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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (5): 1326-1337.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44157

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Diagnosis of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient content in rapeseed leaves based on hyperspectral remote sensing

WANG Qing-Hua(), ZHU Ge-Ge, FANG Wen, LIU Shi-Shi*(), LU Jian-Wei   

  1. College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2024-09-16 Accepted:2025-01-23 Online:2025-05-12 Published:2025-02-10
  • Contact: *E-mail: ssliu@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(42171350);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1600503)

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Abstract:

Hyperspectral remote sensing technology provides an accurate and non-destructive method for diagnosing nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deficiencies in rapeseed, laying the groundwork for precision fertilization. This study utilized multi-site, multi-year field trials to collect data on leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC), leaf phosphorus concentration (LPC), yield, and the canopy reflectance spectrum of winter rapeseed during the overwintering period. Feature bands sensitive to LNC and LPC were identified using competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), successive projections algorithm (SPA), and the elimination of non-informative variables (UVE). Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models were constructed to estimate LNC and LPC based on both the original spectrum and the first-order derivative spectrum. Nutrient deficiency diagnosis was achieved by integrating the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) and phosphorus nutrition index (PNI) derived from the estimated nutrient concentrations. The results revealed that the characteristic bands for LNC and LPC were primarily concentrated in the ranges of 400-460 nm, 650-730 nm, 1140-1210 nm, and 2240-2370 nm for LNC, and 650-730 nm, 2100-2310 nm for LPC. The model based on the first-order derivative spectrum and the UVE method demonstrated superior accuracy compared to other models. In the test set, the model achieved high estimation accuracy for LNC (R2=0.773, RMSE=0.528%) and LPC (R2=0.785, RMSE=0.09%). Threshold values for NNI and PNI during the overwintering period were established using yield data from field trials, which were 1.20 and 0.75, respectively. By employing hyperspectral remote sensing to estimate LNC and LPC, subsequent calculations of NNI and PNI can effectively diagnose nutrient deficiencies in rapeseed during the overwintering period. This approach provides a novel technological solution for the sustainable development of rapeseed production.

Key words: winter rape, hyperspectral remote sensing, partial least squares, band selection, leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentration

Table 1

Physical and chemical properties of soil"

地区
Area		 pH 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 全氮
Total nitrogen
(g kg-1)		 速效磷
Rapid available phosphorus
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Rapidly available potassium
(mg kg-1)
武穴Wuxue 5.49 31.93 1.85 4.00 47.60
沙洋Shayang 5.76 19.09 0.98 5.65 172.00
建始Jianshi 5.35 34.21 2.25 25.17 204.27

Fig. 1

Locations of experiment fields This map is based on the standard map with the approval number GS (2016) 2923 downloaded from the Ministry of Natural Resources Standard Map Service website, and the boundary of the base map has not been modified."

Table 2

Different fertilization treatments"

试验
Experiment		 年份
Year		 地点
Site		 施肥处理
Fertilization treatment (kg hm-2)		 小区面积
Area (m2)		 样本总数
Sample number
1 2020-2024 武穴Wuxue N0, N90, N120, N270, N360
P0, P45, P90, P135, P180		 20 120
2 2021-2023 沙洋Shayang N0, N90, N120, N270, N360
P0, P45, P90, P135, P180		 20 60
3 2022-2023 建始Jianshi CK, Y300, Y450, Y600, Y750, Y900, Y1050 20 21

Fig. 2

Canopy spectra of rapeseed under different fertilizer application rates Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2."

Table 3

LNC and LPC of rapeseed under different fertilization treatments"

施肥水平
Fertilizer rate		 LNC (%) 施肥水平
Fertilizer rate		 LPC (%)
最小值
Min.		 最大值
Max.		 平均值
Mean		 标准差
SD		 最小值
Min.		 最大值
Max.		 平均值
Mean		 标准差
SD
N0 1.52 4.24 2.72 0.85 P0 0.06 0.37 0.21 0.12
N90 1.88 4.69 3.04 0.77 P45 0.11 0.42 0.23 0.12
N180 2.65 5.23 3.96 0.78 P90 0.17 0.43 0.32 0.09
N270 3.72 5.52 4.36 0.54 P135 0.26 0.67 0.40 0.11
N360 3.92 7.61 5.77 1.67 P180 0.32 0.85 0.59 0.20

Table 4

Rapeseed LNC and LPC under different application rates of specialized fertilizer"

项目Item CK Y300 Y450 Y600 Y750 Y900 Y1050
叶片氮含量LNC (%) 3.33 3.59 3.66 3.94 4.06 4.39 4.51
叶片磷含量LPC (%) 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.42 0.50

Fig. 3

Spectral distribution of winter rapeseed characteristics under three screening algorithms LNC: leaf nitrogen concentration; LPC: leaf phosphorus concentration. CARS: competitive adaptive reweighted sampling; UVE: uninformative variable elimination; SPA: successive projections algorithm. R: raw hyperspectral reflectance; FDR: first derivative reflectance."

Fig. 4

R2 and RMSE of PLSR model test set under different screening algorithms Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 3."

Fig. 5

Comparison between predicted values and true values of oilseed rape LNC and LPC Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 3."

Fig. 6

Yield and NNI of oilseed rape under different nitrogen fertilizer application rates N0, N60, N120, N180, and N240 represent nitrogen fertilizer application rates of 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kghm-2 in Jianshi area from 2023 to 2024, respectively. The lowercase letters in the figure indicate significant differences among nitrogen fertilizer application treatments within the same year at the 5% significance level. NNI: nitrogen nutrition index."

Fig. 7

Yield and PNI of oilseed rape under different phosphorus fertilizer application P0, P45, P90, P135, and P180 indicate phosphorus fertilizer application rates of 0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 kg hm-2 in Jianshi area from 2023 to 2024, respectively. The lowercase letters in the figure indicate significant differences among phosphorus fertilizer application treatments within the same year at the 5% significance level. PNI: phosphorous nutrition index."

Fig. 8

Comparison of independent validation dataset for rapeseed LNC, LPC predicted values and true values Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 3."

Fig. 9

NNI and PNI values of rapeseed treated with different amounts of specialized fertilizers NNI: nitrogen nutrition index; PNI: phosphorous nutrition index. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2."

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