密度和株行距配置对川中丘区夏玉米群体光分布及雌雄穗分化的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2020.93034

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to facilitate mechanical production, the corn production in parts of central Sichuan has gradually changed from the intercropping spring planting to the net summer planting. In order to clarify the population structure of the net summer maize for high yield and suitable for mechanization in the region, the effects of density and row spacing on population light distribution and male and female spike differentiation of summer maize were studied with two-factor splitting test design. With the increase of planting density, the maize effective panicle increased, with a gradually decreased increase range, and finally decreased due to the increase of empty stalk and lodging. With the density increased, the angle between stem and leaf and the opening angle decreased, the leaf orientation value increased, the group transmittance decreased significantly, the extinction coefficient increased, and the spike length and middle diameter of the male and female spikes at the panicle differentiation and floret differentiation stages, the tassel spindle length and pairs spikelet number at the silking stage, as well as the total small flower number, the silking floret number, the fertilized floret number and the fertilization rate per plant decreased, while the degraded floret number, the abortive flower number and the abortion rate increased, which eventually led maize bald ear tip become longer, the grain number per panicle and 100-grain weight decreased significantly. With the increase of planting density, the yield increased first and then decreased, with the highest yield under 67,500 plants hm ^-2. For the average yield of two years, the treatment of 67,500 plants hm ^-2 had a significant increase of 17.00% and 14.03% compared with the treatments of 45,000 and 90,000 plants hm ^-2, respectively. In addition, under the density of 45,000 and 67,500 plants hm ^-2 for two years, the equal row spacing was better than the corresponding wide and narrow rows, and the maize plant type was compact in 60 cm row spacing treatment, which improved group light conditions and fertilization rate per plant, reduced small flower abortion rate, and increased maize yield. Under the density of 90,000 plants hm ^-2 in 2018, (110+50) cm wide and narrow treatment improved the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the field, promoted the differentiation of female and male ears, and increased the maize yield. Therefore, the high-yield cultivation of summer maize in the central Sichuan area should be performed by properly reducing row spacing and increasing plant density, which are suggested as (60+60) cm and 67,500 plants hm ^-2 respectively.

Key words: density, row spacing, maize, leaf type, photosynthetically active radiation, male and female spike, yield composition

JIN Rong,LI Zhong,YANG Yun,ZHOU Fang,DU Lun-Jing,LI Xiao-Long,KONG Fan-Lei,YUAN Ji-Chao. Effects of density and row spacing on population light distribution and male and female spike differentiation of summer maize in hilly area of central Sichuan[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2020, 46(4): 614-630.

Figures/Tables 11

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Table 1

Extinction coefficient equation [(ln(I/I0) = kh+a)] of corn population under different densities and configurations"

年份 Year	密度 Density	行距 Row spacing	消光系数方程 Logarithmic function	R²
2017	A1	B1-等 B1-equal	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0090h +2.5523	0.9696^**
		B2-宽 B2-wide	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0047h +3.5541	0.9531^**
		B2-窄 B2-narrow	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0106h +2.0671	0.9791^**
		B3-等 B3-equal	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0059h +3.2565	0.9735^**
		B4-宽 B4-wide	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0041h +3.7290	0.9239^**
		B4-窄 B4-narrow	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0102h +2.2405	0.9767^**
		B5-等 B5-equal	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0046h +3.6143	0.9384^**
	A2	B1-等 B1-equal	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0103h +2.1728	0.9674^**
		B2-宽 B2-wide	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0073h +2.8467	0.9763^**
		B2-窄 B2-narrow	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0122h +1.6108	0.9926^**
		B3-等 B3-equal	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0076h +2.7509	0.9598^**
		B4-宽 B4-wide	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0056h +3.3087	0.9575^**
		B4-窄 B4-narrow	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0112h +1.9446	0.9674^**
		B5-等 B5-equal	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0061h +3.1839	0.9775^**
2018	A1	B1-等 B1-equal	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0077h +2.6975	0.9640^**
		B2-宽 B2-wide	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0061h +3.0639	0.9576^**
		B2-窄 B2-narrow	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0088h +2.2892	0.9760^**
		B3-等 B3-equal	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0071h +2.8679	0.9554^**
		B4-宽 B4-wide	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0056h +3.3071	0.9567^**
		B4-窄 B4-narrow	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0083h +2.5240	0.9855^**
	A2	B1-等 B1-equal	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0087h +2.2735	0.9735^**
		B2-宽 B2-wide	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0078h +2.5173	0.9739^**
		B2-窄 B2-narrow	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0091h+2.1131	0.9645^**
		B3-等 B3-equal	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0079h +2.5433	0.9878^**
		B4-宽 B4-wide	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0077h +2.8264	0.9424^**
		B4-窄 B4-narrow	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0088h +2.2422	0.9789^**
	A3	B1-等 B1-equal	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0108h +1.7759	0.9797^**
		B2-宽 B2-wide	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0102h +1.9959	0.9763^**
		B2-窄 B2-narrow	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0116h +1.4354	0.9661^**
		B3-等 B3-equal	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0104h +1.9499	0.9817^**
		B4-宽 B4-wide	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0100h +2.2203	0.9614^**
		B4-窄 B4-narrow	ln(I/I₀) = 0.0110h +1.6780	0.9755^**

Table 1

Table 2

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Table 3

Table 4

Effects of density and row spacing on ear characteristics of maize"

年份 Year	密度 Density	行距 Row spacing	分化的小花总数 No. of total florets	吐丝小花数 No. of silked florets	正常受精小花数No. of fertilized florets	退化小花数No. of degenerated florets	败育花数 No. of abortive florets	花败育率 Abortion rate of floret (%)	单株果穗受精率Fertilization rate per plant (%)
2017	A1	B1	925.67 a	877.00 a	809.00 a	48.67 b	116.67 b	12.60 b	92.24 a
		B2	900.33 b	839.00 b	767.67 b	61.33 b	132.67 b	14.73 b	91.54 ab
		B3	929.00 a	875.00 a	805.67 a	54.00 b	123.33 b	13.26 b	92.08 a
		B4	927.00 a	873.00 a	795.00 a	54.00 b	132.00 b	14.24 b	91.08 ab
		B5	930.00 a	825.67 b	745.00 c	104.33 a	185.00 a	19.89 a	90.26 b
		平均值Average	922.40 A	857.93 A	784.47 A	64.47 A	137.93 A	14.94 A	91.44 A
	A2	B1	898.00 b	832.67 ab	762.33 a	65.33 b	135.67 c	15.11 c	91.56 a
		B2	881.33 c	811.67 b	741.33 a	69.67 b	140.00 c	15.88 c	91.31 a
		B3	904.00 ab	837.00 a	761.00 a	67.00 b	143.00 c	15.81 c	90.92 a
		B4	901.33 ab	822.00 ab	714.00 b	79.33 b	187.33 b	20.82 b	86.84 b
		B5	918.67 a	789.00 c	673.33 c	129.67 a	245.33 a	26.67 a	85.39 b
		平均值Average	900.67 A	818.47 A	730.40 A	82.20 A	170.27 A	18.86 A	89.20 A
	F值F-value	密度Density(D)	15.64	45.19^*	21.88^*	54.30^*	60.49^*	91.34^*	1.11
		行距 Row spacing (R)	6.65^**	13.68^**	21.52^**	17.77^**	19.54^**	18.18^**	13.12^**
		密度×行距(D×R)	0.47	0.60	2.75	0.41	2.10	2.08	4.62^*
2018	A1	B1	910.83 a	849.17 b	776.67 a	61.67 a	134.17 c	14.73 c	91.52 a
		B2	878.50 c	842.67 b	748.00 b	35.83 c	130.50 c	14.84 c	88.85 b
		B3	919.17 a	883.00 a	745.67 b	36.17 c	173.50 a	18.83 a	84.42 c
		B4	893.00 b	837.50 b	739.00 b	55.50 b	154.00 b	17.19 b	88.31 b
		平均值Average	900.38 A	853.08 A	752.33 A	47.29 B	148.04 B	16.40 C	88.28 A
	A2	B1	857.83 b	825.83 ab	715.33 a	32.00 c	142.50 c	16.61 c	86.69 a
		B2	855.67 b	804.33 b	687.33 b	51.33 b	168.33 b	19.67 b	85.47 a
		B3	901.17 a	844.00 a	702.17 ab	57.17 a	199.00 a	21.97 a	83.20 b
		B4	874.83 b	816.50 b	670.17 c	58.33 a	204.67 a	23.40 a	82.29 b
		平均值Average	872.38 B	822.67 B	693.75 B	49.71 AB	178.63 A	20.41 B	84.41 B
	A3	B1	845.33 a	783.50 a	650.33 a	61.83 a	195.00 a	23.01 a	82.97 a
		B2	807.50 b	749.00 b	617.33 b	58.50 a	190.17 a	23.47 a	82.40 a
		B3	855.33 a	794.83 a	659.17 a	60.50 a	196.17 a	22.93 a	82.95 a
		B4	862.67 a	801.33 a	667.33 a	61.33 a	195.33 a	22.62 a	83.28 a
		平均值Average	842.71 C	782.17 C	648.54 C	60.54 A	194.17 A	23.01 A	82.90 B
	F值F-value	密度 Density(D)	67.38^**	75.72^**	190.38^**	14.84^*	39.14^**	156.19^**	49.98^**
		行距 Row spacing(R)	15.87^**	9.31^**	9.41^**	12.28^**	17.30^**	20.11^**	10.30^**
		密度×行距(D×R)	2.63	1.92	5.95^**	32.37^**	5.47^**	9.30^**	4.65^**

Table 4

Table 5

Effects of density and row spacing on maize yield and its composition"

年份Year	密度Density	行距 Row spacing	穗长 Ear length (cm)	秃尖 Bald length (cm)	穗粗 Ear diameter (cm)	空秆率Empty rate (%)	倒伏率Lodging rate (%)	行粒数 No. of kernels per line	穗粒数 No. of kernels per ear	百粒重 100-grain weight (g)	有效穗数 Effective number of spikes	产量 Yield (kg hm^-2)
2017	A1	B1	18.12 a	0.97 b	4.86 a	0.33 a	3.72 a	43.06 a	706.52 a	26.47 a	45833.34 a	7080.28 a
		B2	17.63 ab	1.23 ab	4.54 c	0.00 a	7.78 a	41.17 b	647.75 b	26.80 a	45061.73 a	6968.19 a
		B3	17.97 a	1.20 ab	4.69 b	0.00 a	3.96 a	41.94 ab	698.76 a	26.47 a	43865.74 a	6889.22 ab
		B4	17.50 b	1.03 b	4.54 c	0.00 a	4.32 a	41.84 ab	692.21 a	26.16 a	42939.82 ab	6542.59 bc
		B5	18.02 a	1.65 a	4.63 b	0.00 a	2.95 a	41.90 ab	688.73 a	26.28 a	40277.78 b	6494.62 c
		平均值Average	17.85 A	1.22 A	4.65 A	0.07 A	4.55 B	41.98 A	686.80 A	26.44 A	43595.68 B	6794.98 A
	A2	B1	16.62 ab	1.23 b	4.51 a	0.07 b	5.96 b	40.41 a	651.69 a	23.35 a	66203.70 a	8617.63 a
		B2	16.75 a	1.58 ab	4.41 b	0.68 a	13.06 a	39.07 ab	642.70 a	21.95 b	67746.92 a	8425.19 a
		B3	16.80 a	1.48 ab	4.51 a	0.90 a	7.73 b	39.35 ab	650.86 a	23.10 a	62384.26 b	8190.65 a
		B4	16.20 b	1.52 ab	4.40 b	0.60 a	13.02 a	38.27 b	621.90 a	23.73 a	60648.15 b	7639.54 b
		B5	17.02 a	1.75 a	4.46 ab	0.00 b	6.46 b	39.14 ab	645.86 a	23.03 a	56388.89 c	7390.68 b
		平均值 Average	16.68 A	1.51 A	4.46 A	0.45 A	9.25 A	39.25 A	642.60 B	23.03 A	62674.38 A	8052.74 A
	F值	密度Density (D)	26.18^*	34.59^*	16.88	4.47	108.54^**	25.25^*	169.86^**	78.01^*	202.51^**	49.04^*
	F-value	行距 Row spacing (R)	3.41^*	2.89	15.64^**	1.34	3.68^*	2.55	2.16	0.92	12.45^**	9.57^**
		密度×行距 D×R	0.76	0.29	3.92^*	2.80	0.89	0.39	1.68	3.43^*	1.82	1.08
2018	A1	B1	17.59 b	1.89 a	5.07 b	3.11 a	3.15 a	37.39 ab	640.73 a	29.95 a	46969.70 a	7475.55 a
		B2	18.04 a	2.01 a	5.13 a	3.59 a	3.94 a	36.60 c	623.44 b	29.49 a	45286.20 a	7128.53 b
		B3	18.01 a	1.91 a	5.07 b	2.43 a	1.64 a	37.99 a	647.04 a	29.66 a	44570.71 a	7185.98 b
		B4	17.98 a	2.11 a	5.07 b	1.86 a	1.87 a	36.93 bc	627.82 b	29.92 a	45959.60 a	7046.00 b
		平均值 Average	17.90 A	1.98 A	5.08 A	2.75 A	2.65 A	37.23 A	634.76 A	29.75 A	45696.55 A	7209.02 B
	A2	B1	16.81 ab	2.11 ab	4.96 a	2.28 a	6.90 a	32.96 a	561.20 a	29.59 a	63973.06 a	8783.38 a
		B2	17.00 a	2.35 a	4.96 a	3.91 a	8.38 a	31.45 b	531.64 b	29.04 a	61952.86 a	8351.56 b
		B3	16.62 b	1.90 bd	5.00 a	1.66 a	11.92 a	32.87 a	559.99 a	29.41 a	57449.49 b	7994.91 c
		B4	16.71 b	2.10 bc	4.98 a	3.39 a	14.41 a	32.66 a	557.33 a	29.11 a	60732.32 a	8200.29 b
		平均值 Average	16.79 AB	2.12 A	4.97 AB	2.81 A	10.40 A	32.49 B	552.54 B	29.28 AB	61026.94 A	8332.54 A
	A3	B1	15.73 ab	2.36 a	4.85 ab	18.03 a	37.59 a	26.67 b	451.65 bc	28.36 a	63131.31 b	7090.71 b
		B2	15.56 b	2.43 a	4.83 b	18.34 a	43.88 a	26.65 b	449.94 c	28.81 a	64141.41 ab	6888.06 b
		B3	15.80 ab	2.08 b	4.87 ab	14.01 a	33.94 ab	27.57 b	468.68 b	28.94 a	63510.10 b	7094.03 b
		B4	16.03 a	2.28 ab	4.89 a	7.07 b	26.16 b	28.97 a	492.50 a	28.99 a	68308.08 a	7665.79 a
		平均值 Average	15.78 B	2.29 A	4.86 B	14.36 A	35.39 A	27.46 C	465.69 C	28.78 B	64772.73 A	7184.65 B
	F值	密度Density (D)	21.30^**	8.80^*	16.49^*	4.71	8.30^*	47.18^**	48.49^**	11.02^*	7.78^*	61.72^**
	F-value	行距 Row spacing (R)	2.09	4.35^*	0.67	2.41	0.53	5.93^**	9.47^**	0.46	2.55	7.28^**
		密度×行距 D×R	4.31^**	0.96	1.64	1.71	1.39	2.70^*	4.08^**	1.02	1.72	7.59^**

Table 5

Table 6

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时期 Stage	密度 Density	株行距配置 Row spacing	雌穗Ear		雄穗Tassel
时期 Stage	密度 Density	株行距配置 Row spacing	长度 Length (mm)	中部直径 Middle part diameter (mm)	长度 Length (mm)	中部直径 Middle part diameter (mm)
小穗分化期 Spikelet differentiation period	A1	B1	6.59	1.66	5.73	1.43
		B2	5.61	1.55	5.68	1.06
		B3	6.26	1.75	5.46	1.32
		B4	5.32	1.98	4.84	0.96
		B5	5.66	1.41	4.56	1.05
		平均值Average	5.89	1.67	5.25	1.16
	A2	B1	5.41	1.69	4.93	1.18
		B2	5.11	1.46	4.85	1.06
		B3	5.00	1.59	3.46	0.96
		B4	4.56	1.57	3.32	0.97
		B5	4.21	1.57	3.13	0.93
		平均值Average	4.86	1.58	3.94	1.02
小花分化期 Floret differentiation period	A1	B1	24.63	4.11	22.58	4.36
		B2	21.08	4.13	21.88	3.72
		B3	22.20	4.26	20.32	3.98
		B4	19.95	4.30	20.39	3.98
		B5	20.01	4.03	20.46	3.49
		平均值Average	21.57	4.17	21.13	3.91
	A2	B1	18.28	3.83	21.37	3.95
		B2	17.74	4.13	17.69	3.15
		B3	14.49	4.11	17.93	3.49
		B4	14.43	4.08	17.18	3.02
		B5	13.44	3.89	17.12	3.09
		平均值Average	15.68	4.01	18.26	3.34

年份 Year	密度 Density	株行距配置 Row spacing	主轴长度 Spindle length (cm)	分枝数 Branch number	成对小穗数 Spikelet number
2017	A1	B1	46.55 a	8.50 a	364.13 a
		B2	46.25 a	8.25 a	348.00 ab
		B3	45.90 a	8.75 a	344.00 b
		B4	45.45 ab	8.25 a	342.50 b
		B5	44.63 b	8.50 a	336.25 b
		平均值Average	45.76 A	8.45 A	346.98 A
	A2	B1	44.75 a	8.50 a	352.50 a
		B2	43.45 ab	8.00 a	350.75 a
		B3	43.18 b	8.50 a	341.75 a
		B4	42.00 b	8.25 a	337.50 a
		B5	42.00 b	8.00 a	335.00 a
		平均值Average	43.08 A	8.25 A	343.50 A
	F值	密度 Density (D)	18.55^*	3.00	2.71
	F-value	行距Row spacing (R)	5.16^**	0.38	3.02^*
		密度×行距D×R	0.52	0.10	0.27
2018	A1	B1	59.00 a	9.40 a	355.00 a
		B2	58.60 a	8.80 a	326.40 ab
		B3	57.30 ab	9.80 a	343.60 a
		B4	56.00 b	9.40 a	319.40 b
		平均值Average	57.73 A	9.35 A	336.10 A
	A2	B1	56.70 ab	9.20 a	315.20 a
		B2	58.50 a	8.80 a	314.60 a
		B3	55.30 bc	9.20 a	312.60 a
		B4	54.50 c	9.20 a	301.20 a
		平均值Average	56.25 B	9.10 A	310.90 B
	A3	B1	55.90 a	8.80 a	282.80 a
		B2	55.50 a	8.60 a	270.80 a
		B3	52.80 b	9.00 a	289.00 a
		B4	55.80 a	9.20 a	289.00 a
		平均值Average	55.00 B	8.90 A	282.90 C
	F值	密度 Density (D)	21.09^**	0.34	29.29^**
	F-value	行距Row spacing (R)	8.08^**	0.82	0.87
		密度×行距 D×R	2.42^*	0.11	0.55

指标 Index			穗长 Ear length	秃尖长 Bald length	穗粗 Ear diameter	行粒数 No. of kernels per line	穗粒数 No. of kernels per ear	百粒重 100-grain weight	穗位层透光率 Light transmittance of ear position layer	消光系数 Extinction coefficient
小穗分化期Spikelet differentiation	雌穗特性 Ear characteristics	长Length	0.78^**	-0.72^*	0.89^**	0.88^**	0.80^**	0.72^*	0.16	0
	雌穗特性 Ear characteristics	中部直径Central diameter	0.15	0.22	-0.73^*	0.37	0.43	0.32	0.02	0.07
	雄穗特性 Tassel characteristics	长Length	0.66^*	-0.73^*	0.64^*	0.78^**	0.60	0.64^*	0.03	0.18
	雄穗特性 Tassel characteristics	中部直径Central diameter	0.56	-0.62^*	0.83^**	0.67^*	0.63^*	0.44	-0.11	0.22
小花分化期Floret differentiation	雌穗特性 Ear characteristics	长Length	0.82^**	-0.75^**	0.83^**	0.92^**	0.79^**	0.79^**	0.24	-0.01
	雌穗特性 Ear characteristics	中部直径Central diameter	0.40	-0.46	0.26	0.37	0.44	0.49	0.26	-0.21
	雄穗特性 Tassel characteristics	长Length	0.69^*	-0.77^**	0.74^**	0.87^**	0.65^*	0.76^**	0.17	0.08
	雄穗特性 Tassel characteristics	中部直径Central diameter	0.65^*	-0.90^**	0.81^**	0.87^**	0.78^**	0.67^*	0.05	0.12
吐丝期 Silking stage	雌穗特性 Ear characteristics	总小花数No. of total florets/ear	0.73^**	-0.77^**	-0.30	0.89^**	0.91^**	-0.37	0.83^**	-0.75^**
		吐丝小花数No. of silked florets	0.79^**	-0.66^**	0.10	0.72^**	0.77^**	0.02	0.53^**	-0.53^*
		受精小花数No. of fertilization florets	0.79^**	-0.82^**	-0.18	0.88^**	0.89^**	-0.27	0.59^**	-0.50^*
		小花败育率Rate of floret barrenness	-0.64^**	0.65^**	0.06	-0.66^**	-0.67^**	0.13	-0.28	0.22
		单株果穗受精率Fertilization rate per ear	0.64^**	-0.80^**	-0.41	0.85^**	0.84^**	-0.48^*	0.52^*	-0.39
	雄穗特性 Tassel characteristics	成对小穗数Spikelet number	0.71^**	-0.82^**	-0.38	0.94^**	0.93^**	-0.51^*	0.58^**	-0.51^*

Effects of density and row spacing on population light distribution and male and female spike differentiation of summer maize in hilly area of central Sichuan

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