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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (6): 1643-1653.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41083

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of straw mulching on soil water temperature effect and winter wheat yield in different rainfall years in Dryland Loess Plateau

ZHAO Gang1,2(), ZHANG Jian-Jun1,2, DANG Yi1,2, FAN Ting-Lu2,3, WANG Lei1,2, ZHOU Gang1,2, WANG Shu-Ying1,2, LI Xing-Mao1,2, NI Sheng-Li1,2, MI Wen-Bo1,2, ZHOU Xu-Jiao1,2, CHENG Wan-Li2,3, LI Shang-Zhong1,2,*()   

  1. 1Institute of Dryland, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Water in Dry Farming of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
    2Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / the Joint Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs-Gansu Province for Crop Drought Resistance, Yield Increment and Rainwater Efficient Utilization on Rain-fed Area, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
    3Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2024-11-25 Accepted:2025-03-26 Online:2025-06-12 Published:2025-04-07
  • Contact: *E-mail: lisz7751@163.com
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program(2023YFD190050503);Key R & D Program of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2021GAAS14)

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Abstract:

To elucidate the mechanisms by which straw mulching influences soil moisture, temperature, and winter wheat yield under varying rainfall conditions in the Loess Plateau, we conducted a seven-year field study examining the effects of different straw mulch amounts on soil moisture dynamics, temperature variation, water consumption, and wheat yield. The results demonstrated that straw mulching significantly increased soil temperature during the overwintering period, though the warming effect diminished as mulch amounts increased. In dry and normal rainfall years, the 1500 kg hm-2 treatment exhibited a warming effect during the greening stage, whereas in wet years, it had a cooling effect. Across all rainfall conditions, higher mulch amounts intensified cooling effects. Straw mulching consistently enhanced soil water storage in the 0-2 m soil layer throughout the wheat growth period, with greater mulch amounts leading to increased water retention. In dry and normal years, water consumption decreased with increasing mulch amounts, whereas in wet years, the trend was reversed. During the greening-grain filling stage of dry years, the 1500 kg hm-2 treatment increased soil water storage by 11.8 mm compared to bare land. Across all rainfall conditions, total water consumption over the entire growth period exceeded that of bare land by 6.9-14.8 mm, with the greening-jointing and grain filling-maturity stages showing the most pronounced increases. In terms of yield and water use efficiency (WUE), the 1500 kg hm-2 treatment increased yield and WUE by 17.6% and 14.8%, respectively, compared to bare land, primarily due to an increase in ear number. In contrast, the 3000 kg hm-2 treatment resulted in yield and WUE levels comparable to bare land, while further increases in mulch amounts led to declines in both yield and WUE. Under the 1500 kg hm-2 mulch condition, soil temperature during the greening stage in dry and normal rainfall years was effectively increased, supporting high yield and WUE. However, 3000 kg hm-2 was identified as a critical threshold; although excessive mulching significantly enhanced soil water retention, it also caused excessive cooling, ultimately leading to reduced yield and WUE.

Key words: dryland of Loess Plateau, winter wheat, straw mulch amount, effect of water and temperature, yield, WUE

Table 1

Rainfall distribution during the growth stages of winter wheat (mm)"

年份
Year		 1月Jan. 2月Feb. 3月Mar. 4月Apr. 5月May 6月Jun. 7月Jul. 8月Aug. 9月Sep. 10月Otc. 11月Nov. 12月Dec. 生产年
降水
Rainfall in production year		 休闲期降水量占生产年百分比
Percentage of precipitation in fallow period to production year (%)
2012 — — — — — — 119.0 117.3 25.7 7.2 0.4 0 — —
2013 0 5.2 0.0 28.3 65.4 68.0 250.3 56.6 79.3 30.8 12.3 0 436.6 60.0
2014 0 19.3 18.1 98.6 21.7 64.1 14.8 81.9 142.4 16.1 5.4 1.1 651.1 59.3
2015 3.3 2.6 30.6 94.1 34.4 79.8 45.1 72.0 65.3 39.8 55.1 0 506.5 47.2
2016 0 0 13.6 31.0 44.8 75.5 105.2 48.0 28.8 46.7 0 9.6 442.2 41.2
2017 0 14.2 51.7 19.5 62.1 102.0 63.6 211.3 110.2 13.0 0 11.0 487.8 37.3
2018 15.0 8.0 15.5 49.7 80.2 80.6 253.9 56.8 46.3 14.1 9.1 0 658.1 58.5
2019 0 15.6 8.1 42.0 67.2 58.1 — — — — — — 571.2 62.5

Fig. 1

Changes in dry matter accumulation of winter wheat at different growth stages under different treatments JS: jointing stage; AS: anthesis stage; FE: filling stage; MS: maturity stage. T1: straw mulching 1500 kg hm-2; T2: straw mulching 3000 kg hm-2; T3: straw mulching 4500 kg hm-2; CK: no-mulching. Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) between treatments for the same parameter."

Fig. 2

Changes of 0-25 cm soil temperature in different growth stages of winter wheat under different treatments in different rainy years Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1."

Table 2

Changes of soil water storage in different growth stages of winter wheat in different years (mm)"

生育期
Growth stage		 干旱年Dry years 平水年Normal years 丰水年Wet years
CK T1 T2 T3 CK T1 T2 T3 CK T1 T2 T3
播种期
Sowing stage		 354.6 a 354.6 a 354.6 a 354.6 a 440.1 a 440.1 a 440.1 a 440.1 a 460.2 a 460.2 a 460.2 a 460.2 a
返青期
Regeneration stage		 390.6 ab 410.6 a 381.2 b 383.4 b 405.1 b 418.6 b 430.1 ab 442.7 a 426.8 b 430.4 ab 441.3 a 454.9 a
拔节期
Jointing stage		 360.5 b 372.6 ab 371.5 ab 388.1 a 362.0 b 363.2 b 379.0 ab 393.0 a 378.2 ab 364.1 b 383.4 a 390.3 a
灌浆期
Filling stage		 297.1 b 305.2 ab 322.2 a 318.9 a 337.8 b 351.1 a 352.2 a 357.0 a 347.5 b 339.0 b 374.5 a 380.5 a
收获期
Harvesting stage		 305.0 b 295.1 b 319.3 a 327.6 a 323.9 a 329.5 a 336.5 a 348.3 a 390.5 a 374.5 a 356.4 b 348.7 b

Table 3

Changes of field evapotranspiration in different growth stages of winter wheat in different years (mm)"

生育阶段
Growing stage		 干旱年Dry years 平水年Normal years 丰水年Wet years
CK T1 T2 T3 CK T1 T2 T3 CK T1 T2 T3
播种-返青期
Sowing-regeneration stage		 84.7 b 64.7 c 94.1 a 91.8 a 130.3 a 128.9 a 113.9 b 106.7 c 200.7 a 198.1 a 202.0 a 202.0 a
返青-拔节期
Regeneration-jointing stage		 65.2 b 73.0 a 44.8 c 30.4 d 48.6 b 54.7 a 55.6 a 59.7 a 84.7 c 102.2 a 95.8 ab 93.9 b
拔节-灌浆期
Jointing-filling stage		 122.8 a 126.8 a 108.7 b 128.6 a 39.4 a 29.2 b 42.9 a 41.0 a 76.3 a 77.2 a 75.1 a 78.3 a
灌浆-收获期
Filling-harvesting stage		 46.0 c 64.1 a 56.8 b 45.3 c 79.6 b 91.9 a 83.0 b 86.4 ab 81.4 c 80.3 c 105.6 b 117.4 a

Fig. 3

Effects of different treatments across years on soil water consumption and its proportion in the total water consumption during the growth period of winter wheat SWC: soil water consumption; AWC: all water consumption. Different letters indicate significant differences among treatments for the same parameter (P < 0.05). Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1."

Table 4

Effects of different years and straw mulching on three factors of winter wheat yield"

处理
Treatment		 干旱年Dry years 平水年Normal years 丰水年Wet years
穗数
Spike number
(×104 plants hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grains per spike		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 穗数
Spike number
(×104 plants hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grains per spike		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 穗数
Spike number
(×104 plants hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grains per spike		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)
CK 24.4 c 26.3 ab 51.1 a 24.5 b 25.3 b 40.6 a 27.2 b 33.7 a 43.0 a
T1 28.9 a 27.4 a 49.9 a 27.8 a 30.5 a 40.7 a 31.5 a 33.6 a 41.9 a
T2 27.6 a 27.7 a 49.1 a 27.3 a 26.5 b 40.8 a 29.0 a 31.0 ab 42.1 a
T3 26.7 ab 25.4 b 49.9 a 23.0 b 27.1 ab 41.0 a 26.5 b 29.7 b 44.1 a

Table 5

Changes of winter wheat yield (kg hm-2) and WUE (kg hm-2 mm-1) in different years and F-value"

处理
Treatment		 干旱年Dry years 平水年Normal years 丰水年Wet years
2012-2013 2015-2016 2014-2015 2016-2017 2013-2014 2017-2018 2018-2019
产量
Yield		 WUE 产量
Yield		 WUE 产量
Yield		 WUE 产量
Yield		 WUE 产量
Yield		 WUE 产量
Yield		 WUE 产量
Yield		 WUE
CK 3013.5 c 10.6 c 3307.0 ab 10.4 b 2521.5 b 5.7 b 2229.6 b 6.3 b 6849.0 b 13.0 a 3671.4 a 8.2 a 2010.9 b 6.9 b
T1 4191.2 a 14.3 a 3504.5 a 10.7 ab 3421.5 a 8.1 a 2887.9 a 8.2 a 7343.8 a 13.4 a 3805.2 a 8.1 a 2598.8 a 8.0 a
T2 3504.5 b 12.3 b 3454.7 b 11.3 a 1994.6 c 4.7 c 2922.6 a 9.0 a 6630.9 b 11.9 b 3227.3 b 7.1 b 2049.0 b 5.3 c
T3 3193.8 c 10.9 c 3185.0 b 10.8 ab 1728.1 d 4.3 c 2741.7 a 8.8 a 5994.5 c 10.7 c 2688.2 c 6.4 b 2118.9 b 5.2 c
方差分析ANOVA 产量Yield 处理Treatment (T) 84.2619***
年份Year (Y) 8.5567***
C×Y 10.7580***
水分利用效率WUE 处理Treatment (T) 26.9470***
年份Year (Y) 4.4635**
C×Y 13.7553***
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