作物学报 ›› 2017, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (05): 631-639.
• 综述 • 下一篇
董合忠1,*,杨国正2,李亚兵3,田立文4,代建龙1,孔祥强1
DONG He-Zhong1,*,YANG Guo-Zheng2,LI Ya-Bing3,TIAN Li-Wen4,DAI Jian-Long1,KONG Xiang-Qiang1
摘要:
棉花轻简化栽培是指采用现代农业装备代替人工作业、减轻劳动强度, 简化种植管理、减少田间作业次数, 农机农艺融合, 实现棉花生产轻便简捷、节本增效的耕作栽培方式和方法。本文对轻简化栽培内涵、关键技术内容和相关生理生态学机制进行了总结性评述。实现棉花生产的轻便简捷、节本增效, 依赖于轻简化栽培的关键技术, 包括精量播种或轻简育苗技术, 经济施肥技术、节水灌溉技术、集中成铃技术等。单粒精播的壮苗机制在于棉花种子萌发出苗时, 其弯钩形成关键基因HLS1与COP1和下胚轴伸长关键基因HY5与ARF2的差异表达;密植减免整枝机制在于密植引起棉株激素合成代谢相关基因差异表达, 抑制了叶枝的生长;轻简栽培棉花的丰产稳产机制在于棉花产量构成、生物量和经济系数的适应性协同;依据适宜叶面积指数及其动态, 适宜株高、节枝比和棉柴比等量化指标, 可以有效塑造高光效群体, 实现优化成铃和集中成铃与采收;轻简施肥的依据在于棉花对肥料N的吸收集中在开花后20 d以内, 初花肥利用效率最高且主要分配到生殖器官;分区灌溉节水机制在于部分根区灌溉诱导地上部合成茉莉酸, 茉莉酸又经韧皮部运至灌水侧根系, 增强了该侧根系的吸水能力, 提高了水分利用率。展望未来, 应在深入研究轻简化植棉生理生态学规律的基础上, 进一步改革和优化种植制度, 创新关键栽培技术, 研制新的物质装备, 促进农艺技术和物质装备高度融合, 为轻简化植棉提供更加有力的理论和技术支撑, 推动棉花生产的可持续发展。
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