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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (10): 1605-1616.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2020.04058

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

氮肥与密度互作对单粒精播花生根系形态、植株性状及产量的影响

刘俊华1,3(), 吴正锋2, 沈浦2, 于天一2, 郑永美2, 孙学武2, 李林1, 陈殿绪2, 王才斌2,*(), 万书波1,4,*()   

  1. 1 湖南农业大学 / 湖南省花生工程技术研究中心, 湖南长沙 410128
    2 山东省花生研究所 / 国家花生工程技术研究中心, 山东青岛 266100
    3 滨洲学院生物与环境工程学院, 山东滨州 256600
    4 山东省农业科学院 / 山东省作物遗传改良与生态生理重点实验室, 山东济南 250100
  • 收稿日期:2020-03-04 接受日期:2020-06-02 出版日期:2020-06-30 网络出版日期:2020-06-30
  • 通讯作者: 王才斌,万书波
  • 作者简介:刘俊华, E-mail: liujh516@163.com, Tel: 0543-3190096
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD1000906);山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2016CM07);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-13);山东省重大科技创新工程项目(2019JZZY010702)

Effects of nitrogen and density interaction on root morphology, plant characteristic and pod yield under single seed precision sowing in peanut

Jun-Hua LIU1,3(), Zheng-Feng WU2, Pu SHEN2, Tian-Yi YU2, Yong-Mei ZHENG2, Xue-Wu SUN2, Lin LI1, Dian-Xu CHEN2, Cai-Bin WANG2,*(), Shu-Bo WAN1,4,*()   

  1. 1 Hunan Agriculture University / Hunan Peanut Engineering Technology Research Center, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
    2 Shandong Peanut Research Institute / National Peanut Engineering Technology Research Center, Qingdao 266100, Shandong, China
    3 College of Biology and Environment Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256600, Shandong, China
    4 Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Ecological Physiology of Shandong Province, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
  • Received:2020-03-04 Accepted:2020-06-02 Published:2020-06-30 Published online:2020-06-30
  • Contact: Cai-Bin WANG,Shu-Bo WAN
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD1000906);Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2016CM07);China Agriculture Research System(CARS-13);Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Projects in Shandong Province(2019JZZY010702)

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摘要：

为明确花生单粒精播适宜的氮肥水平和种植密度, 本研究于2018年和2019年以‘花育22’为供试花生品种, 设置3个氮肥水平(0 kg hm-2, N0; 60 kg hm-2, N1; 120 kg hm-2, N2), 3个种植密度(7.93万株 hm-2, D1; 15.86万株 hm-2, D2; 23.79万株 hm-2, D3), 采用二因素裂区试验设计, 研究氮肥、密度及其互作对单粒精播花生根系形态、植株性状及产量的影响。氮肥对花生根长、根表面积、根体积、根干重的影响不显著, 而密度的影响显著。单株根长、根表面积、根体积及根系干重随密度的增加而降低, D1显著高于D2和D3, D2、D3处理间差异不显著; 单位面积根长、根表面积、根体积及根系干重随密度的增加而增加, D1显著低于D2和D3, D2、D3处理间差异不显著。氮肥和密度互作对2019年收获期单位面积根长、根表面积的影响显著, 与D1相比, N1处理下D3的增幅显著高于N0和N2处理。氮肥及氮肥与密度互作对植株性状的影响存在年度和时期间的差异, 主茎叶片数、侧枝数和主茎第一节间粗随密度增加有降低趋势。氮肥对荚果产量的影响不显著, 荚果产量随密度的增加呈增加的趋势。产量与根体积、根干重、主茎叶片数、主茎高及侧枝长呈显著正相关。综上所述, 在本试验条件下, 花生单粒精播适宜的氮肥(N)水平为60 kg hm-2, 种植密度为18.8万株 hm-2。

关键词: 氮肥, 密度, 花生, 单粒精播, 根系形态, 植株性状, 产量

Abstract:

In order to determine the suitable nitrogen level and planting density for single seed precision sowing of peanut, field comparison experiments were conducted using Huayu 22 with three nitrogen levels at 0 (N0), 60 (N1), 120 (N2) kg hm-2 and three planting densities at 79,300 (D1), 158,600 (D2), and 237,900 (D3) plants hm-2 in 2018 and 2019. The effects of nitrogen, density and their interaction on root morphology, plant characteristics and yields of single seed precision sowing peanut were studied by the split plot design for two factors. Nitrogen fertilizer had no significant effect on root length, root surface area, root volume and root dry weight, whereas significant on density. Root length, root surface area, root volume and dry weight per plant decreased with the increase of density, D1 was significantly higher than D2 and D3, but there was no significant difference between D2 and D3 treatments. And root length, root surface area, root volume and dry weight of unit area increased with the increase of density, D1 was significantly lower than D2 and D3, and there was no significant difference between D2 and D3 treatments. The interaction of nitrogen and density had a significant effect on the root length and surface area of unit area in the harvest stage in 2019. Compared with D1, the increase range of D3 in N1 treatment was significantly higher than that of N0 and N2. As to plant characteristics, nitrogen fertilizer and the interaction of nitrogen fertilizer and density were different between years and periods, and with the increase of density, the number of leaves of main stem, the number of lateral branches and the first internode thickness of main stem decreased. The effects of nitrogen fertilizer on pod yield was not significant, whereas pod yield increased with the increase of density. Pod yields were positively correlated with root volume, root dry weight, leaves of main stem, height of main stem and length of lateral branches. In conclusion, considering the yield and benefit comprehensively, the suitable nitrogen fertilizer (N) level is 60 kg hm-2 and the planting density is 188,000 plants hm-2.

Key words: nitrogen, plant density, peanut, single seed sowing, root morphology, plant characteristic, pod yield

表1

氮肥和密度互作对花生根长的影响"

氮肥水平
Nitrogen level		 单位面积根长 Root length of unit area (cm pot-1) 单株根长 Root length per plant (cm plant-1)
种植密度
Plant
density		 2018 2019 2018 2019
花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS		 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS		 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS		 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS
NO D1 3836.5 b 3992.0 abc 5570.8 a 7138.1 be 9868.4 a 5652.8 be 3836.5 abc 3992.0 a 5570.8 a 7138.1 a 9868.4 ab 5652.8 a
D2 5450.9 ab 7812.2 a 5665.0 a 12581.2 a 13505.4 a 5744.3 be 2725.5 be 3906.1 ab 2832.5 be 6290.6 ab 6752.7 ab 2872.2 be
D3 7219.2 a 6562.6 ab 5576.5 a 12081.9 a 16025.5 a 7891.4 ab 2406.4 be 2187.5 ab 1858.8 c 4027.3 be 5341.8 b 2630.5 be
N1 D1 4062.2 b 2503.4 c 4200.8 a 6372.5 be 14427.9 a 3657.3 c 4062.2 ab 2503.4 ab 4200.8 ab 6372.5 ab 14427.9 a 3657.3 abc
D2 6106.2 ab 4918.5 abc 4855.0 a 14010.9 a 13476.2 a 5805.5 be 3053.1 be 2459.2 ab 2427.5 be 7005.4 a 6738.1 ab 2902.8 be
D3 6304.3 ab 5111.1 abc 3652.7 a 12969.6 a 14895.5 a 8559.1 ab 2101.4 c 1703.7 b 1443.3 c 4323.2 be 4965.2 b 2853.0 be
N2 D1 5665.7 ab 3474.5 be 5725.8 a 4652.8 c 7260.8 a 5480.4 be 5665.7 a 3474.5 ab 5725.8 a 4652.8 abc 7260.8 ab 5480.4 a
D2 5186.6 ab 4026.9 abc 4877.7 a 10869.7 ab 11249.2 a 9457.4 a 2593.3 be 2013.5 ab 2438.9 be 5434.8 abc 5624.6 b 4728.7 ab
D3 7871.3 a 5422.0 abc 5916.2 a 10593.1 ab 10846.1 a 6144.8 abc 2623.8 be 1807.3 ab 1972.1 c 3531.0 c 3615.4 b 2048.3 c
氮肥 Nitrogen (N) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
密度 Density (D) ** ** ns ** ns ** ** ** ** ** ** **
氮肥x密度NxD ns ns ns ns ns * ns ns ns ns ns ns

表2

氮肥和密度互作对花生根表面积的影响"

氮肥水平
Nitrogen level		 单位面积根表面积 Root surface area of unit area (cm2 pot-1) 单株根表面积 Root surface area per plant (cm2 plant-1)
种植密度
Plant
density		 2018 2019 2018 2019
花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS		 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS		 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS		 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS
NO D1 491.2 c 666.8 be 734.2 a 1008.4 bed 1227.3 a 739.7 be 491.2 abc 666.8 a 734.2 a 1008.4 a 1227.3 ab 739.7 a
D2 733.9 abc 1288.6 a 787.5 a 1671.6 ab 1861.8 a 783.3 be 366.9 be 644.3 a 393.8 b 835.8 abc 930.9 b 391.7 be
D3 1008.4 a 1062.2 ab 818.2 a 1691.9 ab 2183.7 a 1001.2 ab 336.1 be 354.1 ab 272.7 b 564.0 c 727.9 b 333.7 c
N1 D1 558.2 be 476.3 c 607.5 a 946.5 cd 1960.0 a 524.6 c 558.2 ab 476.3 ab 607.5 a 946.5 ab 1960.0 a 524.6 abc
D2 835.4 ab 839.2 abc 741.0 a 2043.9 a 1888.9 a 786.5 be 417.7 abc 419.6 ab 370.5 b 1021.9 a 944.5 b 393.3 be
D3 844.0 ab 838.2 abc 629.9 a 1793.9 a 2069.3 a 1180.4 a 281.3 c 279.4 b 248.0 b 598.0 be 689.8 b 393.5 be
N2 D1 631.1 be 581.4 be 776.9 a 729.9 d 1103.4 a 759.5 be 631.1 a 581.4 ab 776.9 a 729.9 abc 1103.4 ab 759.5 a
D2 634.8 be 656.6 be 772.1 a 1517.0 abc 1597.7 a 1185.6 a 317.4 c 328.3 ab 386.1 b 758.5 abc 798.9 b 592.8 ab
D3 996.9 a 857.1 abc 911.0a 1512.6 abc 1584.3 a 882.1 abc 332.3 be 285.7 b 303.7 b 504.2 c 528.1 b 294.0 c
氮肥 Nitrogen (N) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
密度 Density (D) ** ** ns ** ns ** ** ** ** ** ** **
氮肥x密度NxD ns ns ns ns ns * ns ns ns ns ns ns

表3

氮肥和密度互作对花生根体积的影响"

氮肥水平 Nitrogen level 种植密度
Plant density		 单位面积根体积Root volume of unit area (cm3 pot-1) 单株根体积Root volume per plant (cm3 plant-1)
2018 2019 2018 2019
花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期HS 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期HS 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS		 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS
N0 D1 12.3 c 30.6 b 36.5 ab 23.3 b 24.8 b 17.6 cd 12.3 ab 30.6 a 36.5 a 23.3 ab 24.8 bc 17.6 a
D2 25.6 b 54.9 a 37.4 ab 34.4 ab 45.0 ab 20.7 bcd 12.8 ab 27.4 ab 18.7 c 17.2 ab 22.5 bc 10.4 c
D3 38.3 a 55.6 a 42.0 ab 37.0 ab 50.9 a 23.8 abc 12.8 ab 18.5 abc 14.0 c 12.3 b 17.0 bc 7.9 c
N1 D1 17.4 bc 26.5 b 28.4 b 20.9 b 40.9 ab 15.4 d 17.4 a 26.5 ab 28.4 b 20.9 ab 40.9 a 15.4 ab
D2 26.4 b 44.1 ab 41.3 ab 52.8 a 44.7 ab 21.2 bcd 13.2 ab 22.0 abc 20.6 c 26.4 a 22.3 bc 10.6 c
D3 26.3 b 38.5 ab 34.9 ab 40.5 ab 47.2 ab 28.6 a 8.8 b 12.8 c 14.0 c 13.5 b 15.7 c 9.5 c
N2 D1 10.1 c 31.1 b 35.5 ab 19.2 b 30.6 ab 17.8 cd 10.1 b 31.1 a 35.5 ab 19.2 ab 30.6 ab 17.8 a
D2 19.0 bc 33.5 b 38.4 ab 33.2 ab 40.0 ab 27.5 ab 9.5 b 16.7 bc 19.2 c 16.6 ab 20.0 bc 13.8 b
D3 28.6 ab 44.9 ab 42.2 a 37.1 ab 41.8 ab 24.1 abc 9.5 b 15.0 bc 14.1 c 12.4 b 13.9 c 8.0 c
氮肥
Nitrogen (N)		 ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns *
密度
Density (D)		 ** ** ns ** ns ** ns ** ** ** ** **
氮肥×密度
N×D		 ns * ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns

表4

氮肥和密度互作对花生根干重的影响"

氮肥水平
Nitrogen level		 种植密度
Plant density		 单位面积根干重Root dry weight of unit area (g pot-1) 单株根干重Root dry weight per plant (g plant-1)
2018 2019 2018 2019
花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期HS 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期HS 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS		 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS
N0 D1 2.09 c 6.03 ab 5.69 a 4.17 c 3.62 b 3.45 bc 2.09 ab 6.03 a 5.69 a 4.17 a 3.62 bc 3.45 a
D2 3.24 abc 8.63 ab 5.88 a 5.92 b 6.78 ab 4.39 abc 1.62 bc 4.32 ab 2.94 b 2.96 bcd 3.39 bc 2.19 bc
D3 4.54 a 8.71 ab 6.19 a 6.81 ab 7.33 a 4.59 ab 1.51 bc 2.90 b 2.06 b 2.27 d 2.44 c 1.53 c
N1 D1 2.50 bc 5.60 ab 6.26 a 3.54 c 5.88 ab 2.72 c 2.50 a 5.60 a 6.26 a 3.54 ab 5.88 a 2.72 ab
D2 3.40 abc 8.95 a 5.83 a 6.62 ab 6.96 a 4.39 abc 1.70 bc 4.48 ab 2.92 b 3.31 bc 3.48 bc 2.20 bc
D3 3.50 ab 8.12 ab 5.11 a 7.73 a 7.32 a 5.89 a 1.17 c 2.71 b 1.70 b 2.58 cd 2.44 c 1.96 bc
N2 D1 2.57 bc 4.99 b 6.29 a 3.43 c 5.06 ab 3.08 bc 2.57 a 4.99 ab 6.29 a 3.43 ab 5.06 ab 3.08 ab
D2 2.52 bc 6.71 ab 6.25 a 5.96 b 6.56 ab 5.38 a 1.26 c 3.35 ab 3.13 b 2.98 bcd 3.28 bc 2.69 ab
D3 3.55 ab 8.70 ab 6.96 a 6.94 ab 6.35 ab 4.47 abc 1.18 c 2.90 b 2.32 b 2.31 d 2.12 c 1.49 c
氮肥
Nitrogen (N)		 ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
密度
Density (D)		 ** ** ns ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** **
氮肥×密度
N×D		 ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns

表5

氮肥和密度互作对花生植株性状的影响"

年份
Year		 氮肥水平
Nitrogen
level		 种植密度 Plant
density		 主茎叶片数
Leaves of main stem		 侧枝数
Number of lateral branches		 主莲尚
Main stem height (cm)		 侧枝长
Lateral branch length (cm)		 第一节间粗
First internode thickness (mm)
花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS		 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS		 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS		 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS		 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS
2018 NO D1 12.0 a 25.0 ab 26.3 be 21.7 a 42.5 a 35.3 a 19.3 abc 43.5 a 53.6 a 21.9b 53.1 b 57.9 ab 7.8 a — 13.7 a
D2 11.3 a 24.3 ab 23.7 c 15.7 b 22.3 cd 19.0 cd 18.6 be 54.5 a 52.6 a 20.2 b 67.6 a 54.1 ab 7.0 abc — 9.9 b
D3 11.0a 22.0 b 26.3 be 9.8 c 18.3 cd 18.7 cd 23.0 a 48.3 a 51.1 a 24.6 a 50.1 b 57.1 a 5.9 be — 8.8 b
N1 D1 11.7a 25.3 ab 30.0 a 24.7 a 25.3 cd 26.0 abc 18.3 c 46.1 a 50.7 a 19.9 b 54.9 ab 69.0 a 7.9 a — 13.4 a
D2 11.2a 25.3 ab 24.7 c 16.8 b 39.0 ab 23.3 bed 20.5 abc 48.8 a 56.0 a 21.4 b 55.2 ab 59.4 ab 6.5 abc — 9.1 b
D3 10.7 a 22.3 b 23.0 c 14.3 b 16.7 d 20.0 bed 17.7 c 47.0 a 50.6 a 19.3 b 51.2 b 53.3 ab 5.6 c — 8.0 b
N2 D1 10.5 a 27.0 a 29.3 ab 17.5 b 29.0 be 31.0 ab 22.5 ab 45.6 a 54.0 a 21.6 b 58.4 ab 60.7 a 7.4 ab — 14.8 a
D2 11.2a 24.0 ab 25.3 c 15.2 b 19.7 cd 24.0 abed 18.7 be 42.1 a 52.1 a 19.3 b 49.4 b 57.9 ab 5.7 c — 8.4 b
D3 10.8 a 22.7 ab 23.0 c 13.2 be 23.3 cd 12.7 d 20.4 abc 50.3 a 45.9 a 21.8b 59.9 ab 47.8 b 7.3 ab — 8.4 b
氮肥 Nitrogen (N) ns ns ns ** ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
密度 Density (D) ns * ** ** ** ** ns ns ns ns ns ns ns **
氮肥X密度NxD ns ns * ns ** ns ** ns ns ns ** ns ns ns
2019 NO D1 15.0 a 19.0 a 21.7 ab 18.3 ab 18.0 bed 19.3 ab 21.3 a 33.5 ab 39.6 a 26.7 a 34.8 be 42.8 a 7.3 a 6.6 cd 6.8 ab
D2 13.7 a 19.0 a 19.0 b 11.7b 14.0 cd 16.3 ab 22.5 a 34.1 ab 31.7 be 23.7 ab 36.4 b 34.4 c 6.5 ab 7.1 abed 6.5 abc
D3 12.3 a 16.7 b 20.0 ab 10.3 b 11.3 d 13.3 b 19.6 a 31.0b 38.0 ab 22.1 b 32.3 c 40.0 ab 5.5 b 6.0 d 5.8 c
N1 D1 14.0 a 18.5 ab 22.7 a 21.0 a 28.5 a 26.0 a 21.4 a 35.1 ab 36.3 abc 23.2 ab 37.5 b 41.1 ab 6.4 ab 8.0 ab 6.5 abc
D2 13.7 a 18.7 ab 19.7 ab 16.7 ab 21.0 abc 18.7 ab 23.1 a 35.1 ab 35.5 abc 26.2 a 37.4 b 36.3 be 7.2 a 7.0 abed 6.5 abc
D3 13.0 a 17.3 ab 19.7 ab 16.3 ab 12.7 cd 14.7 b 20.7 a 34.5 ab 32.8 be 21.5 b 37.5 b 36.5 be 7.2 a 6.8 cd 6.5 abc
N2 D1 14.7 a 19.5 a 20.0 ab 22.7 a 24.5 ab 22.7 ab 21.8 a 33.6 ab 30.7 c 24.0 ab 41.3 a 34.6 c 6.4 ab 8.2 a 7.3 a
D2 13.7 a 19.3 a 20.0 ab 20.0 a 19.0 bed 18.7 ab 22.0 a 38.1 a 37.0 abc 23.1 ab 40.7 a 42.0 a 6.7 ab 7.3 abc 6.4 abc
D3 14.7 a 19.5 a 19.3 b 11.7b 17.5 bed 14.7 b 21.0 a 36.6 ab 37.4 ab 24.1 ab 41.1 a 39.5 abc 6.6 ab 6.8 bed 6.2 be
氮肥 Nitrogen (N) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns * ns ns ** ns * * ns
密度 Density (D) ns ns ns ** ** * ns ns ns * ns ns ns * ns
氮肥X密度NxD ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns * * ns * ns ns ns

图1

氮肥与密度互作对花生荚果产量的影响 标以不同小写字母表示在5%水平差异显著。处理同表1。"

图2

氮肥与密度互作对花生相对荚果产量的影响 **表示在1%水平显著相关。"

图3

荚果产量与根系性状、植株性状的相关关系 圆圈和三角形分别表示根系性状、地上部植株性状与荚果产量的关系。*, **分别表示在5%和1%水平上显著相关。"

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