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作物学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (10): 1566-1578.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2020.02007

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

江淮下游不同播期对稻-麦周年作物产量、品质及温光资源利用的影响

陈天晔(), 袁嘉琦, 刘艳阳*(), 许轲*(), 郭保卫, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 张洪程, 李国辉, 魏海燕   

  1. 扬州大学农业农村部长江流域稻作技术创新中心 / 江苏省作物遗传生理国家重点实验室培育点 / 江苏省粮食作物现代产业技术协同创新中心 / 扬州大学水稻产业工程技术研究院, 江苏扬州 225009
  • 收稿日期:2020-02-12 接受日期:2020-06-02 出版日期:2020-10-12 网络出版日期:2020-06-30
  • 通讯作者: 刘艳阳,许轲
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 419265941@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0300102);国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0300802);江苏省重点研发计划项目(BE2017343);江苏高校优势学科建设工程项目

Effects of different sowing dates on crop yield, quality, and annual light-temperature resources utilization for rice-wheat double cropping system in the lower reaches of the Yangtze-Huaihe Rivers valley

CHEN Tian-Ye(), YUAN Jia-Qi, LIU Yan-Yang*(), XU Ke*(), GUO Bao-Wei, DAI Qi-Gen, HUO Zhong-Yang, ZHANG Hong-Cheng, LI Guo-Hui, WEI Hai-Yan   

  1. Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in the Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / The Nurturing center of Jiangsu for National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops / Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
  • Received:2020-02-12 Accepted:2020-06-02 Published:2020-10-12 Published online:2020-06-30
  • Contact: Yan-Yang LIU,Ke XU
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0300102);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0300802);Key Research Program of Jiangsu Province(BE2017343);Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)

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摘要：

对江淮下游稻麦两熟高产优质种植模式周年气候资源分配和利用特征的探究, 可以为当地机插水稻-小麦周年产量和气候资源利用效率的提高提供一定的理论依据。在泰州兴化市, 水稻季以迟熟中粳南粳9108和中熟中粳连粳11为材料, 设置5月22日(R-I)、5月29日(R-II)和6月5日(R-III) 3个播期, 小麦季以冬小麦宁麦13为材料, 设置11月5日(W-I)、11月15日(W-II)和11月25日(W-III) 3个播期, 分析了不同播期下机插水稻-小麦周年高产优质形成与稻季、麦季资源分配特征。结果表明, 水稻季, 随着播期推迟, 迟熟中粳南粳9108产量、温光资源量及其生产效率均显著下降, 中熟中粳连粳11温光资源量呈下降趋势, 但产量及温光利用率呈先升后降趋势, 各播期迟熟中粳产量均高于中熟中粳。小麦季, 产量、温光资源量及其生产效率均随播期推迟有不同程度降低。从周年生产看, 周年稻麦产量随两季作物播期的推迟显著降低, 其中迟熟中粳南粳9108播期R-I与小麦播期W-I组合在所有处理中产量最高。水稻产量占周年产量比例最高为62.99%, 最低为55.86%。两季间积温分配率水稻季最高为68.38%, 小麦季最高为34.14%。季节间辐射量分配率水稻季平均为51.7%, 小麦季平均为48.3%。周年积温生产效率和光能生产效率随着稻麦播期推迟, 呈下降趋势, 播期越迟减少越显著。品质方面, 迟熟中粳南粳9108的加工品质均随着播期推迟变劣而外观品质变优, 中熟中粳连粳11加工品质变优而外观品质变劣。两品种蒸煮食味品质及营养品质(除中熟中粳连粳11食味值外)均随播期推迟变劣。小麦的湿面筋含量和蛋白质含量均随播期推迟而减少。通过优化稻麦播栽期, 选用适宜生育期水稻品种, 可提高周年产量和光温资源生产效率, 是提升江淮下游机插水稻-冬小麦模式生产力的有效技术途径。

关键词: 江淮下游, 稻麦周年, 播期, 温光资源, 分配与利用效率

Abstract:

Clarifying the characteristics of the annual light-temperature resources distribution and use efficiency for mechanical transplanted rice-winter wheat double cropping system with high yield and high quality is essential for increasing annual yield and climatic resources use efficiency in the lower reaches of Yangtze-Huaihe Rivers valley. Nanjing 9108 (late-ripen medium japonica rice, LRMJ), Lianjing 11 (medium-ripen medium japonica rice, MRMJ) and Ningmai 13 (winter wheat) were used in the annual field experiment with three different rice sowing date (May 22 (R-I), May 29 (R-II) and June 5 (R-III)) treatments and three different wheat sowing date (November 5 (W-I), November 15 (W-II) and November 25 (W-III)) treatments at Xinghua county of Taizhou city in Jiangsu province. The character of yield, quality formation, annual accumulated temperature, and solar radiation resources distribution were investigated. The results showed that, in rice season, the yield, the amount and production efficiency of the light-temperature resources decreased significantly in Nanjing 9108 with sowing date delayed, whereas the yield and the utilization efficiency of light-temperature resources first reached maximum in R-II treatment and then declined, and the amount of light-temperature resource decreased in Lianjing11. In all sowing date treatments, the yield of Nanjing 9108 (LRMJ) was higher than that of Lianjing 11 (MRMJ). In wheat season, with sowing date delayed, the yield, the amount and production efficiency of light-temperature resources of Ningmai 13 decreased to some extent with the delay of sowing dates. From the perspective of annual production, the annual yield of rice-wheat decreased significantly with the delay of rice-wheat sowing date, and was the highest with combination of R-I for Nanjing 9108 and W-I for Ningmai 13 among all the treatments. The highest ratio of rice yield to annual yield was 62.99%, and the lowest was 55.86%. The highest distribution rate of annual accumulated temperature was 68.38% in rice season and 34.14% in wheat season. The average distribution rate of annual radiation was 51.7% in rice season and 48.3% in wheat season. The downward trend was found in production efficiency of annual accumulated temperature and radiation with the delay of sowing date in rice-wheat season, and the later the sowing date, the more significant the reduction. In terms of quality, with sowing date delayed, the milling quality of Nanjing 9108 (LRMJ) became better and the appearance quality became worse, however, the milling quality of Lianjing11 (MRMJ) became worse and the appearance quality became better. In addition, the cooking and eating quality and nutritional quality of the two varieties (except the taste value of Lianjing 11) became worse. Furthermore, wet gluten content and protein content of Ningmai 13 decreased significantly with sowing date delayed. Therefore, it is an effective approach for promoting the sustainable productivity of mechanical transplanted rice-winter wheat double cropping system by optimizing sowing date and selecting rice varieties with suitable growth durations to achieve high production efficiency of light-temperature resources and annual crop yield in the lower reaches of Yangtze-Huaihe Rivers valley.

Key words: the lower reaches of Yangtze-Huaihe Rivers valley, annual cultivation for rice and wheat, sowing date, light-temperature resources, efficiency of allocation and utilization

表1

播期对不同品种水稻主要生育时期的影响"

品种
Cultivar		 播期
Sowing date		 拔节期
Jointing stage
(month/day)		 抽穗期
Heading stage
(month/day)		 成熟期
Maturity stage
(month/day)		 总天数
Total days
(d)
南粳9108
Nanjing 9108		 R-I 7/25 8/24 10/27 158
R-II 7/29 8/27 10/30 154
R-III 8/2 8/31 11/3 151
连粳11
Lianjing 11		 R-I 7/21 8/22 10/22 153
R-II 7/25 8/25 10/24 148
R-III 7/28 8/28 10/27 144

表2

播期对小麦主要生育时期的影响"

播期
Sowing date		 出苗期
Seeding stage
(month/day)		 拔节期
Jointing stage
(month/day)		 抽穗期
Heading stage
(month/day)		 开花期
Flowering stage
(month/day)		 成熟期
Maturity stage
(month/day)		 总天数
Total days
(d)
W-I 11/12 3/24 4/5 4/18 6/2 209
W-II 11/23 3/27 4/8 4/19 6/3 200
W-III 12/7 4/1 4/11 4/21 6/5 192

表3

播期对稻麦周年产量的影响"

水稻品种
Rice
cultivar		 水稻
播期
Rice
Sowing date		 小麦播期Wheat seeding date 水稻季Rice season 小麦季Wheat season 周年Annual
产量
Average yield
(t hm-2)		 日产量
Grain yield per day
(kg hm-2 d-1)		 占周年
产量比
Proportion of annual total yield
(%)		 平均产量
Average yield
(t hm-2)		 日产量
Grain yield
per day
(kg hm-2 d-1)		 占周年
产量比
Proportion of annual total yield
(%)		 周年产量
Annual yield
(t hm-2)		 日产量
Grain yield per day
(kg hm-2 d-1)		 两季产量比
Rice/
wheat
南粳9108
Nanjing 9108		 R-I W-I 11.32 a 71.65 a 58.11 8.16 a 39.04 a 41.89 19.48 a 53.96 a 1.39
W-II 59.30 7.77 b 38.85 a 40.70 19.09 b 54.23 a 1.46
W-III — — — — — — —
R-II W-I 11.01 b 71.49 a 57.43 8.16 a 39.04 a 42.57 19.17 a 53.70 a 1.35
W-II 58.63 7.77 b 38.85 a 41.37 18.78 b 53.97 a 1.42
W-III 62.99 6.47 c 33.87 b 37.01 17.48 c 51.56 b 1.70
R-III W-I 10.39 c 68.81 b — — — — — — —
W-II 57.21 7.77 b 38.85 a 42.79 18.16 b 52.64 a 1.34
W-III 61.63 6.47 c 33.87 b 38.37 16.86 c 50.18 b 1.61
连粳11
Lianjing 11		 R-I W-I 10.74 ab 70.21 b 56.83 8.16 a 39.42 a 43.17 18.90 a 52.22 b 1.32
W-II 58.03 7.77 b 39.24 a 41.97 18.51 b 53.20 a 1.38
W-III — — — — — — —
R-II W-I 10.93 a 73.85 a 57.18 8.16 a 39.42 a 42.82 19.09 a 52.64 b 1.34
W-II 58.37 7.77 b 39.24 a 41.63 18.70 b 53.63 a 1.41
W-III 62.74 6.47 c 34.23 b 37.26 17.40 c 51.83 c 1.69
R-III W-I 10.33 b 71.74 b 55.86 8.16 a 39.42 a 44.14 18.49 a 51.07 b 1.27
W-II 57.06 7.77 b 39.24 a 42.94 18.10 b 52.00 a 1.33
W-III 61.48 6.47 c 34.23 b 38.52 16.80 c 50.14 c 1.60

表4

播期对稻麦周年有效积温资源分配的影响"

水稻品种
Rice cultivar		 水稻播期
Rice
sowing date		 小麦播期
Wheat
sowing date		 水稻季Rice season 小麦季Wheat season 周年Annual
有效积温
Accumulated temperature
(℃ d)		 分配率
Distribution date
(%)		 有效积温
Accumulated temperature
(℃ d)		 分配率
Distribution date
(%)		 周年有效积温
Annual accumulated temperature
(℃ d)

degree-days
(℃·d)		 两季比
Wheat season/rice season
南粳9108
Nanjing 9108		 R-I W-I 3945.9 a 1969.8 a 34.14 5656.7 a 0.50
W-II 68.38 1886.0 b 32.68 5549.1 b 0.48
W-III — — — —
R-II W-I 3827.6 b 1969.8 a 34.14 5678.1 a 0.51
W-II 66.33 1886.0 b 32.68 5570.5 b 0.49
W-III 1824.0 c 31.61 5459.8 c 0.48
R-III W-I 3737.8 c — — — —
W-II 64.77 1886.0 a 32.68 5598.7 a 0.50
W-III 1824.0 b 31.61 5536.7 b 0.49
连粳11
Lianjing 11		 R-I W-I 3851.9 a 1969.8 a 34.14 5562.7 a 0.51
W-II 66.75 1886.0 b 32.68 5455.1 b 0.49
W-III — — — —
R-II W-I 3756.4 b 1969.8 a 34.14 5606.9 a 0.52
W-II 65.10 1886.0 b 32.68 5499.3 b 0.50
W-III 1824.0 c 31.61 5388.6 c 0.49
R-III W-I 3531.7 c 1969.8 a 34.14 5476.4 a 0.56
W-II 61.20 1886.0 b 32.68 5392.6 b 0.53
W-III 1824.0 c 31.61 5330.6 c 0.52

表5

播期对稻麦周年辐射分配的影响"

水稻品种
Rice cultivar		 水稻播期
Rice
sowing date		 小麦播期
Wheat
sowing date		 水稻季Rice season 小麦季Wheat season 周年Annual
辐射量
Radiation
(MJ m-2)		 辐射分配率
Radiation
distribution date
(%)		 辐射量
Radiation
(MJ m-2)		 辐射分配率
Radiation
distribution date
(%)		 辐射量
Radiation
(MJ m-2)		 两季比
Wheat
season/rice season
南粳9108
Nanjing 9108		 R-I W-I 3043.5 a 2773.7 a 47.98 5641.2 a 0.91
W-II 52.64 2706.8 b 46.82 5561.4 b 0.89
W-III — — — —
R-II W-I 3009.9 b 2773.7 a 47.98 5692.7 a 0.92
W-II 52.06 2706.8 b 46.82 5613.0 b 0.90
W-III 2659.0 c 45.99 5516.6 c 0.88
R-III W-I 2929.8 c — — — —
W-II 50.68 2706.8 a 46.82 5636.6 a 0.92
W-III 2659.0 b 45.99 5569.7 b 0.91
连粳11
Lianjing 11		 R-I W-I 2979.2 a 2773.7 a 47.98 5576.9 a 0.93
W-II 51.53 2706.8 b 46.82 5497.1 b 0.91
W-III — — — —
R-II W-I 2914.9 b 2773.7 a 47.98 5597.7 a 0.95
W-II 50.42 2706.8 b 46.82 5518.0 b 0.93
W-III 2659.0 c 45.99 5421.6 c 0.91
R-III W-I 2814.8 c 2773.7 a 47.98 5588.5 a 0.99
W-II 48.69 2706.8 b 46.82 5521.6 b 0.96
W-III 2659.0 c 45.99 5454.7 c 0.94

表6

播期对小麦、水稻光能生产效率和积温生产效率的影响"

水稻品种
Rice cultivar		 水稻播期
Rice
sowing date		 小麦播期
Wheat
sowing date		 积温生产效率
Temperature production efficiency
(kg hm-2 ℃-1)		 光能生产效率
Radiation production efficiency
(g MJ-1)
水稻季
Rice season		 小麦季
Wheat season		 周年
Annual		 水稻季
Rice season		 小麦季
Wheat season		 周年
Annual
南粳9108
Nanjing 9108		 R-I W-I 4.143 a 3.444 a 0.294 a 0.345 a
W-II 2.869 a 4.120 a 3.440 a 0.372 a 0.287 b 0.343 a
W-III — — — —
R-II W-I 4.143 a 3.376 a 0.294 a 0.337 a
W-II 2.876 a 4.120 a 3.371 a 0.366 a 0.287 a 0.335 a
W-III 3.547 b 3.202 b 0.243 b 0.317 b
R-III W-I — — — —
W-II 2.780 b 4.120 a 3.244 a 0.355 b 0.287 a 0.322 a
W-III 3.547 b 3.045 b 0.243 b 0.303 b
连粳11
Lianjing 11		 R-I W-I 4.143 a 3.398 a 0.294 a 0.339 a
W-II 2.788 b 4.120 a 3.393 a 0.360 b 0.287 a 0.337 a
W-III — — — —
R-II W-I 4.143 a 3.404 a 0.294 a 0.341 a
W-II 2.910 a 4.120 a 3.400 a 0.375 a 0.287 a 0.339 a
W-III 3.547 b 3.229 b 0.243 b 0.321 b
R-III W-I 4.143 a 3.376 a 0.294 a 0.331 a
W-II 2.925 a 4.120 a 3.356 a 0.367 b 0.287 a 0.328 a
W-III 3.547 b 3.152 b 0.243 b 0.308 b

表7

播期对水稻碾米品质及外观品质的影响"

品种
Cultivar		 播期
Sowing date		 糙米率
BRR (%)		 精米率
MRR (%)		 整精米率
HMR (%)		 垩白度
ChD		 垩白粒率
ChR (%)
南粳9108
Nanjing 9108		 R-I 84.11 a 71.05 a 67.77 a 6.54 a 20.64 a
R-II 83.95 ab 69.30 b 64.14 b 4.93 b 19.91 b
R-III 83.50 b 68.88 b 64.01 b 4.34 c 17.67 c
CV (%) 0.31 1.35 2.67 17.64 6.51
连粳11
Lianjing 11		 R-I 83.80 b 63.91 b 58.06 b 4.21 b 13.36 c
R-II 84.28 ab 65.69 ab 59.43 ab 4.35 b 14.27 b
R-III 84.67 a 66.06 a 60.60 a 4.73 a 14.76 a
CV (%) 0.42 1.44 1.75 4.96 4.11

表8

播期对水稻营养及食味品质的影响"

品种
Cultivar		 播期
Sowing date		 直链淀粉含量
Amylose content (%)		 胶稠度
Gel consistency (mm)		 蛋白质含量
Protein content (%)		 食味值
Taste value
南粳9108
Nanjing 9108		 R-I 10.67 a 103.50 a 8.25 a 74.00 a
R-II 10.22 a 98.00 b 8.28 a 71.00 b
R-III 10.60 a 94.00 c 8.38 a 69.50 b
CV (%) 1.88 3.95 0.67 2.62
连粳11
Lianjing 11		 R-I 20.61 c 86.75 a 8.52 a 62.25 c
R-II 22.08 b 84.25 b 8.55 a 70.75 a
R-III 23.46 a 83.50 b 8.72 a 65.50 b
CV (%) 5.28 1.64 1.02 5.29

表9

播期对小麦湿面筋含量及蛋白质的影响"

播期
Sowing date		 湿面筋含量
Wet gluten content (%)		 蛋白质含量
Protein content (%)
W-I 27.09 c 10.42 c
W-II 28.11 b 11.12 b
W-III 29.34 a 11.56 a
CV (%) 6.2 5.0
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