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作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (8): 2176-2189.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.51007

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

水氮运筹对冬小麦籽粒GMP合成和面粉加工品质的影响

王曜阔1,**(), 王文政1,**(), 张敏1,*(), 刘希伟2, 杨敏1, 李昊昱1, 张灵鑫1, 闫彦菲1, 蔡瑞国1,*()   

  1. 1河北科技师范学院农学与生物科技学院 / 河北省作物逆境生物学重点实验室, 河北昌黎 066600
    2中国农业科学院作物科学研究所 / 农业农村部作物生理生态重点实验室, 北京 100081
  • 收稿日期:2025-01-15 接受日期:2025-04-25 出版日期:2025-08-12 网络出版日期:2025-05-12
  • 通讯作者: *蔡瑞国, E-mail: cairuiguo@126.com;张敏, E-mail: zhangmin625@126.com
  • 作者简介:王曜阔, E-mail: wangyaokuo@126.com;
    王文政, E-mail: wenz0126@163.com

    **同等贡献

  • 基金资助:
    河北省自然科学基金项目(C2022407015);秦皇岛市科学技术研究与发展计划项目(202002B007)

Effects of water and nitrogen treatments on GMP synthesis and flour processing quality of winter wheat grain

WANG Yao-Kuo1,**(), WANG Wen-Zheng1,**(), ZHANG Min1,*(), LIU Xi-Wei2, YANG Min1, LI Hao-Yu1, ZHANG Ling-Xin1, YAN Yan-Fei1, CAI Rui-Guo1,*()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology / Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology, Changli 066600, Hebei, China
    2Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2025-01-15 Accepted:2025-04-25 Published:2025-08-12 Published online:2025-05-12
  • Contact: *E-mail: cairuiguo@126.com;E-mail: zhangmin625@126.com
  • About author:

    **Contributed equally to this work

  • Supported by:
    Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(C2022407015);Qinhuangdao Science and Technology Research and Development Program(202002B007)

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摘要：

为探究雨养和灌溉条件下氮肥后移对冬小麦面粉加工品质的影响及其谷蛋白形成机制, 本研究选用强筋小麦品种中麦886 (ZM886)和中筋小麦品种中麦30 (ZM30)为试验材料, 在雨养处理(W)和灌溉处理(D)条件下, 总施氮量为210 kg hm-2的基础上设置2个追氮处理: 常规氮肥处理(N1: 底肥50%+拔节肥50%)和氮肥后移处理(N2: 底肥50%+拔节肥30%+孕穗肥20%), 研究其对冬小麦籽粒谷蛋白大聚合体(GMP)形成和面粉加工品质的影响。试验结果表明, 2小麦品种产量最大值均出现在WN2处理, 其中ZM30在WN2处理下产量较其他处理平均提高12.36% (2021—2022年)和13.97% (2022—2023年), ZM886同期分别提高9.85%和18.31%。在花后10 d检测到籽粒中高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)和低分子量谷蛋白亚基(LMW-GS), ZM886在DN2处理下HMW-GS、LMW-GS、free-SH、-S-S-含量最高, ZM30则在WN2处理达到峰值。花后30 d检测到2小麦品种籽粒GMP的存在, ZM886在DN2下较其他处理增高5.40%~33.90%, ZM30在WN2下增高2.50%~14.70%, 同时分别在2处理下增加了GMP大颗粒体积和表面积百分比, 从而不同程度地提高面粉加工品质。小麦籽粒GMP含量与HMW-GS含量和LMW-GS含量呈正相关, ZM886籽粒GMP含量与面团形成时间和稳定时间呈正相关, 但与产量呈负相关; ZM30籽粒GMP含量与产量呈极显著正相关, 但与吸水率呈负相关。综上, 本试验条件下, 氮肥后移通过调控谷蛋白亚基合成, 提升GMP含量, 优化GMP粒径分布。因小麦产量而言, 适宜的水氮配置为: 灌溉处理下, 氮肥施用底肥50%+拔节肥30%+孕穗肥20%; 因小麦品质而言, 适宜的水氮配置因品种类型而异: 强筋小麦中麦886为在雨养处理下, 氮肥施用底肥50%+拔节肥30%+孕穗肥20%, 中筋小麦中麦30为在灌溉处理下, 氮肥施用底肥50%+拔节肥30%+孕穗肥20%。

关键词: 小麦, 雨养条件, 灌溉条件, 氮肥后移, GMP, 加工品质

Abstract:

To investigate the effects of delayed nitrogen application on the flour processing quality and glutenin formation in winter wheat under rain-fed and irrigated conditions, two wheat cultivars—Zhongmai 886 (ZM886, strong gluten) and Zhongmai 30 (ZM30, medium gluten)—were used as experimental materials. Under rain-fed (W) and irrigation (D) conditions, two nitrogen topdressing strategies were applied with a total nitrogen input of 210 kg hm-2: conventional nitrogen application (N1: 50% as basal fertilizer + 50% at jointing stage) and delayed nitrogen application (N2: 50% basal + 30% at jointing + 20% at booting stage). The effects of delayed nitrogen application on glutenin macropolymer (GMP) formation and flour processing quality were evaluated under shallow-buried drip irrigation. Results showed that the highest grain yields for both cultivars occurred under the WN2 treatment. Compared with other treatments, ZM30 yield under WN2 increased by 12.36% (2021-2022) and 13.97% (2022-2023), while ZM886 yield increased by 9.85% and 18.31%, respectively. High molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) and low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) were detected in grains 10 days after anthesis. The contents of HMW-GS, LMW-GS, free-SH, and -S-S-S- in ZM886 were highest under DN2, while ZM30 peaked under WN2. GMP formation was detected at 30 days after anthesis. Compared with other treatments, GMP content in ZM886 increased by 5.40%-33.90% under DN2, and in ZM30 by 2.50%-14.70% under WN2. Additionally, the volume and surface area percentages of large GMP particles increased under these treatments, contributing to improvements in flour processing quality. GMP content was positively correlated with HMW-GS and LMW-GS contents. In ZM886, GMP content showed a positive correlation with dough development and stability times, but a negative correlation with yield. In contrast, GMP content in ZM30 was significantly positively correlated with yield, but negatively correlated with water absorption. In conclusion, delayed nitrogen application enhanced GMP content and optimized its particle size distribution by regulating glutenin subunit synthesis. Based on yield performance, the suitable water-nitrogen strategy is: under irrigation, apply nitrogen as 50% basal + 30% jointing + 20% booting. In terms of quality, the suitable strategy varies by variety: for strong gluten wheat ZM886, the best result was achieved under rain-fed conditions with delayed nitrogen application, while for medium gluten wheat ZM30, the best quality was obtained under irrigation with delayed nitrogen application.

Key words: wheat, rain-fed conditions, irrigation conditions, nitrogen fertilizer postponing, GMP, processing quality

表1

0~20 cm土层基础地力"

年份
Year		 全氮
Total N
(g kg-1)		 全钾
Total K
(g kg-1)		 全磷
Total P
(g kg-1)		 速效氮
Available N
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)		 速效磷
Available P
(mg kg-1)		 有机质
Organic
matter
(g kg-1)		 pH
2021-2022 1.17 12.8 0.62 119.84 32.80 12.65 16.99 6.67
2022-2023 0.96 13.37 0.72 121.41 31.29 16.33 15.11 6.44

图1

2021-2023年小麦试验地的降水量和气温"

表2

水氮处理对小麦产量及其构成因素的影响"

年份
Year		 品种
Cultivar		 处理
Treatment		 穗数
Spike number
(×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grain number
per spike		 千粒重
1000-kernel weight
(g)		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
2021-2022 ZM886 WN1 483.60 a 28.77 b 45.40 b 8346.67 b
WN2 444.17 b 29.93 a 46.54 a 8630.48 a
DN1 405.17 c 26.38 c 43.88 d 7824.38 c
DN2 442.43 b 28.07 b 44.43 c 7450.67 d
ZM30 WN1 544.70 b 28.88 c 46.73 c 8899.05 b
WN2 553.37 a 32.78 b 48.18 a 9540.95 a
DN1 478.40 c 28.48 c 46.31 c 7965.71 d
DN2 477.53 c 35.68 a 47.64 b 8666.67 c
2022-2023 ZM886 WN1 667.33 a 39.00 a 41.83 ab 9117.22 b
WN2 644.80 b 39.50 a 42.17 a 9827.74 a
DN1 554.67 c 37.10 b 40.66 b 7624.84 d
DN2 637.87 bc 38.20 ab 40.96 b 8310.82 c
ZM30 WN1 650.00 b 45.43 c 42.46 b 10,594.29 b
WN2 786.93 a 46.67 b 43.04 a 11,460.59 a
DN1 606.67 d 46.60 b 41.79 bc 9908.92 c
DN2 622.27 c 48.40 a 42.00 bc 9707.15 d
2021-2022 品种Cultivar ** ns * **
W/D ** * ** **
N1/N2 ns * ns **
W/D×N1/N2 ns ns ** **
2022-2023 品种Cultivar ** ns ns **
W/D * * ** **
N1/N2 ns * ns **
W/D×N1/N2 ns ns * **

表3

水氮处理对小麦加工品质参数的影响"

年份
Year		 品种
Cultivar		 处理
Treat-ment		 吸水率
Water
absorption
(mL)		 形成
时间
Dough
development time
(min)		 稳定
时间
Dough
stability time
(min)		 湿面筋
含量
Wet gluten content
(%)		 沉降值Sedimentation
value
(mL)		 延伸性Extensibi-lity
(mm)		 最大阻力
Maximum
tensile
resistance
(EU)		 拉伸
面积Tensile area
(cm2)
2021-
2022		 ZM30 WN1 63.30 b 4.90 b 3.70 c 26.71 b 35.20 b 208 b 127 a 50 b
WN2 65.90 a 6.80 a 6.40 a 28.76 a 36.80 a 234 a 134 a 64 a
DN1 64.50 b 4.50 b 4.10 b 26.05 b 34.00 c 201 b 124 a 52 b
DN2 65.20 ab 3.70 c 3.60 c 26.58 b 35.00 b 203 b 126 a 54 b
ZM886 WN1 68.60 b 8.00 b 10.70 b 34.18 b 40.20 c 188 b 355 b 106 b
WN2 68.10 b 8.10 b 10.90 b 34.80 b 41.60 b 210 ab 363 ab 108 b
DN1 69.20 a 8.30 b 11.80 b 35.57 ab 42.50 ab 210 ab 373 ab 110 b
DN2 68.90 b 11.00 a 19.70 a 36.66 a 43.50 a 246 a 433 a 131 a
2022-
2023		 ZM30 WN1 62.60 b 5.70 b 4.60 b 28.05 b 34.40 ab 198 b 163 b 56 b
WN2 63.70 a 7.20 a 5.30 a 29.14 a 35.50 a 215 a 196 a 63 a
DN1 63.30 a 4.90 c 4.70 b 28.05 b 33.50 b 195 b 163 b 54 b
DN2 63.60 a 5.30 b 4.40 b 28.26 b 34.60 ab 196 b 161 b 53 b
ZM886 WN1 65.40 a 8.70 c 19.10 c 30.27 b 44.90 b 175 b 361 b 99 b
WN2 65.70 a 10.00 b 20.20 b 31.64 b 45.30 b 191 a 386 b 101 b
DN1 65.70 a 10.90 ab 21.20 b 34.17 a 47.20 ab 185 ab 423 ab 109 ab
DN2 65.50 a 11.10 a 23.40 a 34.62 a 48.10 a 187 ab 494 a 111 a
2021-
2022		 品种Cultivar ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
W/D * ** ** ** ** ns ** *
N1/N2 ** ** ** ** ** ns ** *
W/D×N1/N2 * * ** ** * ns ** **
2022-
2023		 品种Cultivar ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
W/D * ** * ** ** ns ** *
N1/N2 ** * ** ** ** ns ** *
W/D×N1/N2 * * ** ** * ns ** *

图2

水氮处理对小麦籽粒GMP含量的影响 处理同表2。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。ZM886: 中麦886; ZM30: 中麦30。GMP: 谷蛋白大聚合体。"

图3

水氮处理对小麦籽粒GMP粒度分布的影响 处理同表2。ZM886: 中麦886; ZM30: 中麦30。"

图4

水氮处理对总HMW-GS、LMW-GS积累和free-SH、-S-S-含量的影响 处理同表2。ZM886: 中麦886; ZM30: 中麦30。HMW-GS: 高分子量谷蛋白亚基; LMW-GS: 低分子量谷蛋白亚基; -S-S-: 二硫键; free-SH: 游离巯基。"

表4

不同处理下GMP含量与相关性状的灰色关联度分析"

品种
Cultivar		 指标
Indicator		 WN1 WN2 DN1 DN2
关联度
Correlation
degree		 排名
Ranking		 关联度Correlation
degree		 排名
Ranking		 关联度Correlation
degree		 排名Ranking 关联度Correlation
degree		 排名Ranking
ZM886 -S-S- 0.1692 3 0.1686 4 0.3840 3 0.3783 4
游离巯基Free-SH 0.1689 4 0.1717 3 0.3810 4 0.3789 3
HMW-GS 0.2257 1 0.2219 1 0.4125 1 0.4078 1
LMW-GS 0.2231 2 0.2174 2 0.4079 2 0.3996 2
ZM30 -S-S- 0.1719 4 0.1614 4 0.3963 3 0.3890 3
游离巯基Free-SH 0.1774 3 0.1690 3 0.3913 4 0.3861 4
HMW-GS 0.2299 2 0.2186 1 0.4250 2 0.4216 1
LMW-GS 0.2319 1 0.2147 2 0.4273 1 0.4191 2

图5

GMP含量与各指标间的相关性分析"

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