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作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (7): 1067-1076.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.01067

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

大田长期水氮处理对土壤氮素及小麦籽粒淀粉糊化特性的影响

李莎莎,马耕,刘卫星,康娟,陈雨露,胡阳阳,张盼盼,王晨阳()   

  1. 河南农业大学 / 国家小麦工程技术研究中心, 河南郑州 450002
  • 收稿日期:2017-07-19 接受日期:2018-03-25 出版日期:2018-07-10 网络出版日期:2018-04-16
  • 通讯作者: 李莎莎,马耕,王晨阳
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD26B01)和河南省小麦产业技术体系建设专项(S2010-01-G07)资助

Effects of Long-Term Irrigation and Nitrogen Regimes on Soil Nitrogen Content and Paste Property of Wheat Grain

Sha-Sha LI,Geng MA,Wei-Xing LIU,Juan KANG,Yu-Lu CHEN,Yang-Yang HU,Pan-Pan ZHANG,Chen-Yang WANG()   

  1. Henan Agricultural University / National Wheat Engineering Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
  • Received:2017-07-19 Accepted:2018-03-25 Published:2018-07-10 Published online:2018-04-16
  • Contact: Sha-Sha LI,Geng MA,Chen-Yang WANG
  • Supported by:
    The study was supported by the National Technology R&D Program of China (2015BAD26B01) and the Wheat Research System of Henan Province (S2010-01-G07).

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摘要：

土壤氮素和水分含量对小麦产量和品质有重要影响。为优化水肥管理实现优质高效栽培, 2014—2015和2015—2016小麦生长季在河南省温县大田水氮长期定位试验地块, 以中筋品种豫麦49-198为材料进行灌水与施氮两因子裂区试验。主区为灌水处理, 设全生育期不灌水(W0)、拔节期750 m 3 hm -2 (W1)和拔节期750 m 3 hm -2 +开花期750 m 3 hm -2 (W2) 3个水平, 副区为氮素处理, 设不施氮(N0)及总氮量180 (N1)、240 (N2)和300 kg hm -2 (N3) 4个水平。与W0处理相比, 2个灌水处理均显著降低耕层土壤(0~20 cm)中的硝态氮含量, 灌水处理的籽粒支链淀粉含量、总淀粉含量、淀粉峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度均显著高于不灌水处理。灌水还增加了籽粒中小淀粉粒(粒径<5.0 μm)的体积百分比, 2014—2015年度增幅显著, W1、W2处理分别较W0处理增加3.4%和4.8%。施氮提高耕层土壤硝态氮含量, 但籽粒直链淀粉含量和小淀粉粒体积百分比低于不施氮处理。在0~240 kg hm -2施氮量范围内, 籽粒支链淀粉含量、总淀粉含量及峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度均随施氮量增加而增加。相关分析表明, 耕层土壤硝态氮含量与总淀粉含量、峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度间呈极显著正相关。拔节期灌1水、施氮量240 kg hm -2条件下, 耕层土壤硝态氮含量为19.64~20.55 mg kg -1, 小麦籽粒黏度值较高, 同时改善了淀粉品质。

关键词: 水氮运筹, 土壤硝态氮, 淀粉含量, 淀粉组成, 糊化特性

Abstract:

Nitrogen (N) and water contents in soil are primary elements affecting grain yield and quality of wheat. For optimizing the water and fertilizer management in high-quality and high-efficiency wheat production, a split-plot experiment was carried out in the long-term fertilization fields in Wenxian county, Henan province in the 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 winter wheat seasons. The main-plot factor was irrigation in three levels (W0 for no irrigation, W1 for 750 m 3 ha -1 at jointing, and W2 for 750 +750 m 3 ha -1 at jointing + anthesis), and the split-plot factor was N rate in four levels (0, 180, 240, and 300 kg ha -1). Yumai 49-198, a medium-gluten variety, was the unique variety used in the experiment. The soil NO3 --N content in the 0-20 cm soil layer was significantly lower, whereas, the amylopectin and starch contents, starch peak viscosity and final viscosity were significantly higher in W1 and W2 treatments than in W0 treatment. Under irrigation conditions, the volume of small starch granule (<5.0 μm) increased as compared with that under W0 condition, with the increase of 3.4% in W1 and 4.8% in W2 in the 2014-2015 wheat season. Nitrogen application improved soil NO3 --N content but negatively affected amylose content and the percentage of small starch granules. Amylopectin and starch contents, peak viscosity, through viscosity, and final viscosity increased with N application ranging from 0 to 240 kg ha -1. The correlation analysis revealed positive correlations (P < 0.01) of NO3 --N with starch yield, peak viscosity, through viscosity, and final viscosity. Results showed that under N 240 kg ha -1 and W1 condition the nitrate content in topsoil layer was 19.64-20.55 mg kg -1 having higher grain yield and good starch property.

Key words: irrigation and nitrogen interaction, NO3 --N in soil, starch content, starch compositions, paste properties

表1

播种前试验田0~20 cm土层养分含量"

生长季
Growth season		 全氮
Total nitrogen
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Hydrolysable nitrogen
(mg kg-1)		 速效磷
Available P
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)		 有机质
Organic matter (g kg-1)		 pH
2014-2015 0.83±0.11 78.31±11.63 12.44±1.35 182.6±60.06 15.96±1.00 8.31±0.08
2015-2016 0.81±1.13 80.48±12.80 13.21±0.56 184.0±62.04 15.92±1.06 8.26±0.11

图1

小麦生育期内降水量和平均气温的变化"

图2

不同水氮处理下耕层(0~20 cm)土壤的硝态氮含量数据为3个小区的平均值, 误差线表示标准差。同一年度内所有处理进行多重比较, 不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。"

图3

水氮处理与0~20 cm土层硝态氮含量的关系A: 2014-2015年度, Z = -3.04 × 10-5Y2 + 8.03 × 10-7X2 - 0.04X + 0.08Y + 3.56 (R2 = 0.97, P < 0.01)。B: 2015-2016年度, Z = -1.45 × 10-6Y2 - 5.12 × 10-7 X2 - 0.04X + 0.07Y + 5.08 (R2 = 0.98, P < 0.01)。式中, X为灌水量(m3 hm-2), Y为施氮量(kg hm-2), Z为土壤中硝态氮含量(mg kg-1)。"

Table 2

Effect of different irrigation and nitrogen treatments on starch and its component contents in wheat grains"

表3

不同水氮处理对小麦籽粒淀粉粒体积分布的影响"

处理
Treatment		 2014-2015 2015-2016
小淀粉粒
Small granule		 中淀粉粒
Medium granule		 大淀粉粒
Large granule		 小淀粉粒
Small granule		 中淀粉粒
Medium granule		 大淀粉粒
Large granule
W0N0 12.64 a 85.65 c 1.73 a 17.28 a 75.82 c 6.87 b
W0N1 11.93 b 86.30 bc 1.64 ab 16.80 ab 76.35 b 6.65 b
W0N2 11.84 b 86.77 ab 1.32 ab 15.16 c 76.41 b 8.43 a
W0N3 11.74 b 87.08 a 1.15 c 15.60 bc 76.86 a 7.54 ab
W1N0 12.29 a 86.19 a 1.12 a 15.24 a 83.64 a 1.35 b
W1N1 11.42 b 86.16 a 1.07 a 15.21 a 82.72 a 2.10 ab
W1N2 11.41 b 87.72 a 0.86 b 14.58 a 83.67 a 2.30 ab
W1N3 11.40 b 86.77 a 0.86 b 14.30 a 82.96 a 3.01 a
W2N0 12.08 a 86.39 a 0.92 a 14.96 a 84.65 a 0.74 b
W2N1 11.36 b 86.63 a 0.88 a 13.66 a 85.41 a 1.66 a
W2N2 11.23 bc 86.69 a 0.79 b 13.54 a 85.57 a 1.04 b
W2N3 11.15 c 86.65 a 0.76 b 13.90 a 85.37 a 0.73 b
方差分析(F值) ANOVA (F-value)
灌水Irrigation (W) 58.52*** 0.59 53.63*** 18.53*** 413.93*** 374.02***
氮素Nitrogen (N) 88.70*** 5.16** 9.98*** 4.85** 2.14 3.23*
W × N 0.38 1.49 1.33 0.57 0.44 3.70*

表4

不同水氮处理对小麦籽粒淀粉糊化特性的影响"

处理
Treatment		 2014-2015 2015-2016
峰值黏度
Peak
viscosity		 谷值黏度
Through
viscosity		 稀澥值Breakdown 最终黏度
Final
viscosity		 反弹值
Setback		 峰值黏度
Peak
viscosity		 谷值黏度
Through viscosity		 稀澥值Breakdown 最终黏度
Final
viscosity		 反弹值Setback
W0N0 2950 g 1951 e 999 e 3769 h 2950 g 2946 f 1977 e 970 d 3746 h 2946 f
W0N1 3458 d 2369 c 1090 d 4380 b 3458 d 3158 d 2041 d 1118 b 3960 e 3158 d
W0N2 3669 b 2439 b 1230 a 4469 a 3669 b 3455 a 2233 b 1222 a 4041 d 3455 a
W0N3 3542 c 2426 b 1116 bcd 4268 cd 3542 c 3377 b 2139 c 1239 a 3854 fg 3377 b
W1N0 3284 f 2180 d 1104 cd 3860 g 3284 f 3069 e 2078 d 990 cd 3822 g 3069 e
W1N1 3562 c 2444 b 1118 bcd 4355 bc 3562 c 3279 c 2245 b 1034 bcd 4045 d 3279 c
W1N2 3767 a 2544 a 1223 a 4550 a 3767 a 3440 a 2332 a 1109 b 4238 b 3440 a
W1N3 3428 d 2380 c 1048 d 4247 d 3428 d 3370 b 2141 c 1229 a 3876 f 3370 b
W2N0 3360 e 2171 d 1188 ab 3952 f 3360 e 3125 d 2069 d 1056 bc 4045 d 3125 d
W2N1 3526 c 2355 c 1171 abc 4152 e 3526 c 3364 b 2249 b 1116 b 4187 c 3364 b
W2N2 3640 b 2444 b 1196 a 4269 cd 3640 b 3461 a 2358 a 1102 b 4388 a 3461 a
W2N3 3462 d 2352 c 1110 cd 4183 de 3462 d 3143 d 2145 c 998 cd 4160 c 3143 d
方差分析(F值) ANOVA (F-value)
灌水Irrigation (W) 55.06*** 41.26*** 6.28** 16.04*** 9.67** 9.94** 62.85*** 7.50** 478.92*** 181.77***
氮素Nitrogen (N) 522.36*** 392.52*** 18.75*** 204.43*** 14.72*** 257.87*** 155.91*** 21.43*** 358.98*** 22.48***
W × N 62.30*** 25.45*** 5.53** 12.68*** 3.71** 34.52*** 10.00*** 11.36*** 10.99*** 17.62***
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