, yield and yield composition of soybean under different crop system were investigated. The aim of this study is to analyze the regulation mechanism of no-tillage combined with straw mulching on surface soil structure and soybean yield, and to provide theoretical reference for the selection of the best crop system for soybean in the Huang-Huai-Hai Rivers region. A split-plot experimental design was adopted in the experiment. The main plot was fertilizer treatment [fertilization (F: 225 kg hm^-2) and no fertilization (NF)]. The subplot was straw treatment [no-tillage without straw returning (SR), no-tillage with straw mulching (SM), and no-tillage with straw crushing returning (SC)]. The results showed that: (1) The effect of no-tillage combined with straw returning on the surface layer was mainly concentrated in soil depth of 0-10 cm. (2) Compared with SR, the soil temperature of SM and SC decreased by 0.21°C and 0.17°C, respectively. The soil water content increased by 13.18% and 9.07%, respectively. Compared with SR and SC, the soil apparent density of SM decreased by 2.61% and 2.87%, respectively, the solid phase proportion of the plough layer decreased by 2.60% and 3.01%, respectively, and the soil aggregate >2 mm increased by 6.84% and 3.14%, respectively. (3) Compared with SR, the number of pods per plant in SM and SC treatments increased by 22.41% and 9.49%, the 100-seed weight of soybean under SM and SC increased by 1.18% and 2.40%, while the number of grains per plant under SM and SC increased by18.20% and 7.51%, respectively. In addition, compared with SR, the yield and yield per plant were increased by 11.56% and 39.16% in SM and 5.43% and 18.07% in SC, respectively. In this study, the fertilization can promote yield increase effects on straw returning, and SM has a more significant yield increase effect than SC. In conclusion, no-tillage plus straw mulching and precise sowing cultivation technology for summer soybean after winter wheat has significant advantages in optimizing soybean root layer environment and promoting yield formation.

Key words: soybean, soil temperature, soil physical properties, yield

吴宗声, 徐彩龙, 李瑞东, 徐一帆, 孙石, 韩天富, 宋雯雯, 吴存祥. 麦秸覆盖还田对大豆耕层物理性状及产量形成的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2023, 49(4): 1052-1064.

WU Zong-Sheng, XU Cai-Long, LI Rui-Dong, XU Yi-Fan, SUN Shi, HAN Tian-Fu, SONG Wen-Wen, WU Cun-Xiang. Effects of wheat straw mulching on physical properties of topsoil and yield formation in soybean[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(4): 1052-1064.

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粒级 Aggregate size	0-5 cm			5-10 cm			10-20 cm
粒级 Aggregate size	<0.25 mm	0.25-2 mm	>2 mm	<0.25 mm	0.25-2 mm	>2 mm	<0.25 mm	0.25-2 mm	>2 mm
秸秆Straw (S)	Ns	**	**	Ns	**	**	**	**	**
施肥Fertilization (F)	Ns	**	Ns	Ns	**	**	*	*	**
秸秆×施肥S×F	*	Ns	*	*	**	**	*	**	**

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		百粒重 100-seed weight (g)	单株荚数 Pods number per plant	单株粒数 Seeds number per plant	单株产量 Yield per plant (g)
2020	NF	SR	17.49±0.32 a	38.00±0.69 c	83.80±5.32 b	14.31±0.30 b
		SM	17.05±0.27 a	46.93±1.60 a	101.13±2.72 a	17.34±0.65 a
		SC	17.59±0.21 a	41.90±0.52 b	84.50±3.18 b	16.05±0.83 ab
	F	SR	18.20±0.09 a	44.80±0.92 b	99.20±4.85 b	16.02±0.53 b
		SM	17.68±0.30 a	58.53±1.00 a	131.33±1.21 a	20.11±1.12 a
		SC	18.30±0.53 a	49.07±1.92 b	117.40±3.23 a	18.61±0.31 a
2021	NF	SR	21.79±0.07 b	37.40±1.50 b	83.10±0.94 b	16.59±0.33 c
		SM	22.64±0.19 a	46.36±1.51 a	91.00±1.14 a	28.93±0.54 a
		SC	22.26±0.01 a	42.64±1.31 a	85.73±2.99 ab	22.61±0.65 b
年份 Year	处理 Treatment		百粒重 100-seed weight (g)	单株荚数 Pods number per plant	单株粒数 Seeds number per plant	单株产量 Yield per plant (g)
2021	F	SR	21.31±0.04 b	57.60±0.77 b	126.10±2.25 b	23.98±0.25 b
		SM	22.63±0.01 a	64.23±1.65 a	139.00±1.04 a	32.51±0.66 a
		SC	22.65±0.16 a	60.00±1.49 b	135.80±0.83 a	25.82±1.05 b
施肥Fertilization (F)			Ns	**	**	**
秸秆还田Straw (S)			**	**	**	**
F×S			**	Ns	Ns	Ns

	年份 Year	NF-SR	NF-SM	NF-SC	F-SR	F-SM	F-SC
荚数 Pod number	2020	38.00 a	46.93 a	41.90 a	44.80 b	58.53 a	49.07 b
荚数 Pod number	2021	37.40 a	46.36 a	42.64 a	57.60 a	64.23 a	60.00 a
粒数 Seed number	2020	83.80 a	101.13 a	84.50 a	99.20 b	131.33 a	117.40 b
粒数 Seed number	2021	83.10 a	91.00 a	85.73 a	126.10 a	139.00 a	135.80 a
百粒重 100-seed weight (g)	2020	17.49 b	17.05 b	17.59 b	18.20 b	17.68 b	18.30 b
百粒重 100-seed weight (g)	2021	21.79 a	22.64 a	22.26 a	21.31 a	22.63 a	22.65 a
单株产量 Yield per plant (g)	2020	14.31 b	17.34 b	16.05 b	16.02 b	20.11 b	18.61 b
单株产量 Yield per plant (g)	2021	16.59 a	28.93 a	22.61 a	23.98 a	32.51 a	25.82 a
>2 mm团粒 >2 mm aggregate (%)	2020	41.39 b	49.95 b	47.42 b	40.41 b	44.27 b	42.73 b
>2 mm团粒 >2 mm aggregate (%)	2021	55.56 a	62.02 a	59.41 a	56.98 a	55.24 a	56.43 a
单位面积产量 Yield (kg hm^-2)	2020	3525.56 b	3874.74 b	3833.43 a	4544.23 b	4800.05 b	4699.55 a
单位面积产量 Yield (kg hm^-2)	2021	3909.92 a	4616.35 a	4134.33 a	4726.53 a	5323.49 a	4907.06 a
	年份 Year	NF-SR	NF-SM	NF-SC	F-SR	F-SM	F-SC
		SR		SM		SC
容重 Bulk density (g cm^-3)	2020	1.54 a		1.47 a		1.50 a
容重 Bulk density (g cm^-3)	2021	1.41 b		1.39 a		1.45 a
总孔隙度 Total porosity (%)	2020	41.46 b		44.51 a		43.50 a
总孔隙度 Total porosity (%)	2021	46.89 a		47.08 a		44.79 a

麦秸覆盖还田对大豆耕层物理性状及产量形成的影响

Effects of wheat straw mulching on physical properties of topsoil and yield formation in soybean

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