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作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (8): 2190-2203.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.53003

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

氮肥后移优化绿洲灌区小麦间作玉米种间关系提高氮素利用效率

闫喆林(), 任强, 樊志龙, 殷文, 孙亚丽, 范虹, 何蔚, 胡发龙*(), 闫丽娟*(), 柴强   

  1. 甘肃农业大学农学院 / 省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室, 甘肃兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2025-01-09 接受日期:2025-04-25 出版日期:2025-08-12 网络出版日期:2025-05-13
  • 通讯作者: *胡发龙, E-mail: hufl@gsau.edu.cn;闫丽娟, E-mail: yanlj@gsau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: yzl03028686@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(32201925);国家自然科学基金项目(U21A20218);国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1900200);甘肃省“双一流”科研重点项目(GSSYLXM-02);甘肃农业大学伏羲青年人才培育项目(Gaufx-05Y09)

Postponed nitrogen application optimizes interspecific interactions and enhances nitrogen use efficiency in wheat-maize intercropping systems in an oasis irrigation region

YAN Zhe-Lin(), REN Qiang, FAN Zhi-Long, YIN Wen, SUN Ya-Li, FAN Hong, HE Wei, HU Fa-Long*(), YAN Li-Juan*(), CHAI Qiang   

  1. College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University / Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2025-01-09 Accepted:2025-04-25 Published:2025-08-12 Published online:2025-05-13
  • Contact: *E-mail: hufl@gsau.edu.cn;E-mail: yanlj@gsau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201925);National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20218);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1900200);“Double First-Class” Key Scientific Research Project of Education Department in Gansu Province(GSSYLXM-02);Fuxi Young Talents Fund of Gansu Agricultural University(Gaufx-05Y09)

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摘要： 针对绿洲灌区氮肥损失严重, 阻碍作物可持续生产等问题, 通过明确氮肥后移对间作系统种间关系的影响, 为麦玉间作系统氮肥高效管理提供理论依据和技术支撑。试验于2022—2023年在甘肃农业大学绿洲农业综合试验站开展, 采用随机区组设计, 设小麦||玉米、单作小麦、单作玉米3种种植模式, 氮肥后移0 (传统施氮, N1)、10% (N2)、20% (N3) 3种施氮制度, 研究不同种植制度及氮肥后移比例对小麦和玉米的种间关系及氮素利用的影响。结果表明, 小麦间作玉米结合氮肥后移强化了麦玉共生期小麦相对于玉米的竞争力, 其中氮肥后移10%较传统施氮竞争力提高3.4%, 后移20%较传统施氮提高8.13%, 且后移20%较后移10%提高5.0%。氮肥后移增强间作玉米的恢复效应, 与传统施氮相比, 氮肥后移10%间作玉米恢复效应提高11.3%, 后移20%提高20.5%, 且后移20%较后移10%提高11.5%。间作系统籽粒产量较单作加权平均提高23.8%~28.7%, 表现出明显的间作优势, 且氮肥后移20%处理的籽粒产量较传统施氮提高22.7%。间作种植模式下氮肥利用率较单作加权平均提高4.2%~26.4%, 氮肥偏生产力较单作加权平均增高21.4%~30.8%, 且氮肥后移20%较后移10%氮肥利用率提高31.5%, 较传统施氮提高10.0%; 氮肥偏生产力氮肥后移20%较后移10%提高12.7%, 较传统施氮提高23.3%。因此, 小麦间作玉米结合氮肥后移20%可优化麦玉间作系统种间关系, 增加作物产量并提高氮素利用效率, 是绿洲灌区小麦、玉米高效生产的适宜种植模式和施氮制度。

关键词: 氮肥后移, 小麦间作玉米, 种间竞争力, 恢复效应, 氮素利用效率

Abstract:

In response to the substantial nitrogen fertilizer loss in oasis irrigation areas—which poses a challenge to sustainable crop production—this study investigates the effects of delayed nitrogen application on interspecific interactions within wheat-maize intercropping systems. The goal is to provide a theoretical foundation and technical guidance for improving nitrogen fertilizer management efficiency in such systems. Field experiments were conducted from 2022 to 2023 at the Oasis Agricultural Comprehensive Experimental Station of Gansu Agricultural University, using a randomized block design with three planting patterns: wheat-maize intercropping, monoculture wheat, and monoculture maize. Three nitrogen application schedules were tested: 0% postponement (traditional application, N1), 10% postponement (N2), and 20% postponement (N3). The study examined how different planting systems and nitrogen postponement levels influence interspecific interactions and nitrogen use efficiency in wheat and maize. Results showed that combining wheat-maize intercropping with delayed nitrogen application enhanced wheat’s competitive ability during the symbiotic growth phase. Specifically, wheat's competitive advantage increased by 3.4% with a 10% delay and by 8.13% with a 20% delay, both compared to the traditional application. Moreover, the 20% delay led to a 5.0% increase in competitive ability compared to the 10% delay. Delayed nitrogen application also improved the recovery effect of intercropped maize, with increases of 11.3% and 20.5% under 10% and 20% delays, respectively, compared to the traditional method. The 20% delay further improved maize recovery by 11.5% relative to the 10% delay. Intercropping increased grain yield by 23.8% to 28.7% compared to the weighted average of monoculture yields, highlighting a clear intercropping advantage. Additionally, a 20% delay in nitrogen application raised grain yield by 22.7% compared to traditional application. Under intercropping, nitrogen use efficiency improved by 4.2% to 26.4%, and nitrogen partial factor productivity increased by 21.4% to 30.8%, both compared to the weighted averages of monocropping. Furthermore, nitrogen use efficiency with a 20% delay improved by 31.5% over the 10% delay and by 10.0% over the traditional approach, while partial factor productivity increased by 12.7% and 23.3%, respectively. These findings suggest that intercropping wheat with maize combined with a 20% delayed nitrogen application optimizes interspecific interactions, enhances crop yield, and improves nitrogen use efficiency. This approach represents a promising cultivation and fertilization strategy for sustainable wheat and maize production in oasis irrigation regions.

Key words: N fertilizer postponing application, wheat-maize intercropping, interspecific competition, recovery effect, nitrogen use efficiency

图1

2022-2023年武威实验站降雨与气温变化"

表1

小麦玉米间作系统施氮制度"

种植模式
Cropping pattern		 施氮制度
Nitrogen application
system		 处理代码
Handling code		 基肥
Base
fertilizer		 追肥Top-dressing of N fertilizer 后移比例
Shift back
proportion		 总施氮量
N fertilizer total
拔节期
Jointing		 大喇叭口期
Pre-tasseling		 花后15 d
15 days post-flowering
W N0 WN0 0 0 0 0 —
N1 WN1 90 60 0 0 — 150
M N0 MN0 0 0 0 0 — 0
N1 MN1 90 60 150 0 0% 300
N2 MN2 90 30 150 30 10% 300
N3 MN3 90 0 150 60 20% 300
Iw N0 IwN0 0 0 0 0 — 0
N1 IwN1 38 25 0 0 — 63
N2 IwN2 38 25 0 0 — 63
N3 IwN3 38 25 0 0 — 63
Im N0 ImN0 0 0 0 0 — 0
N1 ImN1 52 34 88 0 0% 174
N2 ImN2 52 17 88 17 10% 174
N3 ImN3 52 0 88 34 20% 174

图2

作物田间结构示意图"

图3

不同处理下间作系统小麦相对于玉米的竞争力表现 处理同表1。图A、B分别为2022、2023年小麦对玉米的竞争力(Awm)动态变化。"

图4

不同处理下小麦收获后间作玉米的恢复效应 处理同表1。图A、B为2022、2023年小麦收后间作玉米恢复效应(Rm)。不同字母表示处理间差异在0.05水平上差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图5

不同处理下小麦、玉米干物质积累量 处理同表1。图A、B为2022-2023间作和单作小麦干物质积累量, 图C、D为2022-2023间作和单作玉米干物质积累量。C代表种植模式, N代表施氮制度, C×N代表种植模式与施氮制度的交互作用。*表示P < 0.05; **表示P < 0.01; NS表示无显著差异。"

图6

不同处理下植株及各器官氮素积累量 处理同表1。缩写同图5。图A、B为2022-2023年间作和单作小麦处理植株氮素积累量, 图C、D为2022-2023间作和单作玉米处理植株氮素积累量。不同字母表示处理间差异在0.05水平上差异显著(P < 0.05)。*表示P < 0.05; **表示P < 0.01; NS表示无显著差异。"

图7

不同处理下土壤无机氮含量 处理同表1。缩写同图5。图A、B为2022-2023年间作和单作小麦处理土壤无机氮含量, 图C、D为2022-2023间作和单作玉米处理土壤无机氮含量。*表示P < 0.05; **表示P < 0.01; NS表示无显著差异。"

表2

不同处理下作物籽粒产量表现"

种植模式
Cropping pattern		 施氮制度
Nitrogen application
system		 小麦产量
Wheat yield (kg hm-2)		 玉米产量
Maize yield (kg hm-2)		 系统产量
System yield (kg hm-2)
2022 2023 2022 2023 2022 2023
W||M N0 2950 d 3132 f 7187 g 7320 g 10,137 f 10,453 f
N1 3956 c 3559 e 9034 f 8989 f 12,991 d 12,548 e
N2 4281 c 4337 d 10,338 e 10,058 e 14,619 c 14,396 c
N3 4904 b 5287 b 11,425 d 11,404 d 16,329 a 16,691 a
M N0 — — 10,172 e 9990 e 10,172 f 9990 f
N1 — — 12,103 c 12,182 c 12,103 e 12,182 e
N2 — — 13,334 b 13,518 b 13,334 d 13,518 d
N3 — — 15,214 a 15,178 a 15,214 b 15,178 b
W N0 4690 b 4841 c — — 4690 h 4841 h
N1 6917 a 7192 a — — 6084 g 6326 g
显著性(P值) Significance (P-value)
种植模式 Cropping pattern (C) ** ** ** ** ** *
施氮制度Nitrogen application system (N) ** ** ** ** ** **
种植模式×施氮制度 C×N ** ** * ns ** **

表3

不同处理下氮肥利用率及氮肥偏生产力"

种植模式
Cropping pattern		 处理
Treatment		 氮肥利用率 Nitrogen use efficiency (%) 氮肥偏生产力 PFPN (kg kg-1)
2022 2023 2022 2023
W||M N1 18.47 de 19.06 cd 51.98 c 49.63 c
N2 41.70 b 37.73 b 58.12 d 57.50 b
N3 48.33 a 51.77 a 65.18 a 67.24 a
M N1 15.39 e 12.01 d 39.54 f 40.33 e
N2 20.67 d 22.27 cd 41.91 e 42.91 e
N3 30.01 c 28.53 bc 45.54 d 46.12 d
W N1 15.23 e 16.32 d 39.24 f 42.85 f
显著性(P值) Significance (P-value)
种植模式Cropping pattern (C) ** ** ** **
施氮制度Nitrogen application system (N) ** ** ** **
种植模式×施氮制度 C×N ** * ** **

图8

间作系统种间关系与氮素利用的结构方程模型 图中间作系统种间关系只针对于间作条件下施氮处理。Awm: 小麦相对于玉米竞争力; Rm: 麦后玉米恢复效应; DMAR: 干物质积累量; GY: 籽粒产量; PNA: 植株氮素积累; NUE: 氮肥利用率; PFPN: 氮肥偏生产力。黑色箭头表示显著正相关; 灰色箭头表示不相关, 与箭头相关联的值表示标准化路径系数。与响应变量相关的R2值表示通过与其他变量的关系解释变异比例。模型的统计信息如下: χ2/DF为卡方与自由度比值; GFI为拟合优度指数; CFI为比较拟合指数。*表示P < 0.05; **表示P < 0.01; ***表示P < 0.001。"

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