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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (8): 1853-1870.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.23001

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Enhancement of plant variety protection and regulation using molecular marker technology

XU Yunbi1,6,*(), WANG Bing-Bing2, ZAHNG Jian3, ZHANG Jia-Nan4, LI Jian-Sheng5,*()   

  1. 1Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
    2Biobin Data Sciences, Changsha 410221, Hunan, China
    3Syngenta Group China, Beijing 102206, China
    4MolBreeding Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050035, Hebei, China
    5National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
    6International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El Batan Texcoco 56130, Mexico
  • Received:2022-01-05 Accepted:2022-02-22 Online:2022-08-12 Published:2022-03-01
  • Contact: XU Yunbi,LI Jian-Sheng E-mail:xuyunbi@caas.cn;lijiansheng@cau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0101803);Shijiazhuang Science and Technology Incubation Program(191540089A);Hebei Innovation Capability Enhancement Project(19962911D);Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(Y2020PT20);Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIP) of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)(CAAS-XTCX2016009);Central Non-public-interest Basic Research Fund of the Institute of Crop Science of CAAS, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and CGIAR Research Program MAIZE

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Abstract:

Plant variety protection is one of the important approaches for plant intellectual property protection. The distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) and essentially derived variety (EDV) are two major concepts in plant variety protection. DUS-EDV has been evaluated largely through morphological traits and pedigrees at the very beginning, to an integrated approach using morphological traits, pedigrees and molecular marker information and now to a stage largely driven by molecular diagnostics. Molecular diagnostic technology has been evolved from RFLP to SSR and SNP marker systems. The liquid SNP chip, represented by genotyping by target sequencing through capture in solution, has advantages of low cost, high flexibility in marker combinations and wide suitability for DUS-EDV evaluation across plant species. There are two important strategies in DUS-EDV evaluation, one being examined based on the analysis and comparison at the whole genome level and the other being examined at specific genomic regions for target functional loci associated with important phenotypes. Evaluation criteria should be established separately for DUS and EDV. The former can be evaluated based on the criteria constructed for specific fingerprint maps, haplotypes, unique alleles, genomic regions, target functional markers, minimum genetic homozygosity, and within-variety variation, whereas the latter can be examined by the genetic similarity between the potential EDV and check variety estimated using a large number of molecular markers evenly distributed across the genome, rather than by the number of markers. The number and the genomic coverage of molecular markers are two key factors affecting the efficiency and reliability in DUS and EDV assessment. Using only a small number of markers in such assessment will likely result in a large sampling error for the estimates. The threshold of genetic similarity required for distinguishing EDV and non-EDV can vary greatly across plant species and with the levels of plant variety protection. After reviewed the current status of plant variety protection across countries, the authors proposed that a national consultant expert committee should be established for consistent support to implement and improve DUS-EDV system, and an official database system should be constructed for public service and comparison of variety DNA fingerprint data to facilitate innovative activities in plant breeding.

Key words: plant variety protection, distinctness-uniformity-stability (DUS), essentially derived variety (EDV), molecular marker, molecular diagnostics, genetic similarity

Table 1

Evolution of molecular marker diagnostic systems used for plant variety protection"

世代
Generation (years)		 支撑技术
Support technique		 代表分子标记
Representative molecular markers		 检测方式
Diagnostics		 特征
Characteristics
G1
(1980s)		 凝胶电泳
Gel electrophoresis		 RFLP, RAPD 琼脂糖和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,
EB和银染
Agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with EB and silver staining		 手动, 实验室, 极高成本, 不灵活
Manual, exp. laboratory, very high cost, not flexible, 100 DP/D
G2
(1990s)		 荧光检测
Florescence
electrophoresis		 SSR, AFLP, KASP, SNP 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳加荧光检测
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and florescence detection		 半自动, 实验台, 高成本, 不太灵活
Semi-automatic, exp. station, high cost, little flexible, 1000 DP/D
G3
(2000s)		 固相芯片
Solid chips		 SNP, 包括InDel
SNP, including InDels		 探针杂交和荧光检测
Probe hybridization and florescence detection		 自动, 工作站, 低成本, 比较灵活
Automatic, workstation, low cost, less flexible, 1M+ DP/D
G4
(2010s)		 液相芯片
Liquid chips		 SNP, 包括InDel
SNP, including InDels		 靶向测序基因型检测和液相捕获
Genotyping by target sequencing (GBTS) and captured in solution		 自动, 工作站, 极低成本, 非常灵活
Automatic, workstation, very low cost, very flexible, 1M+ DP/D
G5
(2020s)		 全测序
Fully sequencing		 SNP和所有序列变异
SNP and all sequence
variations		 序列阅读和比较
Sequence reading and comparison		 高度自动, 便携式, 几乎零成本,
超灵活
Highly automatic, carry-on, almost no cost, extremely flexible, 1B+ DP/D

Fig. 1

Contribution of four parental lines to their progeny and its detection—stepwise improvement through hybridization, (L1×L2 RIL × L3×L4 RIL) RILs"

Fig. 2

Contribution of four parental lines to their progeny and its detection—improvement through MAGIC hybridization, [(L1×L2) × (L3×L4)] RILs"

Fig. 3

Maize inbred line Zheng 58 and its parents and their genetic contribution This figure is revised and updated from Zhang et al. [17]"

Fig. 4

Discriminant criteria of Essentially Derived Variety (EDV) and examples using genetic similarity at the molecular level"

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