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作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (9): 1411-1429.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.01411

• 研究简报 • 上一篇    

黄土高原旱作玉米籽粒水分与机械粒收质量的关系

樊廷录1,*(),王淑英1,续创业2,李尚中1,王甲玺2,王克如3,赵刚1,程万莉1,张建军1,王磊1,党翼1   

  1. 1 甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所 / 甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室, 甘肃兰州 730070
    2 平凉市农业科学院, 甘肃平凉744000
    3 中国农业科学院作物研究所, 北京100081
  • 收稿日期:2018-01-12 接受日期:2018-06-12 出版日期:2018-09-10 网络出版日期:2018-06-30
  • 通讯作者: 樊廷录
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-02-55);国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0100206);国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503214)

Relationship between Grain Moisture and Maize Mechanical Harvesting Qualities in Dry Highland of Loess Plateau

Ting-Lu FAN1,*(),Shu-Ying WANG1,Chuang-Ye XU2,Shang-Zhong LI1,Jia-Xi WANG2,Ke-Ru WANG3,Gang ZHAO1,Wan-Li CHENG1,Jian-Jun ZHANG1,Lei WANG1,Yi DANG1   

  1. 1 Dryland Agriculture Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Water Efficient Use in Dryland, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
    2 Pingliang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Pingliang 744000, Gansu, China
    3 Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2018-01-12 Accepted:2018-06-12 Published:2018-09-10 Published online:2018-06-30
  • Contact: Ting-Lu FAN
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02-55);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0100206);Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201503214)

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摘要：

玉米机械粒收是全程机械化的关键, 但存在着籽粒破碎、果穗和落粒损失严重等备受关注的问题。开展机械粒收质量及其影响因素研究, 对推进旱作玉米机械粒收技术应用具有重要意义。本研究选择国内玉米主栽品种33个, 于2016-2017年在甘肃泾川同一地块上用福田雷沃谷神收割机械粒收, 分析籽粒水分与机械粒收质量指标的关系。结果表明, 基因型差异是造成玉米机械粒收质量不同的主要原因, 两年收获时平均籽粒水分26.05%, 破碎率7.47%, 产量损失率3.25%, 落穗损失率2.58%, 杂质率1.04%; 籽粒水分(X)与破碎率(Y1)、产量损失率(Y2)显著正相关, 并且存在Y1 = 0.027X 2-0.987X+14.06 (R 2 = 0.373 **, n = 51), Y2 = 0.052X 2-2.223X+24.86 (R 2 = 0.418 **, n = 51)的变化关系, 籽粒水分依次下降到18.3%、21.4%时, 对应的破碎率(5.1%)、产量损失率(1.1%)最低, 即在一定含水率范围内随着籽粒水分的增加破碎率、产量损失率升高, 机械粒收的籽粒适宜水分为18%~22%, 破碎率可控制在5.0%~5.5%的范围内; 籽粒水分对落穗损失的影响大于落粒损失, 随着籽粒水分增加落穗损失率增加的幅度明显高于落粒损失率的升高; 各因素对玉米机械粒收产量损失的影响为: 落穗损失率(0.924)>籽粒水分(0.048)>破碎率(0.043), 因而籽粒水分高和落穗损失量大是影响黄土高原旱作玉米机械粒收质量的主要因素。

关键词: 旱作玉米, 机械粒收, 粒收质量, 籽粒水分, 破碎率, 产量损失

Abstract:

Grain harvesting is a key process in whole mechanization of maize, and grain breakage and ear and kenenal losses have attracted more and more attention, therefore studying on maize mechanical harvesting qualities and its related factors has very important practical significance for promoting maize grain harvesting techniques in dryland. From 2016 to 2017, 33 maize varieties were used under full film mulched ridge-furrow planting system at Pingliang, Jingchuan county to harvest grain with Futian leiwo Ceres harvester for determining relationship between grain harvesting qualities and grain moisture. Grain harvesting qualities highly depended on maize genotypes, the average values were 26.05% in grain moisture content, 7.47% in grain broken rate, 2.58% in ear loss rate, 1.04% in impurity rate, and 3.25% in total grain loss rate. Grain broken rate (Y1) and total grain yield loss rate (Y2) were significantly and positively correlated with grain moisture content (X), expressing as Y1 = 0.027X 2-0.987X+14.06 (R 2 = 0.373 **, n = 51) and Y2 = 0.052X 2-2.223X+24.86 (R 2 = 0.418 **, n = 51). When grain moisture content declined to 18.3% in Y1 and 21.4% in Y2, grain breakage rate and grain loss reduced to minimum value of 5.1% and 1.1%, respectively. When the suitable grain moisture for mechanical harvesting was 18%-22% in the broken rate was in a range of 5.0%-5.5%. In a certain range of grain moisture content, grain broken rate and grain loss rate increased with the increase of grain moisture content. Effect of grain moisture on ear loss rate was higher than that on kernel loss rate, and the increasing extent of ear loss rate along with grain moisture was much higher than that of kernel loss rate. The effect of problem factors in maize mechanical harvesting on total grain loss was era loss rate > grain moisture > broken rate, showing that high grain moisture content and high ear loss are main factors affecting maize mechanical harvesting qualities in dryland.

Key words: dryland maize, grain harvest, harvest quality, grain moisture, grain broken rate, grain loss

表1

2016年和2017年玉米生育期旬降水量分布情况"

月份
Month		 旬
10-day		 降水量 Rainfall (mm)
2016 2017
4月 Apr. 上旬 The first 10-day of a month 7.1 18.9
中旬 The middle 10-day of a month 20.6 2.2
下旬 The last 10-day of a month 0.3 0
5月 May 上旬 The first 10-day of a month 12.3 35.5
中旬 The middle 10-day of a month 15.4 13.1
下旬 The last 10-day of a month 15.4 13.3
6月 June 上旬 The first 10-day of a month 21.3 63.6
中旬 The middle 10-day of a month 2.4 23.9
下旬 The last 10-day of a month 27.4 12.1
7月 July 上旬 The first 10-day of a month 12.3 14.3
中旬 The middle 10-day of a month 128.6 20.5
下旬 The last 10-day of a month 30.8 2.1
8月 Aug. 上旬 The first 10-day of a month 0.2 17.9
中旬 The middle 10-day of a month 0 86.8
下旬 The last 10-day of a month 78.6 85.3
9月Sept. 上旬 The first 10-day of a month 5.1 9.0
中旬 The middle 10-day of a month 20.5 5.0
下旬 The last 10-day of a month 0 8.3

表2

不同玉米品种籽粒收获质量指标观测值及其统计量"

测试指标
Variability		 品种数
No.		 平均数Avg. 最大值
Max.		 最大值对应品种
Varieties matched
for the max.		 最小值Min. 最小值对应品种
Varieties matched
for the min.		 极差Range 变异系数CV
(%)
2016
产量 Yield (kg hm-2) 24 11292.0 14137.5 新玉47 Xinyu 47 9462.0 陇单9号Longdan 9 4675.5 15.79
籽粒水分Grain moisture (%) 24 25.51 30.52 敦玉328 Dunyu 328 18.44 KWS3376 12.08 10.52
破碎率Broken rate (%) 24 7.75 14.72 KWS3376 3.88 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 10.84 36.96
杂质率Impurity rate (%) 24 1.52 4.47 京科968 Jingke 968 0.43 KWS3376 4.04 63.93
落粒损失Kernel loss (kg hm-2) 24 15.45 52.7 陕单609 Shaandan 609 1.05 豫玉22 Yuyu 22 51.6 79.13
落粒损失率Kernel loss rate (%) 24 0.14 0.53 陕单609 Shaandan 609 0.01 豫玉22 Yuyu 22 0.52 83.8
落穗损失Ear losses (kg hm-2) 24 151.5 666.8 新玉41 Xinyu 47 46.35 西蒙6号 Ximeng 6 620.4 105.11
落穗损失率Ear loss rate (%) 24 1.40 6.44 新玉41 Xinyu 47 0.42 西蒙6号 Ximeng 6 6.02 109.36
总损失Total grain loss (kg hm-2) 24 166.9 667.8 新玉41 Xinyu 47 49.50 西蒙6号 Ximeng 6 618.3 93.44
损失率Grain loss rate (%) 24 1.66 6.45 新玉41 Xinyu 47 0.44 西蒙6号 Ximeng 6 6.01 —
2017
产量Yield (kg hm-2) 27 12426.0 14220.0 敦玉15 Dunyu 15 9922.5 九洋528 Jiuyang 528 4297.5 9.50
籽粒水分Grain moisture (%) 27 26.53 31.72 豫玉22 Yuyu 22 21.71 先玉335 Xianyu 335 10.01 11.02
破碎率Broken rate (%) 27 7.23 10.52 敦玉15 Dunyu 15 4.21 M753 11.01 24.31
杂质率Impurity rate (%) 27 0.62 2.13 豫玉22 Yuyu 22 0.12 九洋528 Jiuyang 528 2.01 79.17
落粒损失Kernel loss (kg hm-2) 27 117.60 214.1 陕单650 Shaandan 650 31.1 新玉41 Xinyu 41 183.0 43.59
落粒损失率Kernel loss rate (%) 24 0.96 1.92 京科968 Jingke 968 0.26 先玉335 Xianyu 335 1.66 49.79
落穗损失Ear loss (kg hm-2) 27 451.95 1029.2 郑单958 Zhengdan 58 83.9 九玉M03 Jiuyu M03 945.3 60.69
落穗损失率Ear loss rate (%) 27 3.62 7.98 郑单958 Zhengdan 58 0.73 九玉M03 Jiuyu M03 7.25 58.56
总损失Total grain loss (kg hm-2) 27 568.7 1101.0 郑单958 Zhengdan 58 117.3 先玉335 Xianyu 335 983.7 45.96
损失率Grain loss rate (%) 27 4.66 8.54 郑单958 Zhengdan 58 0.91 先玉335 Xianyu 335 7.63 —
27 26.53 31.72 0.91

表3

籽粒水分、破碎率、杂质率和损失率间的相关系数"

籽粒水分
Grain moisture content		 破碎率
Grain broken rate		 杂质率
Impurity rate		 落粒损失量
Grain loss		 落穗损失量
Ear loss
2016
破碎率Grain broken rate 0.657***
杂质率Impurity rate 0.547** 0.453*
落粒损失量Grain loss 0.035NS -0.166NS 0.086NS
落穗损失量Ear loss 0.339* 0.073NS -0.089NS -0.297NS
总损失量Total grain loss 0.351* 0.062NS -0.084NS -0.225NS 0.997***
2017
破碎率Grain broken rate 0.734***
杂质率Impurity rate 0.299NS 0.024NS
落粒损失量Grain loss 0.083NS 0.652*** 0.329NS
落穗损失量Ear loss 0.736*** 0.095NS -0.009NS -0.337NS
总损失量Total grain loss 0.816*** 0.703*** 0.343NS -0.159NS 0.983***

图1

玉米机收破碎率与籽粒水分的关系"

图2

玉米机收杂质率与籽粒水分的关系"

图3

玉米机收产量损失与籽粒含水率的关系"

图4

籽粒水分与落粒和落穗产量损失的关系"

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