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作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (02): 288-296.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.00288

• • 上一篇    下一篇

春季低温对小麦产量和光合特性的影响

王瑞霞1, 闫长生2, 张秀英2, 孙果忠2, 钱兆国1, 亓晓蕾1, 牟秋焕1, 肖世和2,*()   

  1. 1 泰安市农业科学研究院, 山东泰安 271000
    2 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所 / 国家农作物基因资源与基因改良重大科学工程, 北京 100081
  • 收稿日期:2017-02-04 接受日期:2017-09-10 出版日期:2018-02-12 网络出版日期:2017-10-27
  • 通讯作者: 肖世和
  • 作者简介:

    ruixiawangli@163.com

  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-03-21), 国家公益性行业科研专项(201203033)和山东省泰安市科研专项(20123034)资助

Effect of Low Temperature in Spring on Yield and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Wheat

Rui-Xia WANG1, Chang-Sheng YAN2, Xiu-Ying ZHANG2, Guo-Zhong SUN2, Zhao-Guo QIAN1, Xiao-Lei QI1, Qiu-Huan MOU1, Shi-He XIAO2,*()   

  1. 1 Tai’an Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China;
    2 National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement / Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2017-02-04 Accepted:2017-09-10 Published:2018-02-12 Published online:2017-10-27
  • Contact: Shi-He XIAO
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by China Agricultural Research System (CARS-03-21), Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201203033), and Scientific Research of Tai’an City, Shandong Province (20123034).

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摘要：

黄淮麦区频发春季低温冻害, 造成小麦减产。为探讨小麦品种对春季低温胁迫响应的生理特点, 确定品种抗寒性鉴定的生理指标, 以泰山6426、泰山4033和济麦22为试验材料, 研究了起身期、拔节期和孕穗期低温处理下不同品种的产量性状、光合生理指标及叶片细胞结构差异。3个品种受低温胁迫后, 观测农艺性状的变化趋势相似, 且年度间有一定的一致性。不同低温处理对株高的影响相对较小, 尤其是起身期低温处理; 不同生育期低温处理, 小麦单株穗数均显著低于对照, 但下降幅度在年度间不完全一致; 单株穗粒数和单株产量随低温处理的推迟呈现显著降低趋势, 尤以孕穗期低温处理的降低幅度最大, 单株穗粒数比对照低90.5%~93.3% (2012—2013)和91.9%~96.6% (2013—2014), 单株产量比对照低87.9%~97.3% (2012—2013)和91.5%~97.8% (2013—2014); 拔节期是低温伤害的第二敏感期, 而起身期低温对小麦产量的影响相对最小。减产的主要原因是穗粒数降低。无论是拔节期还是孕穗期低温处理, 3个品种的叶绿素含量均呈现下降趋势, 下降的幅度因品种而异; 低温胁迫下光合速率、蒸腾速率和叶片气孔导度均显著下降, 胞间CO2浓度均有较大幅度的升高, 3个品种中泰山6426受影响最小。低温胁迫对叶绿素荧光参数也有明显影响, 除泰山6426外, 其余2个品种的Fv/Fm均显著下降。各品种受低温伤害后表皮叶肉细胞破坏严重, 排列趋于松散, 保卫细胞和副卫细胞变形, 气孔变大。本研究结果显示, 光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶片气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度及Fv/Fm可作为评价品种春季抗寒性的生理指标。

关键词: 小麦, 低温, 产量, 光合荧光参数, 抗寒性

Abstract:

Low temperature (LT) stress in spring occurs frequently in the Huang-Huai Rivers Valley, resulting in yield loss of wheat. The objectives of this study were to understand the physiological responses of wheat cultivars to LT and determine suitable physiological indicator(s) for cold-tolerance selection. Three cultivars, Taishan 6426, Taishan 4033, and Jimai 22, were exposed to LT stress at standing, jointing and booting stages, and the yield-related traits, photosynthetic parameters as well as leaf cell structure were compared among different cultivars. The agronomic traits of different cultivars changed in similar trends after LT treatment with the consistent result across years. Plant height received small influence of LT, especially LT at standing stage. In contrast, spike number per plant decreased significantly compared with the control (normal temperature), but the reduced percentage varied across years. Grain number per spike and yield per plant showed significantly declined trends with delaying LT stress, and the maximum decrements were observed in the treatment of LT at booting stage. The grain number per spike was 90.5%-93.3% (2012-2013) and 91.9%-93.6% (2013-2014) lower, and the yield per plant was 87.9%-97.3% (2012-2013) and 91.5%-97.8% (2013-2014) lower in LT treatment at booting than in the control. Booting stage was secondly sensitive to LT in yield, whereas jointing stage was less influenced by LT. Grain yield loss under LT stress mainly resulted from the decrease of grain number per spike. Under LT at jointing or booting stage, the chlorophyll content decreased in the three cultivars, but the decrement varied across cultivars. Moreover, the photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomata conductance decreased significantly and the intercellular CO2 concentration increased greatly in the three cultivars, and those in Taishan 6426 had the minimum variations. LT also had inhibition in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of wheat. For example, the Fv/Fm value was significantly lower in the treatment of LT at jointing or booting stage than in the control except for Taishan 6426. When exposed to LT stress, leaf epidermic cells were severely damaged, showing their loose arrangement and irregular structures of guard cell and accessory cell. Our results indicate that photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomata conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration and Fv/Fm can be used as indicators to identify tolerance of wheat cultivars to spring coldness.

Key words: wheat, low temperature, yield, photosynthetic and fluorescent parameters, cold resistance

图1

不同时期低温处理对小麦品种产量构成因素的影响 CK: 对照; LT-S: 起身期低温; LT-J: 拔节期低温; LT-B: 孕穗期低温处理。误差线上不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

表1

低温处理后各品种的光合特性差异"

年份
Year		 品种
Cultivar		 参数
Parameter		 CK1 LT-J CK2 LT-B
2012-2013 济麦22
Jimai 22		 Chl (mg mg-1) 63.40 55.10** 62.90 54.60**
Pn (μmol m-2 s-1) 17.30 8.44** 10.22 2.35**
E (mmol m-2 s-1) 1.93 0.68** 0.94 0.67*
Cleaf (mmol m-2 s-1) 187.30 73.50** 74.30 48.60**
Cint (μmol mol-1) 97.90 340.50** 260.50 337.30**
泰山6426
Taishan 6426		 Chl (mg mg-1) 61.20 54.80** 57.50 54.20
Pn (μmol m-2 s-1) 15.96 5.14** 10.35 2.39**
E (mmol m-2 s-1) 0.65 0.31** 0.76 0.51*
Cleaf (mmol m-2 s-1) 131.10 69.70** 63.40 49.50**
Cint (μmol mol-1) 164.80 353.80** 269.6 356.20**
泰山4033
Taishan 4033		 Chl (mg mg-1) 58.40 49.90** 56.10 45.00**
Pn (μmol m-2 s-1) 20.01 5.17** 9.07 1.89**
E (mmol m-2 s-1) 0.60 0.11** 0.60 0.32*
Cleaf (mmol m-2 s-1) 134.50 64.80** 59.00 45.90**
Cint (μmol mol-1) 138.60 375.80** 234.10 354.80**
2013-2014 济麦22
Jimai 22		 Chl (mg mg-1) 65.80 57.10** 60.90 57.40*
Pn (μmol m-2 s-1) 26.50 4.77** 27.66 5.54**
E (mmol m-2 s-1) 1.62 0.80** 0.80 0.78
Cleaf (mmol m-2 s-1) 305.90 83.60** 66.20 53.80**
Cint (μmol mol-1) 280.40 341.20** 271.10 289.60**
泰山6426
Taishan 6426		 Chl (mg mg-1) 62.30 58.00** 59.90 58.20
Pn (μmol m-2 s-1) 18.07 4.92** 20.79 0.33**
E (mmol m-2 s-1) 1.24 0.81** 0.45 0.34**
Cleaf (mmol m-2 s-1) 193.90 95.40** 58.80 43.00**
Cint (μmol mol-1) 279.00 343.50** 239.80 436.70**
泰山4033
Taishan 4033		 Chl (mg mg-1) 57.60 51.80** 57.50 47.10**
Pn (μmol m-2 s-1) 22.45 1.34** 21.56 0.28**
E (mmol m-2 s-1) 1.14 0.56** 1.82 1.27**
Cleaf (mmol m-2 s-1) 180.60 68.60** 57.20 41.30**
Cint (μmol mol-1) 229.10 406.90** 161.30 401.40**

表2

低温处理后各品种荧光特性"

年份
Year		 品种
Cultivar		 参数
Parameter		 CK1 LT-J CK2 LT-B
2012-2013 济麦22
Jimai 22		 最大荧光产量 Fm 849.00 682.00** 1121.00 735.00**
最小荧光产量 Fo 203.00 194.00* 239.00 294.00**
光化学猝灭系数 NPQ 1.65 0.95** 1.76 0.83**
PSII最大光化学效率Fv/Fm 0.76 0.72** 0.79 0.60**
泰山6426
Taishan 6426		 最大荧光产量 Fm 728.00 707.00** 886.00 647.00**
最小荧光产量 Fo 227.00 231.00 315.00 243.00**
光化学猝灭系数 NPQ 1.37 1.30 1.27 0.90**
PSII最大光化学效率Fv/Fm 0.69 0.67 0.64 0.62
泰山4033
Taishan 4033		 最大荧光产量 Fm 673.00 591.00** 771.00 694.00**
最小荧光产量 Fo 210.00 246.00** 281.00 371.00**
光化学猝灭系数 NPQ 0.70 0.48** 0.73 0.97**
PSII最大光化学效率Fv/Fm 0.69 0.58** 0.64 0.51**
2013-2014 济麦22
Jimai 22		 最大荧光产量 Fm 1114.00 928.00** 1034.00 735.00**
最小荧光产量 Fo 370.00 358.00* 186.00 294.00**
光化学猝灭系数 NPQ 0.67 0.22** 0.87 0.83**
PSII最大光化学效率Fv/Fm 0.67 0.61** 0.72 0.60**
泰山6426
Taishan 6426		 最大荧光产量 Fm 1101.00 1027.00** 794.00 647.00**
最小荧光产量 Fo 508.00 403.00** 287.00 243.00**
光化学猝灭系数 NPQ 0.92 0.57** 0.50 0.90**
PSII最大光化学效率Fv/Fm 0.63 0.61 0.64 0.62
泰山4033
Taishan 4033		 最大荧光产量 Fm 2079.00 1419.00** 1076.00 874.00**
最小荧光产量 Fo 257.00 328.00** 345.00 444.00**
光化学猝灭系数 NPQ 0.70 0.62** 0.24 0.30*
PSII最大光化学效率Fv/Fm 0.80 0.69** 0.61 0.49**

图2

拔节期、孕穗期低温处理各品种叶片组织结构变化 CK1和CK2分别为拔节期和孕穗期对照; LT-J和LT-B分别在拔节期和孕穗期低温处理。EP: 表皮; MC: 叶肉细胞; GC: 保卫细胞; SAC: 副卫细胞; STO: 气孔。"

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