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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (3): 507-519.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.03024

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Response of grain filling and dehydration characteristics of kernels located in different ear positions in the different maturity maize hybrids to plant density

ZHU Ya-Li1, WANG Chen-Guang2, YANG Mei1, ZHENG Xue-Hui1, ZHAO Cheng-Feng1, ZHANG Ren-He1,*()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
    2Shaanxi Agronomy and Technology Extension Station, Xi’an 710003, Shaanxi, China
  • Received:2020-05-06 Accepted:2020-10-14 Online:2021-03-12 Published:2020-10-28
  • Contact: ZHANG Ren-He E-mail:zhangrenhe1975@163.com
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0300304);Shaanxi Key Research and Development Program(2017ZDCXL-NY-02-02);Shaanxi Technology Innovation and Guide Project(2019TG-002)

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Abstract:

Exploring the regulation effect of planting density on grain filling and dehydration characteristics of kernels located in different ear positions in different maturity maize hybrids could provide theoretical and technical reference for high yield production for the mechanized grain harvest of spring maize in northern Shaanxi irrigation area. A field experiment was conducted using the medium maturity maize hybrid Xianyu 335 and the late maturity maize hybrid Dongdan 60 with four plant densities of 45,000 (D1), 60,000 (D2), 75,000 (D3), and 90,000 (D4) plants hm-2 from 2018 to 2019. Their grain filling and dehydration characteristics at different grain positions and their correlation with climatic factors were analyzed. The results showed that increasing density could significantly increase the grain yield with different maturity maize hybrids with both hybrids reaching the highest yield under D4 treatment in 2018; Xianyu 335 and Dongdan 60 reached the highest yield under D4 and D3 treatments in 2019, respectively, and the 2-year average highest yields were 18,739 kg hm-2 and 17,111 kg hm-2, which were 32.2% and 27.7% higher than those under D1 treatment. With the increase of plant density the grain filling rate and the grain weight decreased, and the dehydration rate accelerated of different grain positions. Under D4 plant density, the average grain filling rate of the lower and upper grains of Xianyu 335 was 0.08 g d-1 and 0.04 g d-1 higher than that of Dongdan 60, and the grain weight was 3.6 g and 1.6 g higher than that of Dongdan 60, respectively. The correlation analysis showed that the grain moisture content of different grain positions was positively correlated with the effective accumulated temperature from silking to physiological maturity stage, but the total dehydration rate was not significantly correlated with grain filling rate. The grain dehydration rate of Xianyu 335 at different grain positions was high, and the average total dehydration rate of lower and upper grains was 0.006% °C d -1 and 0.005% °C d -1 higher than that of Dongdan 60. Furthermore, compared with the lower grains, the upper kernels had lower filling rate, longer filling period, smaller grain weight, faster dehydration at the later stage, and required less accumulated temperature to reach 28% and 25% moisture content. Based on our study, the upper kernels were more sensitive to higher plant density than lower kernels. Compared with Dongdan 60, the mid-mature maize hybrid Xianyu 335 has the higher grain filling rate, larger grain weight, and faster dehydration rate in the dense planting conditions. In conclusion, properly increased plant density coupled with middle-maturity maize hybrids is a potential way to increase the grain yield for mechanized grain harvest in the irrigation area of Northern Shaanxi.

Key words: spring maize, hybrid maturity, grain position, grain filling, dehydration characteristics, grain yield

Fig. 1

Temperature and daily rainfall changes during the growth period of maize in 2018 and 2019"

Table 1

Effects of plant density on yield and its components of maize hybrids with different maturity"

年份
Year		 品种
Hybrids		 密度
Density		 实收穗数
Panicle number
(Ears hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grains per ear
(spike hm-2)		 百粒重
100-kernel weight
(g)		 籽粒产量
Grain yield
(kg hm-2)
2018 东单60
Dongdan 60		 D1 46,354±564 d 747±10.5 a 38.6±0.2 a 13,194±24 d
D2 60,101±5321 c 700±4.5 b 37.5±0.1 b 14,128±167 c
D3 68,182±5463 b 656±15.5 c 33.8±0.4 c 16,459±105 b
D4 82,323±875 a 611±8.5 d 32.8±0.9 d 16,853±166 a
先玉335
Xianyu 335		 D1 46,465±875 d 748±11.3 a 42.5±1.6 a 14,179±142 d
D2 56,061±1515 c 696±18.2 b 41.0±1.5 b 15,500±188 c
D3 65,152±1515 b 656±9.6 c 39.6±0.9 c 18,010±88 b
D4 80,324±358 a 633±10.5 d 38.9±0.2 d 18,741±107 a
2019 东单60
Dongdan 60
 D1 46,308±744 d 744±12.6 a 38.7±0.2 a 13,627±180 d
D2 60,771±1936 c 696±10.5 b 37.7±0.1 b 15,276±245 c
D3 68,421±1419 b 653±14.6 c 33.7±0.6 c 17,369±94 a
D4 81,774±355 a 611±18.3 d 33.0±0.6 d 16,976±135 b
先玉335
Xianyu 335		 D1 46,108±801 d 742±12.9 a 42.5±0.3 a 14,599±128 c
D2 56,148±789 c 711±15.4 b 41.3±0.1 b 16,107±170 b
D3 65,127±1980 b 653±15.5 c 39.6±0.2 c 18,562±59 a
D4 80,165±999 a 624±8.4 d 38.6±0.2 d 18,737±81 a
变异来源
Source of variation		 年份Year (Y) ns ns ns ns
品种Hybrid (H) ** ns ** **
密度Density (D) ** ** ** **
Y×H ns ns ns ns
Y×D ns ns ns ns
Y×D ** ** ** **
Y×H×D ns ns ns ns

Table 2

Regression relationship between yield components and planting density in different maturity hybrids"

项目
Item		 品种
Hybrid		 回归方程
Regression equation		 决定系数
R2
穗粒数
Grains per spike		 先玉335 Xianyu 335 y = -0.0027x + 861.9 0.987**
东单60 Dongdan 60 y = -0.0028x + 871.0 0.998**
百粒重
100-kernel weight		 先玉335 Xianyu 335 y = -0.00009x + 46.3 0.982**
东单60 Dongdan 60 y = -0.0001x + 45.2 0.931**

Table 3

Growth process and demand for effective accumulated temperature of different maturity maize hybrids"

年份
Year		 品种
Hybrid		 密度
Density		 播种期
Sowing date (M/D)		 吐丝期
R1
(M/D)		 生理成熟期
R6
(M/D)		 吐丝前天数
Days before silking (d)		 吐丝前
有效积温
EATBS (℃ d)		 吐丝后天数
Days after silking (d)		 吐丝后
有效积温
EATAS (℃ d)		 生育期
Total growth		 总有效积温
TEAT
(℃ d)
2018 东单60
Dongdan 60		 D1 4/30 7/16 9/27 77 713.3 73 739.9 150 1453.2
D2 4/30 7/16 9/26 77 713.3 72 734.4 149 1447.7
D3 4/30 7/16 9/26 77 713.3 72 734.4 149 1447.7
D4 4/30 7/16 9/25 77 713.3 71 729.4 148 1442.7
先玉335
Xianyu 335		 D1 4/30 7/15 9/22 76 699.8 69 721.5 145 1421.3
D2 4/30 7/16 9/22 77 713.3 68 710.6 145 1423.9
D3 4/30 7/16 9/21 77 713.3 67 704.8 144 1418.2
D4 4/30 7/16 9/20 77 713.3 66 699.4 143 1412.7
2019 东单60
Dongdan 60		 D1 4/29 7/15 9/25 77 715.5 72 740.2 149 1455.8
D2 4/29 7/15 9/25 77 715.5 72 740.2 149 1455.8
D3 4/29 7/15 9/24 77 715.5 71 734.1 148 1449.7
D4 4/29 7/15 9/23 77 715.5 70 728.1 147 1443.6
先玉335
Xianyu 335		 D1 4/29 7/14 9/22 76 702.0 69 729.2 145 1431.3
D2 4/29 7/15 9/21 77 715.5 68 715.7 145 1431.3
D3 4/29 7/15 9/20 77 715.5 67 710.3 144 1425.8
D4 4/29 7/15 9/19 77 715.5 66 705.4 143 1420.9

Fig. 2

Effects of plant density on grain weight of upper kernels and lower kernels in different maturity maize hybrids Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1."

Fig. 3

Effects of plant density on grain filling rate of upper kernels and lower kernels in different maturity maize hybrids Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1."

Table 4

Effect of plant density on grain filling parameters of upper and lower kernels in different maturity maize hybrids"

年份
Year		 品种
Hybrid		 粒位
Grain position		 密度
Density		 Tmax
(d)		 Gmax
(g d-1)		 Gmean
(g d-1)		 D
(d)		 Wmax
(g)		 a b c 决定系数
R2
2018 东单60
Dongdan 60
 下部
Lower
 D1 32.2 1.07 0.72 51.0 18.3 36.5 44.1 0.118 0.997
D2 32.2 1.04 0.69 50.5 17.5 34.9 46.0 0.119 0.997
D3 32.0 1.00 0.67 50.0 16.6 33.3 46.3 0.120 0.997
D4 31.6 0.97 0.65 49.2 15.9 31.8 47.0 0.122 0.997
上部
Upper
 D1 34.5 0.95 0.63 52.1 16.5 33.0 53.6 0.115 0.997
D2 34.5 0.92 0.61 51.2 15.7 31.3 57.1 0.117 0.997
D3 34.3 0.88 0.59 50.5 14.9 29.7 59.0 0.119 0.997
D4 34.1 0.86 0.57 49.6 14.2 28.4 61.8 0.121 0.997
先玉335
Xianyu 335		 下部
Lower
 D1 30.1 1.20 0.80 49.0 19.5 39.0 39.8 0.123 0.996
D2 29.8 1.17 0.78 47.6 18.5 37.6 43.1 0.126 0.996
D3 29.5 1.14 0.76 46.4 17.6 35.6 45.4 0.129 0.996
D4 29.4 1.09 0.72 45.7 16.6 33.6 47.6 0.131 0.997
上部
Upper
 D1 32.4 1.03 0.69 50.6 17.3 34.6 46.7 0.119 0.997
D2 32.2 0.99 0.66 49.5 16.3 33.2 49.2 0.121 0.998
D3 31.9 0.95 0.64 48.3 15.4 31.2 52.8 0.124 0.998
D4 31.8 0.92 0.61 47.0 14.4 29.3 58.0 0.128 0.998
2019 东单60
Dongdan 60
 下部
Lower
 D1 32.1 1.05 0.70 52.1 18.2 36.5 40.4 0.115 0.997
D2 32.1 1.01 0.68 51.6 17.4 34.9 42.1 0.116 0.997
D3 31.9 0.98 0.65 51.1 16.6 33.3 42.3 0.117 0.997
D4 31.5 0.95 0.63 50.4 15.9 31.8 42.8 0.119 0.997
上部
Upper
 D1 34.1 0.94 0.63 52.0 16.3 32.5 51.3 0.115 0.997
D2 34.2 0.91 0.60 51.0 15.4 30.9 54.8 0.118 0.997
D3 33.9 0.87 0.58 50.3 14.7 29.3 56.6 0.119 0.997
D4 33.5 0.85 0.57 48.8 13.9 27.8 61.2 0.123 0.997
先玉335
Xianyu 335		 下部
Lower
 D1 30.0 1.17 0.78 50.3 19.5 39.1 35.7 0.119 0.996
D2 29.7 1.14 0.76 48.9 18.6 37.1 38.5 0.123 0.996
D3 29.4 1.11 0.74 47.7 17.6 35.2 40.4 0.126 0.996
D4 29.3 1.06 0.71 46.9 16.6 33.2 42.4 0.128 0.997
上部
Upper
 D1 32.3 1.01 0.67 51.6 17.3 34.6 42.7 0.116 0.997
D2 32.1 0.97 0.65 50.6 16.3 32.6 45.0 0.118 0.998
D3 31.8 0.93 0.62 49.3 15.4 30.7 48.1 0.122 0.998
D4 31.7 0.90 0.60 48.0 14.4 28.8 52.7 0.125 0.998

Table 5

Analysis of variance of moisture content of maize with different maturity hybrids"

变异来源
Source of variation		 平方和
Sum of squares		 自由度
Degrees freedom		 均方
Mean square		 F值
F-value
年份Year (Y) 1.16 1 1.16 146.05**
品种Hybrid (H) 5.45 1 5.45 683.78**
密度Density (D) 28.13 3 9.38 1176.76**
粒位Grain position (GP) 130.93 1 130.93 16,433.32**
Y×H 0.12 1 0.12 15.38**
Y×D 0.01 3 0.01 0.43
Y×GP 0.13 1 0.13 16.28**
H×D 0.10 3 0.03 4.04**
H×GP 101.87 1 101.87 12,786.23**
D×GP 0.22 3 0.07 9.37**
Y×H×D 0.01 3 0.01 0.38
Y×H×GP 0.15 1 0.15 18.59**
Y×D×GP 0.01 3 0.01 0.29
H×D×GP 0.78 3 0.26 32.67**
Y×H×D×GP 0.01 3 0.01 0.18
误差Error 0.51 64 0.01
总变异Total variation 84,066.82 96

Table 6

Effects of plant density on the dehydration rate of upper and lower kernels in different maturity maize hybrids"

品种
Hybrid		 粒位
Grain position		 密度
Density		 2018 2019
吐丝后有效积
积温
EATAS (℃ d)		 生理成熟时籽粒
含水率
GMCPM (%)		 总脱水速率
TDR
(% ℃ d-1)		 吐丝后有效积
积温
EATAS (℃ d)		 生理成熟时籽粒
含水率
GMCPM (%)		 总脱水速率
TDR
(% ℃ d-1)
东单60
Dongdan 60		 下部
Lower

 D1 739.9 32.9 a 0.078 c 740.2 32.6 a 0.077 c
D2 734.4 32.5 a 0.078 c 740.2 32.2 a 0.078 c
D3 734.4 31.9 a 0.080 c 734.1 31.6 a 0.079 c
D4 729.4 31.2 b 0.081 b 728.1 30.9 b 0.081 b
上部
Upper
 D1 739.9 31.9 a 0.079 c 740.2 31.6 a 0.079 c
D2 734.4 31.0 b 0.080 b 740.2 30.7 b 0.080 b
D3 734.4 30.5 b 0.081 b 734.1 30.2 c 0.081 b
D4 729.4 30.1 c 0.083 a 728.1 29.8 c 0.082 a
先玉335
Xianyu 335		 下部
Lower

 D1 721.5 30.8 b 0.082 d 729.2 30.5 b 0.082 d
D2 710.6 30.4 c 0.084 d 715.7 30.1 c 0.084 d
D3 704.8 29.3 d 0.086 b 710.3 29.0 d 0.086 b
D4 699.4 28.8 d 0.087 a 705.4 28.5 d 0.088 a
上部
Upper
 D1 721.5 30.0 c 0.083 d 729.2 29.7 c 0.083 d
D2 710.6 29.7 d 0.085 c 715.7 29.4 d 0.085 c
D3 704.8 29.1 d 0.086 b 710.3 28.9 d 0.086 b
D4 699.4 28.5 d 0.088 a 705.4 28.2 d 0.088 a

Table 7

Fitting results of Logistic power model of upper and lower kernels in different maturity maize hybrids"

年份
Year		 品种
Hybrid		 粒位
Grain
position		 密度
Density		 a b c 决定系数
R2		 吐丝-含水率28%所需
有效积温
Effective accumulated temperature from silking to 28% MC (℃ d)		 吐丝-含水率25%所需
有效积温
Effective accumulated
temperature from silking to 25% MC (℃ d)
2018
 东单60
Dongdan 60
 下部
Lower		 D1 96.1 506.2 1.85 0.993 817.2 889.2
D2 95.7 508.9 1.97 0.994 796.3 862.2
D3 95.5 506.7 2.04 0.994 780.1 842.4
D4 95.3 504.6 2.09 0.995 767.7 827.6
上部
Upper		 D1 94.5 525.1 2.17 0.995 782.3 841.1
D2 95.2 512.2 2.18 0.994 764.7 821.8
D3 94.9 512.2 2.27 0.994 751.7 805.6
D4 94.7 508.8 2.35 0.995 736.5 787.6
先玉335
Xianyu 335
 下部
Lower		 D1 93.7 521.7 1.99 0.995 800.6 866.7
D2 94.0 518.0 2.05 0.995 787.4 850.5
D3 93.9 512.5 2.11 0.995 768.9 828.6
D4 93.9 512.4 2.20 0.996 756.8 813.2
上部
Upper		 D1 92.9 530.5 2.25 0.998 770.1 826.2
D2 93.4 527.6 2.34 0.996 758.3 811.5
D3 92.9 530.5 2.48 0.997 744.4 793.6
D4 93.1 523.9 2.56 0.997 728.1 774.5
2019 东单60
Dongdan 60
 下部
Lower		 D1 95.4 444.0 1.85 0.994 820.2 894.7
D2 95.1 446.5 1.97 0.995 798.8 866.8
D3 94.9 444.7 2.04 0.995 782.3 846.5
D4 94.6 442.9 2.09 0.996 769.7 831.4
上部
Upper		 D1 93.9 460.8 2.17 0.995 784.8 845.5
D2 94.5 449.6 2.18 0.995 766.8 825.6
D3 94.3 449.8 2.27 0.995 753.6 809.0
D4 94.0 446.8 2.35 0.996 738.2 790.8
先玉335
Xianyu 335
 下部
Lower		 D1 93.1 457.3 1.98 0.995 803.8 872.3
D2 93.4 454.2 2.04 0.995 790.1 855.4
D3 94.4 444.2 2.07 0.995 771.3 833.0
D4 94.5 443.8 2.15 0.996 758.9 817.1
上部
Upper		 D1 92.3 465.4 2.25 0.997 772.7 830.7
D2 92.8 463.0 2.33 0.996 760.7 815.5
D3 92.3 465.8 2.48 0.997 746.5 797.2
D4 92.5 460.2 2.57 0.998 729.7 777.6

Fig.4

Correlation analysis of grain filling parameters and dehydration rates upper and lower kernels in maize A: correlation analysis between lower grain dehydration and grain filling parameters; B: correlation analysis between upper grain dehydration and grain filling parameters; Gmean: average filling rate; D: grout duration; TDR: total dehydration rate; MCAPM: MC at physiological maturity; ATFDTPM: accumulated temperature from anthesis to physiological maturity; 100KW: 100-kernel weight. * and ** indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively."

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