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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (7): 1841-1854.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34161

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effect of phosphorus application on yield, quality, light temperature physiological characteristics, and root morphology in summer peanut

YANG Qi-Rui(), LI Lan-Tao, ZHANG Duo, WANG Ya-Xian, SHENG Kai, WANG Yi-Lun*()   

  1. College of Resource and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
  • Received:2023-10-08 Accepted:2024-01-31 Online:2024-07-12 Published:2024-02-21
  • Contact: *E-mail: wangyilunrl@henau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    14th Five-Year National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1901001-08)

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Abstract:

Phosphorus (P) application status on the yield, quality, phosphorus accumulation dynamics, physiological characteristics of light and temperature, and root morphology of summer peanuts were explored to provide theoretical support for the efficient and scientific application of P in peanuts. Field experiment was conducted in Wen county, Henan province from 2021 to 2022. Five P (P2O5) fertilization treatments (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg hm-2) were applied using variety “Yuhua 22” as the experimental material. The yield and quality indicators of summer peanut pods were measured at mature stage, leaf SPAD value, canopy photosynthetic effective radiation, and canopy temperature were determined at seedling stage, flowering-pegging stage, pod-setting stage, and pod-filling stage, respectively. Plant samples were collected to analyse P accumulation and root morphology. Results showed that the “linear + platforms trends” were observed between P rates and peanut pods yield in both years and the optimal P application rates were 94 kg hm-2 and 95 kg hm-2, respectively. P application increased yield by 23.68% on average. The contents of crude protein, oil and amino acid in grain at maturity had a trend of “first increasing and then stabilizing” with the increasing P application rates. Compared with no P application (0 kg hm-2), the average increasing rate of crude protein, oil and amino acid contents in grain with P application of 90 kg hm-2 was 11.06%, 3.89%, and 11.58%, respectively. The P accumulation amount of summer peanuts was fitted by nonlinear regression through the Logistic equation, and it was concluded that P application treatments increased the maximum amount of P accumulation (Ym) by increasing the maximum accumulation rate (Vm) and the average accumulation rate ( V ˉ) of P and prolonging the rapid accumulation period (Δt) and the active accumulation period (Taas). Applying proper amount of P increased the absorption and accumulation of P in each part and promoted the distribution of P to pod. The maximum, minimum, and mean temperatures of the summer peanut canopy all decreased significantly with the increases of P rates. Peanut leaf SPAD values and canopy photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) and fractions (FPAR) significantly increased with P application of 90 kg hm-2. Total root length, average root diameter, root volume, and root surface area of the ploughing layer in summer peanuts were increased by an average of 48.50%, 16.25%, 37.80%, and 21.88%, respectively, in P application treatments. Phosphorus fertilizer recovery efficiency and partial factor productivity decreased gradually with the increase of P application, and agronomic efficiency showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. Reasonable phosphorus application can significantly increase the yield and quality of summer peanuts, promote the accumulation and utilization of phosphorus, and improve the physiological performance of light and temperature at reproductive stage. The recommended P application rate for summer peanuts under the conditions of this experiment was 90 kg hm-2.

Key words: peanut, P application rate, yield, quality, light temperature characteristics, P recovery efficiency, Logistic

Table 1

Soil fertility of the experimental sites"

地点
Site		 年份
Year		 pH 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Available N
(mg kg-1)		 有效磷
Available P
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)
武德镇 Wude town 2021 7.45 18.79 98.2 15.6 130.5
赵堡镇 Zhaobao town 2022 7.24 16.80 74.1 14.2 132.6

Fig. 1

Yield of summer peanut pods under different amounts of P fertilizer Different letters on the bar chart indicate significant differences between treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Table 2

Effect of phosphorus fertilizer dosage on main quality indexes of summer peanut kernel (%)"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 粗蛋白含量
Protein content		 含油量
Oil content		 氨基酸含量
Amino content
2021 P0 20.72±0.41 b 44.95±0.38 c 18.43±0.50 c
P30 21.82±0.85 a 45.79±0.56 bc 19.23±0.37 b
P60 22.14±0.33 a 46.01±0.65 ab 19.62±0.49 ab
P90 22.91±0.78 a 46.93±0.68 a 20.26±0.11 a
P120 22.36±0.38 a 46.09±0.27 ab 19.72±0.33 ab
2022 P0 17.81±0.09 b 52.41±0.53 c 16.13±0.76 c
P30 18.31±0.62 b 53.06±0.48 bc 17.02±0.09 bc
P60 19.18±0.44 a 53.68±0.25 ab 17.83±0.74 ab
P90 19.86±0.65 a 54.18±0.47 a 18.27±0.37 a
P120 19.77±0.24 a 53.71±0.46 ab 18.08±0.21 a

Table 3

Effect of different phosphorus fertilizer dosage on fatty acid content of summer peanut seed kernel (%)"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 油酸
Oleic		 亚油酸
Linoleic		 油亚比
O/L		 棕榈酸
Palmitic		 山嵛酸
Behenic		 硬脂酸
Stearic		 花生酸
Arachidonic		 木蜡酸
Lignoceric
2021 P0 31.63±0.51 c 47.17±0.37 a 67.06±1.17 c 12.33±0.21 c 2.39±0.03 b 2.42±0.03 c 0.96±0.02 c 1.20±0.01 a
P30 32.02±0.44 bc 46.81±0.39 a 68.40±1.12 c 12.80±0.23 b 2.41±0.01 ab 2.51±0.01 c 1.03±0.04 b 1.20±0.01 a
P60 32.80±0.71 ab 46.09±0.39 b 71.16±0.94 b 13.09±0.18 ab 2.43±0.03 ab 2.61±0.10 b 1.07±0.02 ab 1.21±0.01 a
P90 33.51±0.35 a 45.40±0.27 c 73.83±0.99 a 13.39±0.32 a 2.46±0.04 a 2.72±0.04 a 1.11±0.02 a 1.21±0.01 a
P120 32.59±0.40 ab 45.77±0.17 bc 71.20±0.64 b 13.15±0.12 ab 2.42±0.04 ab 2.64±0.03 ab 1.09±0.03 a 1.22±0.01 a
2022 P0 31.75±0.22 c 47.28±0.38 a 67.16±0.18 c 11.93±0.06 c 2.26±0.02 c 2.08±0.04 c 1.09±0.05 b 1.22±0.01 a
P30 32.06±0.36 bc 46.80±0.30 ab 68.50±0.66 bc 12.08±0.11 bc 2.30±0.03 b 2.18±0.06 b 1.12±0.03 ab 1.23±0.01 a
P60 32.62±0.17 ab 46.13±0.21 b 70.71±0.52 a 12.36±0.22 b 2.33±0.01 b 2.25±0.05 b 1.14±0.03 ab 1.23±0.01 a
P90 33.07±0.46 a 45.90±0.70 b 72.07±1.76 a 12.82±0.15 a 2.41±0.02 a 2.38±0.04 a 1.17±0.02 a 1.23±0.01 a
P120 32.40±0.36 b 46.13±0.32 b 70.23±0.96 ab 12.76±0.21 a 2.39±0.02 a 2.35±0.02 a 1.13±0.01 ab 1.24±0.02 a

Table 4

Effect of different phosphorus fertilizer dosage on amino acid component content of summer peanut (%)"

年份
Year		 组分
Component		 处理 Treatment
P0 P30 P60 P90 P120
2021 苯丙氨酸Phenylalanine 1.06±0.02 c 1.09±0.03 bc 1.12±0.03 ab 1.14±0.01 a 1.12±0.01 ab
蛋氨酸Methionine 0.20±0.01 c 0.21±0.01 bc 0.22±0.01 ab 0.23±0.01 a 0.22±0.01 ab
赖氨酸Lysine 0.92±0.01 b 0.93±0.01 ab 0.94±0.01 a 0.96±0.02 a 0.95±0.01 a
亮氨酸Leucine 1.33±0.01 b 1.34±0.01 b 1.36±0.01 a 1.38±0.01 a 1.37±0.01 a
异亮氨酸Isoleucine 0.60±0.01 c 0.61±0.01 bc 0.63±0.02 ab 0.65±0.02 a 0.64±0.01 ab
组氨酸Histidine 0.67±0.01 c 0.69±0.01 bc 0.70±0.01 ab 0.72±0.01 a 0.71±0.01 ab
苏氨酸Threonine 0.71±0.02 c 0.72±0.02 bc 0.74±0.01 ab 0.76±0.01 a 0.74±0.01 ab
缬氨酸Valine 0.79±0.01 b 0.81±0.02 ab 0.81±0.01 ab 0.83±0.02 a 0.80±0.01 ab
脯氨酸Proline 0.90±0.01 c 0.92±0.01 bc 0.94±0.01 ab 0.95±0.02 a 0.94±0.01 ab
精氨酸Arginine 2.28±0.02 c 2.32±0.03 bc 2.36±0.02 ab 2.41±0.04 a 2.39±0.03 a
2022 苯丙氨酸Phenylalanine 0.89±0.02 c 0.93±0.02 b 0.96±0.01 b 1.02±0.03 a 1.01±0.01 a
蛋氨酸Methionine 0.16±0.01 b 0.16±0.01 ab 0.17±0.01 ab 0.17±0.01 a 0.17±0.01 a
赖氨酸Lysine 0.78±0.03 a 0.79±0.04 a 0.80±0.03 a 0.83±0.02 a 0.81±0.03 a
亮氨酸Leucine 1.09±0.01 c 1.12±0.01 b 1.13±0.01 b 1.15±0.01 a 1.15±0.01 a
异亮氨酸Isoleucine 0.51±0.02 b 0.53±0.01 b 0.56±0.03 a 0.57±0.01 a 0.56±0.01 a
组氨酸Histidine 0.60±0.01 c 0.61±0.01 bc 0.62±0.01 b 0.63±0.01 a 0.63±0.01 a
苏氨酸Threonine 0.67±0.01 c 0.68±0.01 bc 0.70±0.01 ab 0.72±0.01 a 0.71±0.01 a
缬氨酸Valine 0.71±0.04 a 0.72±0.04 a 0.73±0.01 a 0.73±0.01 a 0.73±0.01 a
脯氨酸Proline 0.84±0.01 b 0.85±0.03 ab 0.87±0.02 ab 0.89±0.03 a 0.88±0.02 ab
精氨酸Arginine 1.80±0.03 b 1.81±0.01 b 1.86±0.02 ab 1.91±0.03 a 1.90±0.07 a

Fig. 2

Correlation analysis between pod yield and peanut grain quality component content under different P fertilizer dosages * and ** mean significant correlation at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively."

Fig. 3

Dynamic changes in P accumulation in peanuts The scatters represent the measured values and the curves represent the fitted values. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2."

Table 5

Dynamic model and parameters of P accumulation in summer peanut under different P fertilizer dosage"

处理
Treatment		 回归方程
Regression equation		 Ym
(kg hm-2)		 Vm
(g d-1 hm-2)		 V ¯
(g d-1 hm-2)		 t1
(d)		 t2
(d)		 Δt
(d)		 Taas
(d)		 Tm
(d)		 R2
P0 y=19.28/(1+561.44e-0.107t) 19.28 516.77 344.51 46.77 71.34 24.57 55.97 59.05 0.9884
P30 y=23.16/(1+456.73e-0.104t) 23.15 603.51 402.34 46.11 71.37 25.26 57.55 58.74 0.9947
P60 y=26.91/(1+418.26e-0.103t) 26.91 695.06 463.37 45.68 71.17 25.49 58.07 58.42 0.9959
P90 y=30.66/(1+376.00e-0.101t) 30.66 776.73 517.82 45.51 71.50 25.99 59.20 58.51 0.9955
P120 y=29.85/(1+409.69e-0.103t) 29.85 769.77 513.18 45.55 71.08 25.53 58.16 58.31 0.9962

Table 6

Effect of different P fertilizer dosage on P absorption and distribution in summer peanut"

生育期
Growth stage		 处理
Treatment		 磷素吸收量 P uptake (kg hm-2) 磷分配比例 P distribution (%)
茎部
Stem		 叶部
Leaf		 根部
Root		 荚果
Pod		 茎部
Stem		 叶部
Leaf		 根部
Root		 荚果
Pod
苗期 P0 1.00 d 1.12 d 0.20 b — 43.17 b 48.41 a 8.42 a —
SS P30 1.21 c 1.33 c 0.20 b — 44.23 ab 48.43 a 7.34 b —
P60 1.43 b 1.56 b 0.21 ab — 44.70 a 48.71 a 6.60 bc —
P90 1.69 a 1.84 a 0.23 a — 44.87 a 48.89 a 6.24 c —
P120 1.67 a 1.82 a 0.23 a — 44.93 a 48.83 a 6.24 c —
花针期 P0 3.63 d 3.01 d 0.14 c — 53.58 b 44.42 a 2.00 a —
FP P30 4.54 c 3.71 c 0.16 b — 53.97 b 44.15 ab 1.87 b —
P60 5.51 b 4.36 b 0.17 ab — 54.89 a 43.42 bc 1.70 c —
P90 6.29 a 4.95 a 0.19 a — 55.05 a 43.32 bc 1.63 c —
P120 6.10 ab 4.78 ab 0.19 a — 55.11 a 43.20 c 1.69 c —
结荚期 P0 5.99 d 4.87 d 0.48 d 2.89 d 42.12 a 34.25 a 3.35 a 20.28 d
PS P30 7.21 c 5.82 c 0.57 c 3.62 c 41.87 a 33.84 ab 3.31 a 20.99 c
P60 8.24 b 6.75 b 0.65 b 4.51 b 40.87 b 33.50 b 3.24 b 22.38 b
P90 9.18 a 7.57 a 0.72 a 5.29 a 40.33 b 33.25 b 3.18 b 23.24 a
P120 9.13 a 7.55 a 0.75 a 5.14 a 40.47 b 33.44 b 3.31 a 22.78 ab
饱果期 P0 5.08 d 4.14 d 0.46 d 10.43 d 25.25 a 20.59 a 2.28 a 51.89 c
PF P30 5.91 c 4.80 c 0.52 c 12.28 c 25.15 a 20.42 ab 2.22 ab 52.22 bc
P60 6.78 b 5.45 b 0.59 b 14.34 b 24.98 a 20.09 bc 2.17 b 52.77 ab
P90 7.65 a 6.17 a 0.67 a 16.45 a 24.72 a 19.95 c 2.17 b 53.16 a
P120 7.45 a 6.00 a 0.66 a 15.81 a 24.90 a 20.05 bc 2.20 b 52.85 ab
成熟期 P0 2.54 c 2.31 d 0.32 d 12.91 d 14.07 a 12.77 a 1.76 a 71.40 c
MS P30 3.11 b 2.72 c 0.39 c 15.99 c 14.02 ab 12.24 a 1.74 a 71.99 bc
P60 3.50 a 3.15 b 0.45 b 18.85 b 13.47 bc 12.14 a 1.73 a 72.65 ab
P90 3.77 a 3.53 a 0.51 a 21.70 a 12.79 c 11.97 a 1.71 a 73.53 a
P120 3.76 a 3.49 a 0.50 a 21.16 a 13.03 cd 12.09 a 1.73 a 73.16 a

Table 7

Effect of different phosphorus fertilizer dosage on summer peanut canopy temperature characteristics"

处理
Treatment		 苗期 SS 花针期 FP
最高温
Tmax		 最低温
Tmin		 平均温
Tmean		 最高温
Tmax		 最低温
Tmin		 平均温
Tmean
P0 32.03 a 27.03 a 29.05 a 32.38 a 28.10 a 29.95 a
P30 31.53 a 27.05 a 28.75 a 32.15 a 27.82 ab 29.80 a
P60 30.97 ab 26.62 a 28.48 ab 31.57 ab 27.53 b 29.23 b
P90 29.83 b 26.20 a 27.97 b 31.12 b 26.98 c 28.72 b
P120 30.82 ab 26.73 a 28.38 ab 31.28 b 27.43 bc 29.02 b
处理
Treatment		 结荚期 PS 饱果期 PF
最高温
Tmax		 最低温
Tmin		 平均温
Tmean		 最高温
Tmax		 最低温
Tmin		 平均温
Tmean
P0 32.93 a 28.05 a 31.08 a 28.73 a 21.12 a 23.48 a
P30 32.47 ab 27.38 ab 30.73 ab 28.48 a 20.90 a 23.13 ab
P60 31.80 bc 27.07 b 30.25 ab 28.30 a 20.25 ab 22.78 bc
P90 31.21 c 26.63 b 29.82 b 28.07 a 19.78 b 22.37 c
P120 31.63 c 27.00 b 29.93 b 28.20 a 20.17 ab 22.62 bc

Fig. 4

Effect of different P application rates on summer peanut canopy temperature Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2. SS: seedling stage; FP: flowering pegging stage; PS: podding stage; PF: pod filling stage. Warm colors (red and yellow) represent high temperatures, while cool colors (blue) represent low temperatures. The numerical unit is ℃."

Fig. 5

Effects of different P fertilizer dosage on SPAD value and photosynthetically active radiation characteristics of summer peanut Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2. SS: seedling stage; FP: flowering pegging stage; PS: podding stage; PF: pod filling stage. Different letters on the bar chart indicate significant differences between treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 6

Effects of different P fertilizer dosage on root morphological characteristics of the ploughing layer in summer peanut Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2. SS: seedling stage; FP: flowering pegging stage; PS: podding stage; PF: pod filling stage."

Table 8

P fertilizer utilization efficiency of summer peanut under different P fertilizer dosage"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 磷肥利用率
PRE (%)		 磷肥农学效率
PAE (kg kg-1)		 磷肥偏生产力
PFPP (kg kg-1)
2021 P30 32.0 10.2 142.1
P60 28.9 11.8 74.3
P90 29.2 12.6 54.3
P120 26.1 9.8 41.0
2022 P30 31.5 8.0 150.3
P60 30.0 8.7 79.8
P90 29.1 15.0 62.4
P120 20.7 10.4 45.9
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