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作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (02): 278-287.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.00278

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种植密度对油菜机械收获关键性状的影响

李小勇1, 周敏1, 王涛2, 张兰2, 周广生1, 蒯婕1,*()   

  1. 1 华中农业大学植物科学技术学院, 湖北武汉 430070
    2 沙洋县植物保护站, 湖北沙洋 448200
  • 收稿日期:2017-08-29 接受日期:2017-11-21 出版日期:2018-02-12 网络出版日期:2017-12-12
  • 通讯作者: 蒯婕
  • 作者简介:

    307262107@qq.com

  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家科技支撑项目(2014BAD11B03), 国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(NYCYTC-00510)和高校自主科技创新基金(2013PY001)资助

Effects of Planting Density on the Mechanical Harvesting Characteristics of Semi-winter Rapeseed

Xiao-Yong LI1, Min ZHOU1, Tao WANG2, Lan ZHANG2, Guang-Sheng ZHOU1, Jie KUAI1,*()   

  1. 1 College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
    2 Shayang Plant Protection Station, Shayang 448200, Hubei, China
  • Received:2017-08-29 Accepted:2017-11-21 Published:2018-02-12 Published online:2017-12-12
  • Contact: Jie KUAI
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2014BAD11B03), the China Agriculture Research System (NYCYTC-00510), and the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities (2013PY001).

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摘要：

油菜机械化生产中, 茎秆倒伏和角果开裂是引起产量损失的主要因素。为探究密度对油菜机械化关键性状的影响, 以中双11、华油杂9号为材料, 设置4个密度(15万株 hm-2、30万株 hm-2、45万株 hm-2和60万株 hm-2), 测定产量构成、倒伏指数及抗裂角指数相关指标。结果表明, (1)不同密度下, 群体有效角果数, 每角粒数差异显著, 2个品种产量均在45万株 hm-2时最大; (2)随密度增加, 油菜根颈粗变细, 茎秆倒伏指数增加, 增加了倒伏风险; 在低密度(15万株 hm-2和30万株 hm-2)下, 茎秆临近冠层部位最易倒伏, 在高密度(45万株 hm-2和60万株 hm-2)下, 茎秆中部及中部偏上部位倒伏指数较大, 即与低密度相比, 高密度油菜茎秆倒伏发生部位降低; (3)分枝抗裂角指数均小于主茎抗裂角指数, 且随分枝高度降低呈先增加后降低趋势。不同品种油菜主茎抗裂角指数对密度响应存在差异: 中双11随密度增加逐渐降低, 在15万株hm-2下最大, 华油杂9号则随密度增大呈先增后降趋势, 在30万株 hm-2下最大。角果发育初期至成熟期含水量下降速率与抗裂角指数极显著负相关, 且相关系数最大, 表明该指标是密度影响抗裂角指数的最关键因素。

关键词: 油菜, 种植密度, 产量, 裂角, 倒伏

Abstract:

Two canola varieties (Zhongshuang 11 and Huayouza 9) with four planting densities (15 × 104, 30 × 104, 45 × 104, and 60 × 104 plants ha-1) were used to evaluate their effects on yield, lodging and pod shattering resistance index (PSRI). With the increase of plant density, effective pods per hectare increased, resulting in increasing yield. The highest yield was observed at density of 45 × 104 plants ha-1 for both of the two varieties. With the increase of plant density, the root crown diameter decreased which led lodging index to be increased. Under the densities of 15 × 104 and 30 × 104 plants ha-1, the part of stem below canopy had the highest lodging index, while under the densities of 30 × 104 and 45 × 104 plants ha-1, the central of stem and the upper part of middle stem had the highest lodging index, indicating that the lodging region was lower than under low plant density. The PSRI of branches was smaller than that of main stems, with a tendency of increasing firstly and then decreasing with decreasing branch height. The PSRI of main stem of the two varieties had different responses to increasing density, that was decreasing in Zhongshuang 11 while increasing firstly and then decreasing in Huayouza 9, with a highest PSRI under 300 000 plants ha-1. The water declining rate of pod wall from early pod development to pod maturity had highly significant and negative correlation with pod shattering resistance, indicating that this index is most important for density effects on pod shattering.

Key words: rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), planting density, yield, pod shattering, lodging

表1

密度对油菜产量及产量构成的影响"

年份
Year		 品种
Variety		 密度
Density		 单株有效角果数Effective pod number
per plant		 每角果粒数
Number of seeds
per pod		 千粒重
1000-seed weight (g)		 实收产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
2014-2015 中双11
Zhongshuang 11		 D1 164.5 a 22.7 a 4.30 a 2381.3 c
D2 126.4 b 22.3 b 4.34 a 2969.3 b
D3 88.4 c 20.4 c 4.27 ab 3158.5 a
D4 63.4 d 20.0 d 4.18 b 3029.1 b
华油杂9号
Huayouza 9		 D1 193.5 a 25.8 a 3.01 b 2521.3 d
D2 132.8 b 24.4 b 3.10 ab 2910.7 c
D3 108.5 c 23.4 c 3.12 ab 3514.4 a
D4 86.0 d 23.5 c 3.16 a 3076.0 b
2015-2016 中双11
Zhongshuang 11		 D1 170.5 a 23.1 a 4.48 b 2626.3 c
D2 108.1 b 22.7 b 4.52 a 2938.9 b
D3 95.0 c 21.6 c 4.34 c 3255.9 a
D4 66.4 d 21.2 d 4.26 d 3042.6 b
华油杂9号
Huayouza 9		 D1 216.5 a 27.4 a 2.95 c 2691.8 d
D2 123.0 b 26.1 b 2.99 bc 3094.4 b
D3 107.0 c 25.1 c 3.04 ab 3358.3 a
D4 79.8 d 24.6 d 3.11 a 2916.9 c
方差分析 Variance analyses
年份(Y) ** ** NS **
品种(V) ** ** ** **
密度(D) ** ** ** **
Y×V ** NS ** **
Y×D ** NS NS **
V×D NS NS NS **
Y×V×D NS NS NS **

表2

密度对油菜成熟期农艺性状的影响"

年份
Year		 品种
Variety		 密度
Density		 根颈粗
Root crown diameter (mm)		 株高
Plant height
(cm)		 分枝高
Branch height
(cm)		 分枝数
Branch number		 结角起点
Pod starting point (cm)
2014-2015 中双11
Zhongshuang 11		 D1 20.81 a 168.17 a 62.00 c 6.0 a 96.73 a
D2 16.79 b 162.50 ab 76.43 b 4.3 ab 96.73 a
D3 14.97 c 156.99 bc 82.57 ab 4.2 bc 97.47 a
D4 12.35 d 151.53 c 90.33 a 2.5 c 96.60 a
华油杂9号Huayouza 9 D1 16.08 a 164.84 a 58.51 c 6.3 a 85.61 a
D2 14.34 b 155.83 ab 68.87 b 4.1 b 83.97 a
D3 13.35 b 152.32 b 76.62 ab 3.3 c 82.81 a
D4 11.22 c 147.19 b 81.75 a 2.9 c 82.41 a
2015-2016 中双11
Zhongshuang 11		 D1 21.28 a 170.00 a 63.77 c 6.3 a 99.50 a
D2 16.05 b 167.23 ab 78.03 b 4.3 b 104.33 a
D3 13.97 bc 164.50 ab 86.43 ab 3.7 b 104.80 a
D4 12.90 c 162.33 b 97.43 a 1.7 c 105.00 a
华油杂9号Huayouza 9 D1 19.69 a 173.67 a 54.60 c 7.7 a 94.57 a
D2 14.66 b 170.53 ab 81.90 b 5.3 b 98.50 a
D3 13.22 c 165.50 bc 82.67 b 5.3 b 99.67 a
D4 11.94 d 158.17 c 90.00 a 4.3 c 97.83 a
方差分析 Variance analyses
年份(Y) ** ** ** ** **
品种(V) ** ** ** * **
密度(D) ** ** ** ** NS
Y×V ** NS NS ** *
Y×D ** NS * * **
V×D NS NS NS ** NS
Y×V×D NS NS NS NS NS

图1

不同密度下油菜倒伏发生部位 D1、D2、D3和D4分别表示种植密度为15×104、30×104、45×104和60×104株hm-2。"

表3

密度对油菜茎秆不同部位倒伏指数的影响"

年份
Year		 品种
Variety		 密度
Density		 No.1 No.2 No.3 No.4 均值
Average
2014-2015 中双11
Zhongshuang 11		 D1 0.809 b 0.846 b 0.914 c 1.025 a 0.899
D2 0.876 b 1.040 b 1.078 bc 1.160 a 1.039
D3 0.922 b 0.973 b 1.186 b 1.089 a 1.043
D4 1.278 a 1.597 a 1.536 a 1.273 a 1.421
华油杂9号
Huayouza 9		 D1 0.701 b 0.742 c 0.786 b 0.909 b 0.785
D2 0.809 b 0.991 b 1.073 ab 0.872 b 0.936
D3 1.224 a 1.656 a 1.335 a 1.051 a 1.317
D4 1.476 a 1.484 a 1.321 a 1.101 a 1.346
2015-2016 中双11
Zhongshuang 11		 D1 0.862 b 0.954 c 1.050 c 1.113 b 0.995
D2 1.618 a 1.805 b 1.922 b 2.126 a 1.868
D3 1.665 a 1.943 b 2.281 a 1.908 a 1.949
D4 1.829 a 2.372 a 2.248 a 2.178 a 2.157
华油杂9号
Huayouza 9		 D1 1.001 a 1.129 b 1.208 b 1.288 a 1.157
D2 1.066 a 1.089 b 1.215 b 1.321 a 1.173
D3 1.371 a 1.528 a 1.727 a 1.522 a 1.537
D4 1.086 a 1.349 ab 1.228 b 1.148 a 1.203
方差分析 Variance analyses
年份(Y) ** ** ** **
品种(V) ** ** ** **
密度(D) ** ** ** **
Y×V ** ** ** **
Y×D ** NS ** **
V×D * ** ** **
Y×V×D ** ** ** **

图2

密度对油菜角果抗裂角指数的影响 D1、D2、D3和D4分别表示种植密度为15×104、30×104、45×104和60×104株hm-2; 横坐标轴中间的“0”表示主茎, “1~7”表示从上部向下部的第1到第7分枝。"

图3

密度对油菜角果壳干物质(A)和含水量(B)的影响 D1、D2、D3和D4分别表示种植密度为15×104、30×104、45×104和60×104株hm-2。"

表4

抗裂角指数与角果壳干重、含水量相关性分析"

品种
Variety		 果壳重
Pod wall
dry weight		 角果壳含水量 Pod wall water content
花后天数 Days after flowering Δ含水量
Δ water content
21 d 28 d 35 d 42 d 49 d 56 d
中双11
Zhongshuang 11		 0.751** -0.065 -0.45 -0.38 0.382 0.653 0.971** -0.968**
华油杂9号
Huayouza 9		 0.581** 0.110 -0.73 -0.71 0.895* 0.660 0.900** -0.968**
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