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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (12): 2440-2449.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.03046

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

中国玉米机械粒收质量主要指标分析

王克如(), 李璐璐, 高尚, 王浥州, 黄兆福, 谢瑞芝, 明博, 侯鹏, 薛军, 张国强, 侯梁宇, 李少昆*()   

  1. 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所 / 农业部作物生理生态重点实验室, 北京 100081
  • 收稿日期:2020-07-25 接受日期:2021-04-14 出版日期:2021-12-12 网络出版日期:2021-07-09
  • 通讯作者: 李少昆
  • 作者简介:E-mail: wangkeru@caas.cn, Tel: 010-82108595
  • 基金资助:
    国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-02-25);中国农业科学院农业科技创新工程项目

Analysis of main quality index of corn harvesting with combine in China

WANG Ke-Ru(), LI Lu-Lu, GAO Shang, WANG Yi-Zhou, HUANG Zhao-Fu, XIE Rui-Zhi, MING Bo, HOU Peng, XUE Jun, ZHANG Guo-Qiang, HOU Liang-Yu, LI Shao-Kun*()   

  1. Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2020-07-25 Accepted:2021-04-14 Published:2021-12-12 Published online:2021-07-09
  • Contact: LI Shao-Kun
  • Supported by:
    China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02-25);Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

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摘要：

机械粒收是中国玉米生产技术的重大变革与发展方向, 团队于2012—2019年在玉米主产区21个省(市区)布设了155个点次的粒收试验与示范, 开展适宜机械粒收品种的筛选和粒收质量调查, 共测试了865个玉米品种(组合), 获取了2987组8961个机械粒收质量样本数据, 分析表明, 收获籽粒的平均含水率为25.91%, 平均破碎率为7.96%, 杂质率为1.18%, 总损失率为3.54%, 其中落穗损失占76.5%, 是收获损失的主要部分。对比2012—2015年测试数据, 近年我国玉米收获质量得到明显改善, 其中, 2015年以来收获期籽粒含水率平均每年下降0.78%、破碎率平均每年下降0.51%。与美国玉米收获质量相比, 收获时籽粒含水率高9.5%, 破碎率、杂质率也明显高于美国。收获质量指标间的相关分析表明, 破碎率、杂质率均与籽粒含水率呈极显著正相关, 籽粒含水率在19.06%时收获破碎率最低, 收获期籽粒含水率高仍是籽粒破碎率高的主要原因。不同生态区间以黄淮海夏播玉米收获时籽粒含水率和破碎率最高、华北春玉米最低, 西北和东北春玉米居中。进一步选育脱水快、收获时含水率低、后期站秆性能好的品种, 推广品种脱水与区域气候配置技术, 改进收获机械, 并适期收获是降低破碎率、损失率的主要方向。

关键词: 玉米, 机械粒收, 收获质量, 籽粒水分, 破碎率

Abstract:

Mechanical harvest of corn grains is of major importance for China’s corn production. In this study, we used data from a total of 155 experimental sites to study mechanical grain harvest in 21 major corn producing provinces, cities, or autonomous regions in China from 2012 to 2019. Corn hybrids suitable for mechanical grain harvest were selected and field tests of mechanical harvest quality were carried out. A total of 865 corn varieties (hybrid combinations) were tested, and 8961 samples of mechanically harvested grain were obtained from 2987 tests. The harvested grains were assessed for grain quality to provide a basis for developing mechanical harvest corn in China. Results showed that, on the average, moisture content of harvested grain was 25.91%, grain breakage rate was 7.96%, impurity rate was 1.18%, and loss rate was 3.54%. Additionally, the ear loss accounted for 76.5% of the total harvest losses. Compared with the test data from 2012 to 2015, the quality of corn harvest in China had been significantly improved in recent years, with the average moisture content of harvested grains decreasing by an average of 0.78 percentage point every year and the average grain breakage rate decreasing by an average of 0.51 percent every year between 2015 and 2019. Compared with data of corn harvest of the United States between 2011 and 2019, the average moisture content of harvested corn from the present study was 9.5 percentage points higher, and the breakage rate and impurity rate were also significantly higher. Further analysis showed that both grain breakage rate and impurity rate were positively correlated with the grain moisture content. Additionally, grain breakage rate was the lowest when grain moisture content was 19.06%. Cross regarding different corn producing regions, the grain moisture content and grain breakage rate were the highest in the Huang-Huai-Hai summer corn region and lowest in the Northern China spring corn region, with medium values in the Northwestern China spring corn region and the Northeastern China spring corn region. The findings suggested that, in China, it was necessary to reduce the grain breakage rate, impurity rate, combine losses, and improve the harvest quality by breeding corn varieties with fast grain dehydration, low grain moisture content, and strong stalk stand ability at harvest stage, as well as by appropriately matching the dehydration characteristics of corn varieties with regional climate characteristics, improving the performance of harvesting machinery, and harvesting at the most appropriate time.

Key words: corn, mechanical harvesting, harvest quality, grain moisture content, grain breakage rate

图1

试验示范与测试点在各玉米产区的分布(2012-2019)"

表1

2012-2019年玉米机械粒收质量统计"

年份
Year		 样本量
No. of samples		 收获时籽粒含水率
Grain moisture at
harvest (%)		 破碎率
Broken corn (%)		 杂质率
Foreign
material (%)		 落粒量
Grain loss
(kg hm-2)		 落穗量
Grain loss
(kg hm-2)		 总损失量
Whole loss
(kg hm-2)		 总损失率
Whole loss rate (%)
2012 84 21.71 7.85 0.29 103.1 126.0 229.1 1.47
2013 128 25.00 5.34 1.12 256.8 332.4 268.4 1.95
2014 231 26.31 8.72 2.04 79.8 402.0 338.3 4.10
2015 436 26.85 8.43 1.16 163.1 282.8 331.2 2.93
2016 390 26.71 8.64 1.01 62.0 332.9 228.9 2.16
2017 817 27.28 8.79 1.46 86.4 442.1 327.5 3.31
2018 465 24.85 7.83 1.25 140.0 434.9 541.2 4.81
2019 436 23.88 6.48 0.76 127.1 287.4 344.9 5.36
平均值Average 25.91 7.96 1.18 113.6 351.2 345.2 3.54
最大值Max. 44.60 33.94 13.24 3133.8 8960.1 9288.5 58.88
最小值Min. 10.63 0.05 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00
极差Range 33.97 33.89 13.24 3133.8 8960.1 9288.5 58.88
标准误SE 5.03 4.81 1.53 12.1 47.1 42.2 6.42
变异系数CV (%) 19.40 60.38 129.82 159.84 200.99 183.45 181.53

图2

2012-2019年机械粒收玉米籽粒含水率、破碎率频次分布图(n=2987)"

图3

收获期不同产区玉米籽粒含水率比较(2012-2019) 红线为适合籽粒收获的含水率上限。"

图4

不同产区玉米籽粒破碎率比较(2012-2019)"

图5

不同产区玉米杂质率比较(2012-2019)"

图6

不同产区玉米机械粒收损失率比较(2012-2019)"

表2

籽粒含水率与破碎率、杂质率、损失率间的相关关系(2012-2019)"

破碎率
Broken corn		 杂质率
Foreign material		 落粒率
Grain loss rate		 落穗率
Ear loss rate		 总损失率
Whole loss rate
籽粒含水率Grain moisture content 0.480** 0.386** -0.031ns -0.071** -0.103**
破碎率Broken corn 0.211** -0.022ns 0.101** 0.039ns
杂质率Foreign material 0.073** 0.071** 0.036ns
落粒率Grains loss 0.180** 0.567**
落穗率Ears loss 0.931**

图7

玉米籽粒含水率与破碎率的关系(2012-2019年, n=2987)"

图8

2015-2019年玉米收获期籽粒水分及破碎率的变化趋势"

表3

2011-2019年美国玉米机械粒收质量主要指标统计"

年份
Years		 样本量
No. of samples		 含水率
Moisture		 破碎率
Broken corn		 杂质率
Foreign material		 总损失率
Total damage		 应力裂纹粒率
Stress cracks		 完整粒率
Whole kernels
2011 474 15.6 (9.5-22.0) 0.8 (0.0-10.1) 0.2 (0.0-3.0) 1.1 (0.0-12.0) 3 (0-40) 93.8 (57.0-99.8)
2012 566 15.3 (8.9-24.7) 0.7 (0.1-4.8) 0.2 (0.0-2.5) 0.8 (0.0-12.7) 4 (0-63) 94.4 (68.0-100.0)
2013 610 17.7 (10.9-28.2) 0.7 (0.1-3.9) 0.2 (0.0-2.5) 0.9 (0.0-13.6) 9 (0-86) 92.4 (73.6-99.6)
2014 629 16.6 (10.9-29.9) 0.6 (0.1-3.3) 0.2 (0.0-5.5) 1.7 (0.0-17.3) 8 (0-100) 93.6 (63.6-99.8)
2015 620 15.7 (11.0-23.6) 0.4 (0.0-7.5) 0.3 (0.0-4.5) 1.4 (0.0-13.2) 3 (0-75) 94.9 (78.4-99.8)
2016 624 16.1 (11.2-23.7) 0.5 (0.0-3.8) 0.1 (0.0-1.6) 2.6 (0.0-23.1) 4 (0-84) 95.2 (80.6-100.0)
2017 627 16.6 (9.0-24.4) 0.6 (0.0-3.5) 0.2 (0.0-6.3) 1.3 (0.0-13.6) 5 (0-90) 89.9 (67.0-99.2)
2018 618 16.6 (10.1-25.0) 0.5 (0.0-3.6) 0.2 (0.0-7.3) 1.5 (0.0-19.3) 5 (0-88) 93.0 (66.0-98.6)
2019 623 17.5 (11.0-30.0) 0.7 (0.2-5.3) 0.3 (0.0-3.3) 2.7 (0.0-50.5) 8 (0-95) 90.8 (74.7-97.6)
平均值Average 16.4 0.6 0.2 1.6 6 93.1
最大值Max. 30.0 10.1 7.3 23.1 100 100.0
最小值Min. 8.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 57.0
极差Range 21.1 10.1 7.3 23.1 100 43.0
标准误SE 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.7 2 1.8
变异系数CV (%) 5.03 20.04 25.44 43.85 42.03 1.94
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