玉米-大豆套作模式下氮肥运筹对玉米产量及干物质积累与转运的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2015.00448

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

玉米-大豆套作是西南地区玉米的主要种植模式之一，研究该模式下玉米适宜的氮肥运筹方式，对该区玉米生产具有重要指导意义。通过2年田间试验，研究了施90、180、270和360 kg N hm^-2及底肥∶拔节肥∶穗肥=5∶0∶5、3∶2∶5、5∶2∶3对玉米-大豆套作模式下玉米产量及干物质积累与转运的影响。结果表明，在相同底追比条件下，玉米产量及干物质积累量随施氮量增加呈先增后减的变化趋势。施180 kg N hm-2可以显著促进玉米穗粒数、千粒重及有效穗数的增加，提高花前干物质转运量和花后干物质同化量，植株干物质积累量和最大增长速率亦达到最大；相同施氮量条件下，不同底追比对玉米产量及干物质积累的影响表现为：3∶2∶5>5∶0∶5>5∶2∶3。氮肥后移(3∶2∶5)可以促进花后干物质积累和向籽粒中转运，增大干物质最大增长速率，改善玉米穗部性状，与传统施肥方式(5∶0∶5)相比，氮肥后移处理两年平均产量提高了4.11%。施氮量及底追比对产量的交互影响显著，2010年以施270 kg N hm^-2并按3∶2∶5底追比处理玉米产量最高，与相同底追比条件下施180 kg N hm-2处理差异不显著；2011年玉米产量以施180 kg N hm^-2按3∶2∶5底追比处理显著高于其他处理，达到7803 kg hm^-2。在本试验研究范围内，施180 kg N hm^-2及底追比为3∶2∶5的处理是获得玉米-大豆套作模式下玉米高产的最佳氮肥运筹方式。

关键词: 氮肥运筹, 产量, 干物质积累, 玉米, 玉米-大豆套作

Abstract:

Maize-soybean relay-cropping system is an important planting pattern in southwest China, in which the proper nitrogen management plays a key role for improving maize production. A field experiment was conducted in two consecutive seasons (2010–2011) with different treatments of nitrogen (N) application rates (90, 180, 270, 360 kg ha-1) and ratios of base fertilizer, jointing fertilizer and earing fertilizer (5:0:5, 3:2:5, 5:2:3) to study the effects of nitrogen management on yield and dry matter accumulation and translocation of maize in maize-soybean relay-cropping system. The results showed that, maize yield and dry matter accumulation increased with increasing N application rates up to 270 kg N ha-1 under the same ratio of base fertilizer to topdressing, and then decreased when N application rate was 360 kg N ha-1. The N application rate of 180 kg ha-1 significantly increased kemels per ear, 1000-kemel weigh, ear number, and help increase translocation efficiency, post anthesis assimilate, plant dry matter accumulation and the maximum increasing rate, while the N application rate of 360 kg ha-1 had negative effect. The effects of different ratios of base fertilizer to topdressing on maize yield and dry matter accumulation were 3:2:5>5:0:5>5:2:3, postponed N application (B2, 3:2:5) was beneficial to improve dry matter accumulation and translocation to grain, increased the maximum increasing rate and improved ear traits. Compared with conventional ratio of base fertilizer to topdressing (B1, 5:0:5), B2 treatment (3:2:5) had a higher yield 0f 4.11% than B1 (5:0:5) on average of two years. The interaction between N application rates and ratios of base fertilizer to topdressing was significant on maize yield, N application rates of 270 kg ha-1 and the ratio of 3:2:5 reached to the highest yield in 2010 year. No significant difference between 180 and 270 kg N ha-1 with the same ratio of base fertilizer to topdressing (3:2:5) in maize yield was found. In 2011, the yield under N application rate at180 kg ha-1 and ratio of 3:2:5 treatment was significantly higher than that under other nitrogen management. Therefore, the most appropriate nitrogen management is N application rate of 180 kg ha-1 and ratio of base fertilizer to topdressing 3:2:5.

Key words: Nitrogen management, Yield, Dry matter accumulation, Maize, Maize-soybean relay-cropping

文熙宸,王小春,邓小燕,张群,蒲甜,刘国丹,杨文钰. 玉米-大豆套作模式下氮肥运筹对玉米产量及干物质积累与转运的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2015, 41(03): 448-457.

WEN Xi-Chen,WANG Xiao-Chun,DENG Xiao-Yan,ZHANG Qun,PU Tian,LIU Guo-Dan,YANG Wen -Yu. Effects of Nitrogen Management on Yield and Dry Matter Accumulation and Translocation of Maize in Maize-Soybean Relay-Cropping System[J]. Acta Agron Sin, 2015, 41(03): 448-457.

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