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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (12): 3315-3327.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.34017

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Comparative study on the processing quality of winter rape in different ecological zones of the Yangtze River valley

NING Ning1(), MO Jiao2, HU Bing2, LI Da-Shuang1, LOU Hong-Xiang1, WANG Chun-Yun1, BAI Chen-Yang1, KUAI Jie1, WANG Bo1, WANG Jing1, XU Zheng-Hua1, LI Xiao-Hua3, JIA Cai-Hua2,*(), ZHOU Guang-Sheng1   

  1. 1College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System for the Middle Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
    2College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Environmental Food Science, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
    3School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430065, Hubei, China
  • Received:2023-01-19 Accepted:2023-06-29 Online:2023-12-12 Published:2023-07-21
  • Contact: * E-mail: chjia@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1600502)

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Abstract:

Six rapeseed cultivars were chosen from three regions, including the upper, middle, and lower Yangtze River valley, and planted in Sichuan, Hubei, and Zhejiang experimental sites using the similar cultivation measures. The rapeseed was harvested at maturity stage, followed by cold pressing and the composition of unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs) and the content of chlorophyll, the total polar phenols, phytosterols, and tocopherols of rapeseed oil were assessed. Moreover, the essential properties of rapeseed oil on each experimental site were refined. The results showed that there were significant differences between the experimental sites in terms of the oil content and oil extraction efficiency of rapeseed, the chlorophyll, the total polar phenols, phytosterols, and tocopherol content of rapeseed oil. The results showed that: (1) Sichuan had a higher oil content than Hubei, whereas Zhejiang had the lowest oil content. The varieties from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River were planted in Sichuan and their oil content increased, meanwhile Zhejiang had the highest seed oil extraction efficiency followed by Sichuan and Hubei. (2) The oleic acid content of rapeseed oil was the highest in Sichuan, followed by Zhejiang and Hubei; whereas the higher linoleic and linolenic acid contents were noted at the Hubei experimental site. Moreover, the total polar phenols and phytosterol content of rapeseed oil was the highest in the Sichuan followed by Hubei and Zhejiang; contrarily, the tocopherol content and color of rapeseed oil were best in the Zhejiang followed by Hubei and Sichuan. (3) Rapeseed oil's antioxidant capacity significantly varied between sites, which was the highest in Sichuan, followed by the Hubei and Zhejiang. The lower temperature and rainfall during rapeseed pod maturity period contributed to the stronger antioxidant capacity of studied cultivars in Sichuan site. Conclusively, the rapeseed oil quality was varied at different experimental sites in the Yangtze River valley. Thus, the findings of the current study can be used as a reference when choosing high-quality rapeseed varieties in different ecological zones.

Key words: winter rapeseed, ecological zone, rapeseed oil, cold-pressed, processing quality

Table 1

The materials in the experiment"

来源地 Variety source 编号Number 品种名称Variety name
长江上游 The Upper Yangtze River 1 庆油1号 Qingyou 1
2 庆油3号 Qingyou 3
3 渝油28 Yuyou 28
4 川油81 Chuanyou 81
5 川油36 Chuanyou 36
6 国豪油8号 Guohaoyou 8
长江中游 The Middle Yangtze River 7 湘杂518 Xiangza 518
8 沣油737 Fengyou 737
9 大地199 Dadi 199
10 中油杂19 Zhongyouza 19
11 华油杂50 Huayouza 50
12 华油杂62 Huayouza 62
长江下游 The Lower Yangtze River 13 扬油9号 Yangyou 9
14 盐油杂3号 Yanyouza 3
15 宁杂1838 Ningza 1838
16 浙油50 Zheyou 50
17 浙油51 Zheyou 51
18 浙油杂108 Zheyouza 108

Fig. 1

Main climatic factors at each experimental site at pod maturity in rapeseed"

Table 2

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of and rapeseed oil characteristics"

因素
Factor		 含油量OC 出油效率OEE 叶绿素CHL R Y 油酸
OA		 亚油酸LA 亚麻酸LNA 极性总酚TPP 植物甾醇PS 生育酚Toc DPPH FRAP
品种
Variety (V)		 1815.6** 2.6** 231.7** 8.3** 34.5** 1735.2** 630.1** 568.8** 43.4** 23.9** 140.1** 479.0** 108.6**
地点
Location (L)		 3546.5** 337.8** 401.9** 40.6** 101.3** 2667.4** 891.0** 1249.2** 1452.6** 445.6** 79.5** 12,903.3** 8299.5**
品种×地点V×L 212.3** 2.6** 186.3** 6.7** 44.1** 211.8** 65.1** 118.4** 20.8** 18.9** 25.5** 313.4** 49.8**

Fig. 2

Seed oil content and oil extraction efficiency of 18 double-low oilseed rape cultivars at three experimental sites Least significant difference (LSD) method for multiple comparisons, different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Table 3

Chlorophyll content and Lovibond color values (red and yellow values) of rapeseed oils from 18 double-low oilseed rape cultivars at three experimental sites"

品种Variety 四川Sichuan 湖北Hubei 浙江Zhejiang
叶绿素含量
Chlorophyll contents
(mg kg-1)		 红值
Red-value		 黄值
Yellow-value		 叶绿素含量
Chlorophyll content
(mg kg-1)		 红值
Red-value		 黄值
Yellow-value		 叶绿素含量
Chlorophyll content
(mg kg-1)		 红值
Red-value		 黄值
Yellow-value
1 0.91 a 2.00 f 45.00 a 0.28 hi 3.00 ab 20.50 d 0.39 f 2.00 f 51.00 a
2 0.11 m 2.20 ef 32.00 c 0.07 k 2.00 c 20.60 d 0.12 j 2.25 cd 22.50 e
3 0.19 k 2.40 def 31.00 c 0.23 ij 2.30 bc 20.00 d 0.18 i 2.05 ef 20.00 vf
4 0.26 h 3.00 ab 31.00 c 0.54 c 3.00 ab 20.10 d 0.56 d 2.20 de 21.05 ef
5 0.32 f 2.80 bcd 32.00 c 0.82 a 3.05 a 20.00 d 0.27 g 2.05 ef 21.00 ef
6 0.44 d 2.90 bc 30.65c 0.38 fg 2.50 abc 25.00 cd 0.30 g 2.00 f 20.00 f
7 0.31 f 2.15 ef 31.00 c 0.87 a 2.50 abc 20.55 d 0.73 b 2.00 f 30.00 c
8 0.29 g 1.55 g 31.00 c 0.24 ij 2.00 c 20.00 d 0.22 h 2.50 ab 21.00 ef
9 0.22 j 2.90 bc 30.50 c 0.34 gh 2.65 abc 20.00 d 0.96 a 2.40 bc 39.50 b
10 0.16 l 2.50 cde 31.50 c 0.72 b 2.00 c 25.75 cd 0.64 c 2.00 f 20.00 f
11 0.23 i 3.00 ab 30.00 c 0.49 cd 2.00 c 30.00 c 0.21 hi 2.15 def 21.00 ef
12 0.34 e 3.40 a 31.50 c 0.41 efg 2.10 c 65.00 a 0.21 hi 2.50 ab 22.00 ef
13 0.48 c 3.00 ab 31.50 c 0.70 b 3.00 ab 21.00 d 0.29 g 2.60 a 22.50 e
14 0.21 j 2.15 ef 38.50 b 0.47 cde 3.00 ab 20.00 d 0.37 f 2.00 f 30.00 c
15 0.18 k 2.30 ef 31.00 c 0.27 hi 3.00 ab 20.00 d 0.72 b 2.00 f 30.00 c
16 0.21 j 3.20 ab 26.50 d 0.82 a 3.10 a 55.00 b 0.47 e 2.00 f 21.00 ef
17 0.62 b 2.45 cdef 32.00 c 0.45 def 2.00 c 31.00 c 0.40 f 2.05 ef 27.00 d
18 0.19 k 2.00 f 31.00 c 0.18 j 2.65 abc 20.00 d 0.36 f 2.10 def 31.00 c
平均Mean 0.32 2.55 32.09 0.46 2.55 26.36 0.41 2.16 26.14

Table 4

Oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid content and linoleic acid/linolenic acid (ω-6/ω-3) of rapeseed oils from 18 double-low oilseed rape cultivars at three experimental sites"

品种
Variety		 四川Sichuan 湖北Hubei 浙江Zhejiang
油酸
Oleic acid (%)		 亚油酸
Linoleic acid (%)		 亚麻酸Linolenic acid (%) ω-6/
ω-3		 油酸
Oleic acid (%)		 亚油酸Linoleic acid (%) 亚麻酸Linolenic acid (%) ω-6/
ω-3		 油酸
Oleic acid (%)		 亚油酸Linoleic acid (%) 亚麻酸Linolenic acid (%) ω-6/
ω-3
1 66.20 i 17.95 de 8.17 h 2.20 65.45 cd 18.79 h 8.91 g 2.11 67.35 b 17.79 g 7.52 j 2.37
2 66.47 g 17.62 efg 8.79 e 2.00 64.17 e 19.19 g 9.62 d 1.99 65.94 de 18.53 f 8.41 g 2.20
3 65.11 k 18.59 c 9.06 c 2.05 59.71 j 20.37 d 9.70 d 2.10 62.51 g 18.81 e 8.78 d 2.14
4 62.75 q 18.62 c 9.11 c 2.04 58.92 k 20.55 c 10.03 ab 2.05 61.60 h 19.39 cd 8.80 d 2.20
5 65.29 j 17.92 def 8.80 e 2.04 59.89 j 20.12 e 9.22 f 2.18 62.60 g 20.24 b 9.21 b 2.20
6 63.12 o 17.54 fgh 9.72 a 1.81 58.95 k 18.51 i 9.76 cd 1.90 57.20 j 19.48 c 10.31 a 1.89
7 63.02 p 20.51 a 9.28 b 2.21 61.51 h 22.23 a 8.79 gh 2.53 62.76 g 21.39 a 9.19 b 2.33
8 66.95 e 17.19 hi 8.67 f 1.98 64.25 e 18.39 i 9.80 cd 1.88 64.51 f 19.45 c 9.10 c 2.14
9 68.04 b 16.06 j 8.89 d 1.81 65.34 d 17.42 kl 10.19 a 1.71 65.51 e 16.51 k 7.88 h 2.10
10 63.40 n 17.36 gh 9.31 b 1.87 62.96 g 18.04 j 9.43 e 1.91 59.64 i 17.07 i 8.55 f 2.00
11 68.19 a 16.35 j 8.17 h 2.00 65.26 d 17.51 k 8.81 gh 1.99 68.88 a 16.39 k 7.68 i 2.13
12 64.24 m 19.14 b 8.75 e 2.19 66.79 a 17.29 l 8.18 i 2.11 64.59 f 19.22 d 8.68 e 2.21
13 66.69 f 16.88 i 8.72 ef 1.94 65.58 c 17.46 k 8.65 h 2.02 66.83 c 16.73 j 7.80 h 2.14
14 66.31 h 17.89 ef 8.64 f 2.07 63.28 f 19.36 f 9.13 f 2.12 67.40 bc 17.70 g 7.87 h 2.25
15 66.86 e 17.20 hi 8.31 g 2.07 66.59 a 18.03 j 7.75 j 2.33 67.15 bc 17.64 g 7.29 k 2.42
16 67.52 d 16.95 i 8.16 h 2.08 66.12 b 17.32 l 7.36 k 2.35 67.69 b 17.09 i 7.46 j 2.29
17 64.86 l 18.28 cd 9.06 c 2.02 60.99 i 20.70 b 9.90 bc 2.09 65.64 e 18.33 f 8.58 f 2.14
18 67.89 c 16.17 j 8.77 e 1.84 65.32 d 17.93 j 9.44 e 1.90 66.22 d 17.37 h 9.02 c 1.93
Mean 65.72 17.68 8.80 2.01 63.39 18.84 9.15 2.07 64.66 18.28 8.44 2.17

Table 5

Phytosterol and total polar phenols content of rapeseed oils from 18 double-low oilseed rape cultivars at three experimental sites"

品种Variety 四川Sichuan 湖北Hubei 浙江Zhejiang
植物甾醇 Phytosterol
(mg kg-1)		 极性总酚
Total polar phenols (mg 100 g-1)		 植物甾醇 Phytosterol
(mg kg-1)		 极性总酚
Total polar phenols (mg 100 g-1)		 植物甾醇 Phytosterol
(mg kg-1)		 极性总酚
Total polar phenols (mg 100 g-1)
1 8036.96 efgh 42.82 bcd 7591.93 bcd 32.09 abc 6563.61 bc 16.50 d
2 9103.83 cde 29.74 ef 8020.92 b 25.47 cde 7016.90 ab 18.85 c
3 8748.94 cdef 55.18 a 7904.90 b 16.50 f 6639.73 bc 5.91 j
4 6478.34 i 38.56 d 7212.61 cde 26.21 cde 6407.22 c 7.38 i
5 9411.13 bcd 32.09 ef 7984.45 b 25.76 cde 5097.88 e 9.15 gh
6 8474.94 defg 47.53 b 6755.99 ef 26.35 cde 6389.88 c 16.35 d
7 9794.04 abc 15.03 g 9221.90 a 16.35 f 7481.95 a 4.44 kl
8 7221.04 hi 39.44 d 6593.48 f 25.91 cde 5621.17 d 25.03 a
9 8982.32 cdef 42.97 bcd 6053.09 g 26.65 cde 6993.42 ab 20.76 b
10 7924.66 fgh 39.44 d 6083.19 g 25.03 de 6553.62 bc 3.85 lm
11 8712.27 cdef 41.50 cd 7567.98 bcd 33.56 ab 6763.85 bc 14.15 e
12 7491.09 ghi 46.79 bc 7674.35 bc 38.26 a 6390.08 c 10.03 fg
13 6614.81 i 27.09 f 7387.84 cd 16.94 f 6422.21 c 5.18 jk
14 10,427.21 ab 52.97 a 7615.63 bcd 22.09 ef 6545.87 bc 18.71 c
15 9323.49 cd 54.88 a 6400.53 fg 25.76 cde 3823.43 f 5.03 jk
16 10,539.78 a 33.56 e 4940.33 h 30.32 bcd 3877.18 f 8.71 h
17 8851.40 cdef 28.12 ef 7997.02 b 16.06 f 6722.22 bc 3.12 m
18 7295.79 hi 30.03 ef 7145.49 de 29.74 bcd 6419.56 c 10.76 f
Mean 8524.00 38.76 7230.65 25.50 6207.21 11.33

Table 6

Tocopherol content of rapeseed oils from 18 double-low oilseed rape cultivars at three experimental sites"

品种
Variety		 四川Sichuan 湖北Hubei 浙江Zhejiang
α-生育酚
α-tocopherol
(mg kg-1)		 γ-生育酚
γ-tocopherol
(mg kg-1)		 总生育酚
Total
tocopherol
(mg kg-1)		 α-生育酚
α-tocopherol
(mg kg-1)		 γ-生育酚
γ-tocopherol
(mg kg-1)		 总生育酚
Total
tocopherol
(mg kg-1)		 α-生育酚
α-tocopherol
(mg kg-1)		 γ-生育酚
γ-tocopherol
(mg kg-1)		 总生育酚
Total
tocopherol
(mg kg-1)
1 197.69 ij 377.36 de 575.05 ghi 164.02 m 354.71 g 518.73 k 206.79 fghi 361.08 h 567.87 g
2 184.96 j 375.18 de 560.14 hij 232.13 fg 401.23 d 633.36 fg 195.69 i 372.16 gh 567.85 g
3 218.27 ef 397.18 cd 615.45 ef 240.60 de 400.50 d 641.10 ef 219.00 def 430.42 de 649.42 cd
4 218.16 ef 422.10 b 640.27 de 221.67 hi 429.80 b 651.47 de 221.44 de 426.68 de 648.12 cd
5 231.89 de 415.11 bc 647.00 de 232.15 fg 425.47 b 657.61 d 274.81 b 447.20 c 722.01 b
6 227.20 def 414.86 bc 642.06 de 197.40 kl 477.07 a 674.47 c 228.93 d 486.47 b 715.39 b
7 285.93 a 396.66 cd 682.58 bc 250.36 bc 430.78 b 681.14 c 246.89 c 416.81 e 663.70 c
8 223.74 ef 413.52 bc 637.26 de 219.37 i 422.28 bc 641.66 ef 218.94 def 437.86 cd 656.80 cd
9 164.56 k 363.80 e 528.35 j 192.36 l 371.40 f 563.75 j 201.77 ghi 369.34 gh 571.11 g
10 216.04 fg 358.97 e 575.00 ghi 246.64 cd 412.42 c 659.06 d 254.12 c 381.53 fg 635.65 de
11 202.44 ghi 365.54 e 567.97 ghi 227.12 gh 386.69 e 613.81 h 209.55 efgh 391.70 f 601.25 f
12 214.39 fgh 378.89 de 593.27 fgh 278.64 a 474.53 a 753.17 a 288.62 a 484.82 b 773.44 a
13 239.57 cd 311.81 f 551.38 ij 204.56 j 348.62 g 553.18 j 251.15 c 317.43 i 568.58 g
14 264.68 b 426.24 b 690.92 b 226.63 gh 394.08 de 620.71 gh 196.64 hi 363.54 h 560.18 g
15 198.57 ij 361.45 e 560.02 hij 253.28 b 426.16 b 679.44 c 224.66 d 391.63 f 616.29 ef
16 246.81 c 492.88 a 739.69 a 236.81 ef 475.86 a 712.67 b 257.69 c 528.87 a 786.56 a
17 201.10 hi 397.19 cd 598.29 fg 202.35 jk 431.75 b 634.10 fg 206.36 fghi 451.64 c 658.00 cd
18 227.31 def 425.02 b 652.34 cd 203.85 jk 393.52 de 597.37 i 211.14 efg 432.72 d 643.86 cd
Mean 220.18 394.10 614.28 223.89 414.27 638.16 228.57 416.22 644.78

Fig. 3

Antioxidant capacity of rapeseed oils from 18 double-low oilseed rape cultivars at three experimental sites Least significant difference (LSD) method for multiple comparisons, different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Table 7

Quality difference of rapeseed oil in different varieties and locations"

品种/试点
Variety/location		 CHL
(mg kg-1)		 R Y OA
(%)		 LA
(%)		 LNA
(%)		 TPP
(mg kg-1)		 PS
(mg kg-1)		 Toc
(mg kg-1)		 DPPH
(μmol
100 g-1)		 FRAP
(μmol
100 g-1)
1 0.52 b 2.33 ef 38.83 a 66.36 c 18.17 g 8.20 h 30.47 ab 7397.50 ef 553.88 h 39.23 c 98.02 b
2 0.10 k 2.15 fg 25.03 ef 65.52 d 18.44 ef 8.94 e 24.69 cd 8047.22 bc 587.12 g 23.10 j 84.33 de
3 0.20 j 2.25 efg 23.67 f 62.45 h 19.26 c 9.18 c 25.86 c 7764.52 cde 635.32 de 44.04 a 84.30 de
4 0.45 e 2.73 ab 24.05 f 61.10 j 19.52 b 9.31 b 24.05 cd 6699.39 ij 646.62 d 24.66 i 85.14 d
5 0.47 de 2.63 abcd 24.33 f 62.61 g 19.43 b 9.08 d 22.33 d 7497.82 def 675.54 c 24.96 i 91.97 c
6 0.37 fg 2.47 bcde 25.22 ef 59.75 k 18.51 e 9.93 a 30.08 ab 7206.94 fgh 677.31 c 34.34 d 102.35 a
7 0.64 a 2.22 efg 27.18 de 62.42 h 21.38 a 9.09 d 11.94 f 8832.63 a 675.81 c 17.65 l 67.86 g
8 0.25 i 2.02 g 24.00 f 65.23 e 18.34 f 9.19 c 30.13 ab 6478.56 j 645.24 d 31.14 f 90.68 c
9 0.50 bc 2.65 abcd 30.00 c 66.31 c 16.66 j 8.99 e 30.13 ab 7342.94 efg 554.4 h 33.66 d 100.06 ab
10 0.51 bc 2.17 fg 25.75 ef 62.14 i 17.49 h 9.10 d 22.77 d 6853.82 hij 623.24 ef 28.39 g 92.06 c
11 0.31 h 2.38 def 27.00 de 67.44 a 16.75 j 8.22 h 29.74 ab 7681.37 cde 594.35 g 32.53 e 101.66 a
12 0.32 h 2.67 abc 39.50 a 65.21 e 18.55 e 8.54 f 31.70 a 7185.17 fgh 706.63 b 42.64 b 102.65 a
13 0.49 cd 2.87 a 25.00 ef 66.35 c 17.02 i 8.39 g 16.40 e 6808.29 hij 557.72 h 20.00 k 73.88 f
14 0.35 g 2.38 def 29.50 cd 65.55 d 18.31 f 8.55 f 31.25 ab 8196.24 b 623.94 ef 27.72 g 84.88 d
15 0.39 f 2.43 cdef 27.00 de 66.89 b 17.62 h 7.78 i 28.56 b 6515.82 j 618.59 f 24.86 i 91.79 c
16 0.50 bc 2.77 a 34.17 b 67.01 b 17.12 i 7.66 j 24.20 cd 6452.43 j 746.31 a 24.33 i 93.43 c
17 0.49 cd 2.17 fg 30.00 c 63.83 f 19.10 d 9.18 c 15.76 e 7856.88 bcd 630.13 ef 13.50 m 69.55 g
18 0.25 i 2.25 efg 27.33 de 66.46 c 17.16 i 9.07 d 23.51 cd 6953.61 ghi 631.19 ef 26.53 h 81.48 e
四川Sichuan 0.32 c 2.55 a 32.09 a 65.72 a 17.68 c 8.80 b 38.76 a 8524.00 a 614.28 c 48.50 a 121.11 a
湖北Hubei 0.46 a 2.55 a 26.36 b 63.39 c 18.84 a 9.15 a 25.50 b 7230.65 b 638.16 b 16.65 c 98.53 b
浙江Zhejiang 0.41 b 2.16 b 26.14 b 64.66 b 18.28 b 8.45 c 11.33 c 6207.21 c 644.78 a 20.40 b 46.38 c

Fig. 4

Principal component analysis of oil content and oil extraction efficiency of rapeseed, and physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity, and functional ingredients of rapeseed oilAbbreviations are the same as those given in Table 2."

Fig. 5

Correlation between the main climatic factors of three experimental sites, oil content and oil extraction efficiency of rapeseed, and antioxidant capacity and functional ingredients of rapeseed oil DMT: day mean temperature; RF: rainfall; SR: solar radiation, other abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 2. *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01."

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