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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (1): 177-187.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24026

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION · PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Spatial-temporal variations for agronomic and quality characters of soybeans varieties (strains) tested in America from 1991 to 2019

BAI Zhi-Yuan, CHEN Xiang-Yang, ZHENG A-Xiang, ZHANG Li, ZOU Jun, ZHANG Da-Tong, CHEN Fu, YIN Xiao-Gang()   

  1. College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
  • Received:2022-01-21 Accepted:2022-05-05 Online:2023-01-12 Published:2022-05-19
  • Contact: YIN Xiao-Gang E-mail:xiaogangyin@cau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Young Talent Promotion Project of China Association for Science and Technology(2019QNRC001);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071979)

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Abstract:

America is an important soybean producer in the world, and there is a large gap in terms of soybean production level between China and America. It is of great significance to explore the spatial-temporal evolution patterns of the main characters of American soybean varieties in China’s soybean production. This study was based on the observation data of 102,244 variety-site-year observations from 213 soybean regional test sites in America from 1991 to 2019, which explored the spatial-temporal variations of agronomic and quality traits of American soybean regional trial varieties (strains) during the recent 30 years by using linear regression model, spatial analysis and structural equation model. The results showed that: (1) The number of soybean regional test varieties (strains) and soybean yield in America had an upward trend from 1991 to 2019, soybean yield was stable with the mean value of 3000 kg hm-2 from 1991 to 2003, which increased significantly with an average annual rate of 46.4 kg hm-2 since 2004, and the average soybean yield was 3525 kg hm-2 during the recent 15 years; the western-corn belt and eastern-corn belt were the high soybean yield regions in America, the yield level higher than 4000 kg hm-2 accounting for 22.6% of the regional test sites from 2004 to 2019, which was mainly distributed in the western-corn belt and eastern-corn belt. (2) The 100-grain weight of American soybean varieties (strains) had a downward trend during the recent 30 years, but there were no significant changes in plant height and growth period; specifically, the 100-grain weight decreased by 0.12 g per year from 1991 to 2003, while it kept stable since 2004. (3) In the recent 30 years, the protein content of American soybean regional test varieties (strains) experienced decreasing trend, and the average protein content decreased from 41.3% in 1991-2003 to 40.0% in 2004-2019, the protein content in the southern America was 1.4% higher than the northern parts; the oil content indicated decreasing trend while showed increasing trend afterwards, the average oil content increased from 20.3% in the 1991-2003 period to 21.3% in the 2004-2019 period; 59.2% of the regional test sites in America had soybean oil content higher than 21% from 2004 to 2019. (4) The yield level and oil content of American soybean regional test varieties (strains) increased synergistically from 2004 to 2019, while the restrictive effects of soybean agronomic traits on yield decreased. This study revealed the spatial-temporal variations of agronomic and quality traits of soybean varieties (strains) during the recent 30 years, and determined the constraint relationship between yield and various traits of regional trial varieties (strains) of American soybean in different periods, which could provide references for the coordinated development of high-yield and high-quality of soybean in China.

Key words: soybean, yield, protein, oil, spatial-temporal variations

Fig. 1

Spatial distribution of main soybean producing areas and soybean varieties tests in America in recent 30 years WCB: Western Corn Belt; ECB: Eastern Corn Belt; EC: East Coast; MDS: Midsouth; SE: Southeast."

Fig. 2

Number of soybean regional test varieties (strains) and their percentage in each region of America from 1991 to 2019 Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 1."

Fig. 3

Temporal trend for yield, 100-grain weight, plant height, and growth period of American soybean regional test varieties (strains) from 1991 to 2019"

Table 1

Changes for relevant indexes of soybean regional test in major producing areas of American in 1991-2003 and 2004-2019"

指标
Item		 1991-2003 2004-2019
WCB ECB EC MDS SE WCB ECB EC MDS SE
单产
Yield (kg hm-2)		 斜率 Slope -25.4 11 22.6 25.1 -4.59 54.5*** 29.7* 57.6* 72** 20.4***
均值 Mean 3119 3376 3041 3012 2794 3650 3809 3185 3470 3134
百粒重
100-grain weight (g)		 斜率 Slope -0.14* -0.16* -0.15 -0.05 -0.01 0.01 0.1* -0.06 -0.01 -0.00
均值 Mean 15.6 15.2 15.1 14 14.7 15.2 15.1 14.2 14.2 15
株高
Plant height (cm)		 斜率 Slope -0.68 -0.34 0.05 -0.37 -0.38 0.32 -0.15 0.63 0.3 -0.04
均值 Mean 83 81 76 78 83 83 84 78 75 86
生育期
Growth period (d)		 斜率 Slope -0.27 0.36 -0.26 — — 0.11 -0.32 0.48 0.82* -0.46
均值 Mean 126 127 119 — — 127 125 134 138 139
蛋白质含量
Protein content (%)		 斜率 Slope -0.01 0.02 0.13 -0.04 -0.08 0.03 -0.08 -0.05 0.02 0.02
均值 Mean 40.8 41.1 40.8 41.9 41.7 39.5 39.4 40.1 40.8 40.8
油脂含量
Oil content (%)		 斜率 Slope -0.01 -0.05 -0.17** -0.04 -0.08** 0.15*** 0.23*** 0.22*** 0.21*** 0.2***
均值 Mean 20.1 20.4 19.9 20.4 20.3 21.1 21.5 20.7 21.5 21.3
蛋白质+油脂含量
P+O content (%)		 斜率 Slope -0.03 -0.03 -0.04 -0.09 -0.16 0.19*** 0.15** 0.17** 0.23** 0.22***
均值 Mean 60.8 61.6 60.7 62.4 62 60.7 60.9 60.7 62.3 62.1

Fig.4

Spatial distribution for yield, 100-grain weight, plant height, and growth period of American soybean regional test varieties (strains) in 1991-2003 and 2004-2019"

Fig. 5

Temporal trend for protein, oil and protein, and oil contents of American soybean regional test varieties (strains) from 1991 to 2019"

Fig. 6

Spatial distribution for protein, oil and protein, and oil contents of American soybean regional test varieties (strains) in 1991-2003 and 2004-2019"

Fig. 7

Structural equation model of yields in 1991-2003 and 2004-2019 Solid line: there is significant correlation between variables; dotted line: no significant correlation between variables; red line: negative correlation; black line: positive correlation. Y: yield; P: protein content; O: oil content; G: growth period; H: plant height; W: 100-grain weight."

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