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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (7): 1771-1786.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.11057

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• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION · PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of filming and supplemental nitrogen fertilizer application on plant growth and population quality of late sowing winter wheat before winter

LIU A-Kang1(), MA Rui-Qi1,2(), WANG De-Mei1, WANG Yan-Jie1, YANG Yu-Shuang1, ZHAO Guang-Cai1, CHANG Xu-Hong1,*()   

  1. 1Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
    2College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
  • Received:2021-06-24 Accepted:2021-10-19 Online:2022-07-12 Published:2021-11-20
  • Contact: CHANG Xu-Hong E-mail:liuakang1115@163.com;18234475334@163.com;changxuhong@caas.cn
  • About author:First author contact:

    ** Contributed equally to this work

  • Supported by:
    China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-03);Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of CAAS(CAAS-ZDRW202002)

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Abstract:

In order to solve the actual problem of weaker wheat seedlings before overwintering due to the delayed sowing date in the winter wheat area of northern China, a late sowing experiment was carried out at the Beijing Experimental Base of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences from 2019 to 2021. Three sowing dates were set: sowing at the appropriate time on October 5th (S0), appropriate late sowing on October 15 (S1), and too late sowing on October 25 (S2). To study the effects of film mulching and supplemental application of nitrogen fertilizer on the population quality, individual traits and stems and tillers growth of late-sown wheat before winter, the late sowing S1 and S2 were treated with film mulching and nitrogen fertilizer regulating measures. The results showed that late sowing was not conducive to the formation of wheat population and individual quality before winter, and the growth of stems and tillers. Late sowing and mulching to increase temperature can increase the total number of stems and tillers in the population before winter. Compared with the treatment without mulching, mulching can increase the growth rate and relative growth rate of wheat before winter under the conditions of appropriate late sowing and too late sowing. The total number of stems and tillers in the population increased by 42.9% and 148.4%, respectively. The leaf age of the plant before winter increased, and the number of individual tillers increased on average by 1.6 and 2.0, respectively. Film mulching to increase the temperature prolonged the vegetative growth process of the first tiller to the third tiller on main stem, promoted cell growth, increased the soluble sugar content in the stems and leaves, tillering node, roots, and the ratio of IAA/ZR in leaves, and increased the total number of stems and tillers in population before winter. Evaluation of the seedling situation of each treatment for late sowing showed that under the condition of suitable sowing time, it was beneficial to improve the comprehensive quality of two different tillering ability cultivars before winter. Among them, Zhongmai 8 had better seedling situation under the condition of late sowing + film mulching, while Hangmai 501 also had better seedling situation under the condition of proper late sowing, proper late sowing + supplementary nitrogen fertilizer, proper late sowing + film mulching, and too late sowing + film mulching. Meanwhile, there were differences in the responses of two different tillering ability wheat cultivars to the temperature increase under the condition of late sowing + film mulching. It was more beneficial for Zhongmai 8 to improve the overall population quality before winter under the conditions of suitable sowing or late sowing + film mulching, while under the conditions of the appropriate sowing, appropriate late sowing and too late sowing + film mulching, it was beneficial to improve the quality of late sowing seedlings for Hangmai 501. Supplementary application of nitrogen fertilizer had no significant regulatory effects on population quality, individual traits and stems, and tillers growth of late-sown wheat before winter. In summary, under the condition of late sowing, film mulching can effectively improve the overall quality of wheat populations and individuals before winter, and further promote the growth of stems and tillers.

Key words: wheat, filming, nitrogen fertilizer

Fig. 1

Daily average temperature before winter 2019 and 2020"

Table 1

Soil basic nutrient before sowing"

土层
Soil layer
(cm)		 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Alkaline hydrolytic
nitrogen (mg kg-1)		 有效磷
Available
phosphorus (mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available potassium
(mg kg-1)		 pH
0-20 11.6 124.4 12.5 181.0 7.8
20-40 10.9 127.2 13.3 154.0 7.9

Fig. 2

Comparison of accumulated temperature before wintering under different treatments S0: sowing at the appropriate time; S1: appropriate late sowing; S1F: appropriate late sowing + film mulching; S2: too late sowing; S2F: too late sowing + film mulching."

Fig. 3

Effects of different treatments on the total number of stems and tillers of the population before winter S0: sowing at the appropriate time; S1: appropriate late sowing; S1F: appropriate late sowing + film mulching; S1N: appropriate late sowing + supplementary nitrogen fertilizer; S2: too late sowing; S2F: too late sowing + film mulching; S2N: too late sowing + supplementary nitrogen fertilizer. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 4

Effects of different treatments on dry matter accumulation of wheat before winter in 2020 Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at the 0.05 probability level. Treatment are the same as those given in Fig. 3."

Table 2

Effects of different treatments on the growth of wheat population before winter in 2020"

品种
Cultivar		 处理
Treatment		 群体生长分析Population growth analysis
相对生长率
RGR (g g-1 d-1)		 群体生长率
CGR (g m-2 d-1)		 净同化率
NAR (g m-2 d-1)
中麦8号 S0 0.0600 b 4.72 a 5.02 b
Zhongmai 8 S1 0.0286 d 0.97 c 3.32 cd
S1F 0.0389 c 1.68 b 3.98 c
S1N 0.0287 d 0.97 c 2.93 d
S2 0.0313 d 0.45 d 2.82 d
S2F 0.0699 a 1.52 b 5.94 a
S2N 0.0315 d 0.49 d 3.50 cd
航麦501 S0 0.0612 a 4.70 a 4.83 b
Hangmai 501 S1 0.0374 c 1.53 bc 4.00 c
S1F 0.0389 c 1.66 b 3.81 cd
S1N 0.0342 c 1.35 cd 3.76 cd
S2 0.0259 d 0.52 e 3.12 d e
S2F 0.0549 b 1.26 d 5.55 a
S2N 0.0233 d 0.48 e 2.82 e

Fig. 5

Comparison of LAI before winter under different treatments in 2020 Different lowercases letters indicate significant differences at the 0.05 probability level. Treatment are the same as those given in Fig. 3."

Fig. 6

Effects of different treatments on nitrogen accumulation of wheat before winter in 2020 Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at the 0.05 probability level. Treatment are the same as those given in Fig. 3."

Fig. 7

Effects of different treatments on the accumulated temperatures of tillering growth of wheat before winter 1-3N: the process from the first tiller to the third tiller of the main stem; 3N: the third tillering process of the main stem. J: sowing early; S0: sowing at the appropriate time; S1: appropriate late sowing; S1F: appropriate late sowing + film mulching."

Fig. 8

Effects of different treatments on wheat leaf age before winter in 2020 The abscissas A1 and A2 in the figure represent the average value of each treatment for each cultivar. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at the 0.05 probability level. Treatment are the same as those given in Fig. 3. "

Table 3

Effects of different treatments on the growth of plant leaves before winter in 2020"

品种
Cultivar		 处理
Treatment		 叶片生长分析Leaf growth analysis
叶面积比率 LAR (cm2 g-1) 比叶面积 SLA (cm2 g-1) 叶干重比 LWR
中麦8号 S0 119.55 a 241.91 a 0.68 a
Zhongmai 8 S1 101.41 b 163.29 c 0.64 a
S1F 97.60 bc 159.10 cd 0.62 a
S1N 97.91 bc 155.80 d 0.64 a
S2 94.23 bc 149.20 e 0.64 a
S2F 117.55 a 178.39 b 0.67 a
S2N 90.10 c 147.25 e 0.62 a
航麦501 S0 126.87 a 208.23 a 0.71 a
Hangmai 501 S1 93.49 bc 161.94 c 0.61 bc
S1F 102.33 b 178.46 b 0.58 c
S1N 90.89 cd 159.16 c 0.60 bc
S2 83.07 d 130.66 d 0.64 bc
S2F 99.10 bc 158.80 c 0.65 ab
S2N 82.78 d 132.50 d 0.62 bc

Fig. 9

Effects of different treatments on wheat tillers before winter Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at the 0.05 probability level. Treatment are the same as those given in Fig. 3. "

Fig. 10

Effects of different treatments on the soluble sugar content of wheat before winter in 2019 (a), (b), and (c) represent the soluble sugar content of stems and leaves, tillering node, and roots, respectively. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at the 0.05 probability level. Treatment are the same as those given in Fig. 3."

Fig. 11

Correlation coefficients between the number of tillers before winter and the hormones content of main stem and dominant tillers in different treatments in 2019 O: the main stem; 1N: the 1st tiller of main stem; 2N: the 2nd tiller of main stem; 3N: the 3rd tiller of main stem; GA: gibberellins acid; IAA: indole-3-acetic acid; ZR: zeatin riboside. *: P< 0.05; **: P< 0.01."

Fig. 12

Relationship between the ratio of IAA/ZR in wheat seedling stage and the number of tillers before winter under different treatments in 2019 IAA/ZR is the ratio of auxin to zeatin riboside; n is the number of tillers. J: sowing early; S0: sowing at the appropriate time; S1: appropriate late sowing; S1F: appropriate late sowing + film mulching."

Table 4

Principal component loading matrix"

指标
Index		 中麦8号 Zhongmai 8 航麦501 Hangmai 501
I II I II
叶面积指数LAI 0.960 0.263 0.927 0.369
比叶面积SLA -0.518 0.546 0.888 0.048
叶干重比LWR 0.529 0.729 0.424 0.624
叶面积比率LAR 0.472 0.864 0.774 0.609
相对生长率RGR 0.271 0.932 0.408 0.898
净同化率NAR 0.196 0.904 0.061 0.973
群体生长率CGR 0.912 0.408 0.860 0.503
光合势LAD 0.980 0.178 0.929 0.353
茎蘖数 Number of stem and tillers 0.954 0.290 0.930 0.349
叶龄Leaf age 0.918 0.283 0.938 0.258
氮素积累量 Nitrogen accumulation 0.973 0.221 0.924 0.359
方差贡献率 Variance contribution rate (%) 71.056 20.184 79.192 13.014

Table 5

Principal component score and comprehensive evaluation of Zhongmai 8 with different treatments"

处理
Treatment		 主成分得分及排名 Principal component score and rank 综合得分Z
Comprehensive scores		 综合排名
Comprehensive rank
Z1 排名Rank Z2 排名Rank
S0 5.267 1 4.884 1 5.182 1
S1 -0.858 5 -1.176 4 -0.928 5
S1F 0.054 2 -0.435 3 -0.054 3
S1N -0.683 4 -1.610 5 -0.888 4
S2 -1.764 7 -2.257 6 -1.873 6
S2F -0.271 3 3.563 2 0.577 2
S2N -1.746 6 -2.969 7 -2.016 7
权重Weight 0.779 0.221

Table 6

Principal component score and comprehensive evaluation of Hangmai 501 with different treatments"

处理
Treatment		 主成分得分及排名Principal component score and ranking 综合得分Z
Comprehensive scores		 综合排名
Comprehensive rank
Z1 排名Rank Z2 排名Rank
S0 5.498 1 7.872 1 5.833 1
S1 -0.533 3 -0.741 3 -0.563 3
S1F 0.441 2 -0.446 2 0.316 2
S1N -0.731 4 -1.348 4 -0.818 5
S2 -1.791 6 -3.109 6 -1.977 6
S2F -1.056 5 1.463 5 -0.700 4
S2N -1.828 7 -3.690 7 -2.091 7
权重Weight 0.859 0.141

Fig. 13

Cluster analysis graph of comprehensive score for different treatments"

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