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作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (11): 2199-2207.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.03049

所属专题： 玉米：耕作栽培·生理生化

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

适宜机械粒收玉米品种的熟期评价指标

李璐璐1(), 明博1, 初振东2, 张万旭2, 高尚1, 王浥州1, 侯梁宇1, 周先林1, 谢瑞芝1, 王克如1, 侯鹏1, 李少昆1,*()   

  1. 1中国农业科学院作物科学研究所 / 农业农村部作物生理生态重点实验室, 北京 100081
    2石河子大学农学院, 新疆石河子 832003
  • 收稿日期:2020-08-24 接受日期:2021-03-19 出版日期:2021-11-12 网络出版日期:2021-08-31
  • 通讯作者: 李少昆
  • 作者简介:E-mail: lilulu19910818@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300110);国家自然科学基金项目(31971849);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-02-25);中国农业科学院农业科技创新工程项目

An growing-period indicator of maize cultivars for mechanical kernel harvest

LI Lu-Lu1(), MING Bo1, CHU Zhen-Dong2, ZHANG Wan-Xu2, GAO Shang1, WANG Yi-Zhou1, HOU Liang-Yu1, ZHOU Xian-Lin1, XIE Rui-Zhi1, WANG Ke-Ru1, HOU Peng1, LI Shao-Kun1,*()   

  1. 1Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
    2Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
  • Received:2020-08-24 Accepted:2021-03-19 Published:2021-11-12 Published online:2021-08-31
  • Contact: LI Shao-Kun
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300110);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971849);China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02-25);Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

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摘要：

玉米收获期籽粒含水率偏高制约了机械粒收技术的应用, 选育和筛选快速脱水的品种是解决这一问题的关键, 然而我国尚缺乏评价籽粒脱水速率的指标。本研究于2014—2018年进行, 在不同产区调查了先玉335和郑单958的生育和脱水进程, 探讨玉米籽粒脱水速率的评价指标。结果表明, 播种-生理成熟积温、播种-25%含水率积温和生理成熟-25%含水率积温在品种之间均差异显著。其中播种-生理成熟积温先玉335和郑单958平均为3039ºC d (2752~3249ºC d)和3090ºC d (2750~3546ºC d), 差值51ºC d, 变异系数为4%和6%。播种-25%含水率积温在这2个品种之间差异更大, 先玉335和郑单958平均为3097ºC d (2920~3392ºC d)和3309ºC d (2980~3613ºC d), 差值达212ºC d, 变异系数为4%和5%。生理成熟-25%含水率积温先玉335和郑单958平均为66ºC d (0~287ºC d)和166ºC d (36~338ºC d), 变异系数为131%和54%。播种-25%含水率积温更能体现品种之间籽粒脱水速率, 可以作为现阶段机械粒收品种选育和筛选的熟期指标, 但是该指标在区域、年份和播期之间有一定差异, 在测量时建议统一田块和播种日期。本文提出用播种-25%含水率的积温作为评价籽粒脱水速率的熟期指标, 用于当前品种选育和筛选, 推动玉米机械粒收技术在国内的发展。

关键词: 玉米, 籽粒含水率, 脱水速率, 积温, 机械粒收

Abstract:

The high kernel moisture of maize (Zea mays L.) at harvest stage limits the field-application of mechanical kernel harvesting. The breeding and selection of fast dry-down cultivars is the key to solve this problem. However, there is still a lack of such indicators for evaluating the kernel dry-down rate in China. To explore the indicators, the crop growth and the kernel dry-down of two cultivars, Xianyu 335 and Zhengdan 958, were investigated across various maize belts in China from 2014 to 2018. Between the two cultivars, there were significant varietal differences in thermal times (TT) at the stages of planting-maturity (P-M), planting-25% moisture (P-25%), and maturity-25% moisture (M-25%), respectively. The TTP-M on average were 3039°C d (2752-3249°C d) for Xianyu 335 and 3090°C d (2750-3546°C d) for Zhengdan 958, with a difference value of 51°C d, and the corresponding coefficient of variations (CV) of TTP-M were 4% and 6%, respectively. The TTP-25% on average was 3097°C d (2920-3392°C d) for Xianyu 335 and 3309°C d (2980-3613°C d) for Zhengdan 958, with a larger difference value of 212°C d, while their CV were 4% and 5%. In several, the TTM-25% for Xianyu 335 and Zhengdan 958 were 66°C d (0-287°C d) and 166°C d (36-338°C d) with the CV of 131% and 54%. On account of its better reflection of kernel dry-down rate among cultivars, the TTP-25% could be considered as the growing period indicator for the breeding and selection of cultivars fitting to present mechanical kernel harvesting. In addition, this indicator might vary with region, year, or planting date, the same field and year were recommended to ensure a consistent environmental condition for measuring it. Conclusively, a new indicator (TTP-25%) for breeding and selection of fast dry-down hybrids was proposed, which potentially prompting maize kernel harvesting in China.

Key words: maize, kernel moisture, dry-down rate, thermal time, mechanical kernel harvest

表1

各试验点品种的播种、吐丝、生理成熟、25%含水率和取样结束日期(月/日)"

地点
Site		 年份Year 播种日期
Planting date		 先玉335 Xianyu 335 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 取样结束日期
Last sampling date
吐丝
Silking		 生理成熟
Maturity		 25%含水率
25% moisture		 吐丝
Silking		 生理成熟
Maturity		 25%含水率
25% moisture
北京
Beijing		 2014 6/1 7/27 9/24 9/26 8/1 9/27 10/12 11/2
2017 6/18 8/10 10/20 11/2 11/22
2018 5/15 7/10 9/3 9/13 7/12 9/11 9/25 10/22
2018 6/7 8/3 10/13 10/7 7/31 10/10 10/17 10/22
河南新乡
Xinxiang, Henan		 2015 5/31 7/28 10/2 10/3 7/28 10/3 10/12 11/14
2015 6/11 8/5 10/9 10/10 8/4 10/9 10/19 11/14
2015 6/16 8/9 10/14 10/12 8/9 10/14 10/18 11/14
2015 6/20 8/13 10/18 10/17 8/12 10/18 10/20 11/14
2015 6/30 8/22 10/24 11/11 8/23 10/21 # 11/14
2016 5/29 7/27 9/21 9/22 7/28 9/26 10/3 10/17
2016 6/4 7/30 9/26 9/27 7/31 9/28 10/13 10/17
2016 6/11 8/3 9/30 9/28 8/3 10/2 10/20 10/25
2016 6/18 8/9 10/6 10/8 8/8 10/6 # 10/25
2016 6/25 8/15 10/21 # 8/13 10/18 # 10/25
2017 6/18 8/8 10/15 10/24 8/10 10/26 11/6 12/7
黑龙江大庆
Daqing, Heilongjiang		 2016 4/28 8/2 10/21 10/20 8/2 11/6 # 12/4
2017 5/8 7/28 10/17 10/27 8/2 10/29 # 12/10
新疆昌吉
Changji, Xinjiang		 2017 5/5 7/8 9/12 9/27 7/12 9/15 9/23 10/11
2018 5/1 7/13 9/10 9/11 7/17 10/8 10/13 10/15
新疆奇台农场 Qitai farm, Xinjiang
一分厂First farm 2016 4/18 7/12 9/24 9/20 7/17 9/21 # 10/8
二分厂Second farm 2016 4/13 7/17 9/29 # 10/2
2017 5/9 7/26 10/9 10/22 7/26 10/2 # 11/25
三分厂Third farm 2017 5/7 7/25 10/9 11/4 7/24 10/9 # 11/24
108团108 Regiment 2017 4/23 7/11 9/14 9/18 7/13 9/23 10/3 11/10

图1

不同下限温度计算各生育阶段积温时变异系数的变化"

图2

先玉335和郑单958播种至生理成熟、播种至25%含水率和生理成熟至25%含水率的积温 *、**和***分别表示在0.05、0.01和0.001水平差异显著; 箱形图中箱体部分代表50%样本的分布区域, 即四分位区间(IQR)。两端线为Tukey法判定的合理观测样本边界。箱体中实线为样本中位数, •为异常值点, +为样本均值。"

表2

播种至25%含水率积温的影响因素"

变量
Variable		 简单相关系数
Correlation coefficient		 偏相关系数
Partial correlation coefficient		 直接通径系数
Direct path coefficient		 间接通径系数
Indirect path coefficient
x1 0.367* 0.264ns
x2 0.625** 0.657** 0.597 0.028
x3 0.518** 0.627** 0.484 0.035

表3

各试验点吐丝至生理成熟、生理成熟至25%含水率和播种至25%含水率积温的差异"

品种
Hybrids		 地点
Sites		 吐丝至生理成熟
Silking-Maturity		 生理成熟至25%含水率
Maturity-25% moisture		 播种至25%含水率
Planting-25% moisture
先玉335
Xianyu 335		 北京Beijing 1538 92 3110
新乡Xinxiang 1507 45 3043
大庆Daqing 1336 20 3188
昌吉Changji 1508 152 3267
奇台108团108 regiment, Qitai 1555 63 3285
奇台一分厂First farm, Qitai 1634 0 3124
奇台二分厂Second farm, Qitai 1283 90 3032
奇台三分厂Third farm, Qitai 1221 168 2920
极差Range 413 168 365
品种
Hybrids		 地点
Sites		 吐丝至生理成熟
Silking-Maturity		 生理成熟至25%含水率
Maturity-25% moisture		 播种至25%含水率
Planting-25% moisture
郑单958
Zhengdan 958		 北京Beijing 1561 191 3273
新乡Xinxiang 1533 173 3264
大庆Daqing 1311 # #
昌吉Changji 1642 120 3479
奇台108团108 regiment, Qitai 1654 102 3475
奇台一分厂First farm, Qitai 1449 # #
奇台二分厂Second farm, Qitai 1388 # #
奇台三分厂Third farm, Qitai 1244 # #
极差Range 410

表4

不同年份吐丝至生理成熟、生理成熟至25%含水率和播种至25%含水率积温的差异"

品种
Hybrids		 地点
Sites		 播期
Planting dates		 吐丝至生理成熟
Silking-maturity
(°C d)		 生理成熟至25%含水率
Maturity-25% moisture
(°C d)		 播种至25%含水率
Planting-25% moisture
(°C d)
先玉335
Xianyu 335		 北京
Beijing		 2014/6/1 1455 38 2976
2018/6/7 1625 0 3127
新疆昌吉
Changji, Xinjiang		 2017/5/5 1570 287 3392
2018/5/1 1445 18 3142
河南新乡
Xinxiang, Henan		 2015/6/11 1535 17 3049
2016/6/11 1488 0 2946
郑单958
Zhengdan 958		 北京
Beijing		 2014/6/1 1374 238 3234
2018/6/7 1688 87 3255
新疆昌吉
Changji, Xinjiang		 2017/5/5 1524 173 3346
2018/5/1 1761 66 3613
河南新乡
Xinxiang, Henan		 2015/6/11 1561 181 3213
2016/6/11 1527 338 3357

图3

不同播期播种至25%含水率积温"

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