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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (1): 249-261.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23010

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION ·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi on maize physiological characteristics during grain filling stage, yield, and grain quality under different nitrogen fertilizer forms

CHEN Bing-Jie(), ZHANG Fu-Liang, YANG Shuo, LI Xiao-Li, HE Tang-Qing, ZHANG Chen-Xi, TIAN Ming-Hui, WU Mei, HAO Xiao-Feng, ZHANG Xue-Lin()   

  1. Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops in 2011 / Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
  • Received:2022-01-18 Accepted:2022-05-05 Online:2023-01-12 Published:2022-05-16
  • Contact: ZHANG Xue-Lin E-mail:Yihao20201122@163.com;xuelinzhang1998@163.com
  • Supported by:
    Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(182300410013);Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Henan Agricultural University(30500712)

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Abstract:

Clarifying the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) on maize physiological characteristics and grain yield and their quality at grain filling stages could provide a theoretical basis for the reasonable application of biological fertilizer in farmland, which can increase maize yield and improve grain quality. In maize growing season of 2018 and 2019, the two-factors pot experiments were carried out by compartment box devices. The factors were nitrogen (N) fertilizer forms (NH4+-N: ammonium nitrogen fertilizer; NO3--N: nitrate nitrogen fertilizer), and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (M0: neither root nor arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi could enter the hyphal chamber from the growth chamber; M1: only arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi could enter the hyphal chamber from the growth chamber). The key enzymes activities of N metabolism in grains and ear leaves, grain yield, plant biomass, plant N accumulation, and root characteristic parameters were measured. The results showed that AMF could increase leaf chlorophyll content and leaf area, promote photosynthesis, and regulate the key enzymes activities of N metabolism at grain filling stage, thus improving maize yield and quality. This effect was different between N fertilizer forms. Compared with M0, maize yield and grain N accumulation of M1 for NH4+-N fertilizer treatment increased by 85% and 140%, respectively. For NO3--N treatment, maize yield and grain N accumulation of M1 increased by 36% and 81%, respectively. Compared with M0, crude protein content, crude starch content, and lysine content of M1 for NH4+-N fertilizer treatment increased by 9%, 6%, and 7%, while crude fat content reduced by 19%, respectively. For NO3--N treatment, crude protein content and lysine content of M1 increased by 10% and 8%, while crude fat content reduced by 32%, respectively. In conclusion, AMF could improve maize yield, increase crude protein content, and lysine content in maize grain, thus improving maize grain quality.

Key words: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, nitrogen fertilizer forms, maize yield, grain quality

Fig. 1

Effects of N fertilizer forms and arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi on grain yield and N accumulation in maize M0: the control, M1: only AMF hyphae can enter the hyphal chamber from the growth chamber; NH4+-N and NO3--N represent ammonium nitrogen fertilizer and nitrate nitrogen fertilizer treatments, respectively. In the same year, different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant difference among the treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Table 1

Effects of N fertilizer forms and arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi on biomass and N accumulation at grain filling stage in maize"

项目
Item		 年份
Year		 M0NH4+-N M1NH4+-N M0NO3--N M1NO3--N 氮肥形态
Nitrogen (N)		 丛枝菌根真菌
Mycorrhizae (M)		 氮肥形态互作丛枝菌根真菌
N × M
生物量Biomass (g plant-1)
籽粒
Grain		 2018 30.01±3.06 c 68.95±2.95 a 43.04±2.65 b 60.78±3.78 a 0.59 81.77*** 11.38**
2019 44.11±6.41 c 68.33±4.21 ab 59.47±6.78 bc 78.17±2.73 a 5.66* 16.42** 0.27
叶
Leaf		 2018 49.02±1.71 a 49.93±5.73 a 46.54±0.55 a 53.83±4.65 a 0.04 1.17 0.71
2019 35.16±1.51 ab 40.99±1.02 a 29.19±3.01 b 42.79±2.93 a 0.83 18.13** 2.88
茎
Stem		 2018 66.83±1.09 a 72.11±1.91 a 69.45±3.62 a 72.59±1.39 a 0.52 3.48 0.21
2019 41.82±5.95 c 58.13±3.94 b 55.34±3.97 bc 76.48±3.93 a 12.37** 17.08** 0.28
根
Root		 2018 28.22±3.09 b 45.11±1.77 a 35.05±1.93 b 48.25±1.74 a 5.14 46.54*** 0.72
2019 17.74±0.43 b 20.19±0.27 a 18.48±0.43 b 20.76±0.45 a 2.72 34.94*** 0.05
氮素积累量N accumulation (mg plant-1)
籽粒
Grain		 2018 124.11±10.57 b 367.26±18.07 a 175.41±29.1 b 332.88±37.65 a 0.11 59.44*** 2.72
2019 179.77±10.05 b 363.29±17.47 a 242.55±49.44 b 424.01±15.01 a 4.96 43.31*** 0.01
叶
Leaf		 2018 75.07±32.46 ab 106.55±19.77 a 26.61±1.44 b 129.41±18.51 a 0.37 10.08* 2.84
2019 49.15±0.61 c 115.84±11.55 b 158.68±10.49 ab 188.82±31.62 a 26.78*** 7.54* 1.08
茎
Stem		 2018 66.12±14.83 b 206.05±46.13 a 58.56±23.62 b 252.37±12.49 a 0.49 36.41*** 0.94
2019 41.32±14.54 b 126.87±19.43 a 35.62±8.94 b 110.33±33.06 a 0.28 14.59** 0.07
根
Root		 2018 60.34±11.96 a 63.71±2.46 a 27.81±1.46 b 71.01±3.04 a 3.96 13.55** 9.89*
2019 30.31±13.03 ab 38.66±8.56 ab 11.09±0.49 b 47.57±5.67 a 0.39 7.32* 2.87

Fig. 2

Root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi among different treatments (M0NH4+-N; M1NH4+-N; M0NO3--N; D: M1NO3--N) at grain filling stage in maize M0NH4+-N represents the control with NH4+-N fertilizer input; M1NH4+-N represents that only AMF hyphae can enter the hyphal chamber from the growth chamber with NH4+-N fertilizer input; M0NO3--N represents the control with NO3--N fertilizer input; M1NO3--N represents that only AMF hyphae can enter the hyphal chamber from the growth chamber with NO3--N fertilizer input."

Fig. 3

Effects of N fertilizer forms and arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi on maize root colonization rate at grain filling stage. M0NH4+-N represents the control with NH4+-N fertilizer input; M1NH4+-N represents that only AMF hyphae can enter the hyphal chamber from the growth chamber with NH4+-N fertilizer input; M0NO3--N represents the control with NO3--N fertilizer input; M1NO3--N represents that only AMF hyphae can enter the hyphal chamber from the growth chamber with NO3--N fertilizer input; S1, S2, and S3 represent 15 days after silking, 25 days after silking, and 35 days after silking, respectively. In the same year, different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 4

Effects of N fertilizer forms and arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi on ear leaf SPAD and leaf area at grain filling stage in maize Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 3. SPAD represents chlorophyll content. In the same year, different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant difference among the treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Table 2

Effects of N fertilizer forms and arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi on photosynthetic parameters at grain filling stage in maize"

处理
Treatment		 净光合速率
Net photosynthetic rate
(μmol m-2 s-1)		 气孔导度
Stomatal conductance
(mmol m-2 s-1)		 胞间二氧化碳浓度
Intercellular CO2 concentration
(μmol mol-1)		 蒸腾速率
Transpiration rate
(mmol m-2 s-1)
2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019
M0NH4+-N 12.47±0.26 b 12.83±0.67 c 0.11±0.01 b 0.11±0.01 c 2.92±3.12 a 7.71±7.36 a 3.35±0.06 b 4.37±0.71 a
M1NH4+-N 17.32±0.56 a 17.56±0.23 b 0.16±0.02 ab 0.12±0.01 bc 15.63±13.98 a 9.48±11.24 a 4.65±0.29 a 5.14±0.51 a
M0NO3--N 17.57±1.05 a 14.65±0.86 c 0.16±0.02 ab 0.16±0.01 b 9.39±10.51 a 38.47±29.37 a 5.03±0.39 a 4.61±0.52 a
M1NO3--N 18.84±0.86 a 21.02±0.73 a 0.19±0.02 a 0.26±0.02 a 25.93±11.59 a 67.62±12.74 a 5.56±0.43 a 6.15±0.34 a
氮肥形态
Nitrogen form (N)		 19.76** 16.21** 6.41* 54.72*** 0.63 6.56* 15.72** 1.44
丛枝菌根真菌Mycorrhizae (M) 16.89** 71.63*** 6.61* 20.77** 1.93 0.79 7.88* 4.78
氮肥形态互作丛枝菌根真菌(N × M) 5.77* 1.55 0.63 10.63* 0.03 0.62 1.37 0.53

Fig. 5

Effects of N fertilizer forms and arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi on the N related metabolism enzymes activities for ear leaves (A, C, E, G) and grains (B, D, F, H) Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 3. In the same year, different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant difference among the treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 6

Effects of N fertilizer forms and arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi on maize total root length (A, B), surface area (C, D), diameter (E, F), and root volume (G, H) Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1. In the same year, different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant difference among the treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Table 3

Effects of N fertilizer forms and arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi on maize ear properties"

处理
Treatment		 穗行数
Rows number per ear		 行粒数
Kernels number per row		 穗粗
Ear diameter (cm)		 百粒重
100-grain weight (g)		 穗位叶干重
Ear leaf biomass (g plant-1)
2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019
M0NH4+-N 12.67±0.67 b 14.01±0.11 a 26.12±2.31 c 26.67±2.4 c 14.01±0.51 c 15.78±0.62 b 11.76±0.37 bc 10.98±0.19 c 8.95±0.11 b 8.98±0.23 b
M1NH4+-N 13.33±0.67 b 14.67±0.67 a 35.22±2.08 ab 37.33±1.2 a 18.57±0.87 ab 21.68±3.16 a 12.52±0.23 ab 11.27±0.18 c 10.76±0.48 a 11.73±0.55 a
M0NO3--N 13.33±0.67 b 14.01±0.11 a 32.41±1.73 bc 31.13±1 bc 15.31±0.37 bc 14.45±0.76 b 11.44±0.11 c 12.12±0.08 b 7.01±0.29 c 6.74±0.14 c
M1NO3--N 16.21±0.13 a 14.67±0.67 a 40.33±3.18 a 33.33±2.33 ab 19.54±2.01 a 18.27±0.19 ab 12.98±0.45 a 13.45±0.39 a 10.7±0.73 a 11.19±0.48 a
氮肥形态Nitrogen form (N) 8.33* 0.01 5.64* 0.01 1.04 2.03 0.05 47.58*** 4.64 12.91**
丛枝菌根真菌
Mycorrhizae (M)		 8.33* 2.12 13.19** 12.37** 14.92** 8.58* 13.12** 11.47** 35.07*** 86.34***
氮肥形态互作丛枝菌根真菌(N × M) 3.31 0.01 0.02 5.08 0.02 0.39 1.52 4.75 4.14 4.84

Table 4

Effects of N fertilizer forms and arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi on maize grain qualities"

处理
Treatment		 粗蛋白含量
Crude protein content (%)		 粗脂肪含量
Crude fat content (%)		 粗淀粉含量
Crude starch content (%)		 赖氨酸含量
Lysine content (%)
2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019
M0NH4+-N 9.41±0.22 c 9.31±0.13 c 6.07±0.08 a 4.85±0.03 b 60.79±0.29 b 65.07±0.31 b 0.62±0.01 b 0.61±0.01 c
M1NH4+-N 10.74±0.14 a 9.73±0.06 b 4.81±0.13 b 4.07±0.03 d 66.27±0.52 a 67.22±0.59 a 0.71±0.01 a 0.61±0.01 c
M0NO3--N 8.95±0.04 d 9.82±0.03 b 6.34±0.14 a 6.46±0.05 a 66.81±0.32 a 62.34±0.46 c 0.55±0.01 c 0.63±0.01 b
M1NO3--N 10.06±0.04 b 10.61±0.13 a 4.11±0.09 c 4.53±0.04 c 65.61±0.31 a 65.27±0.57 b 0.62±0.01 b 0.66±0.01 a
氮肥形态Nitrogen (N) 21.11** 66.48*** 4.65 796.79*** 53.29*** 22.63** 83.17*** 50.16***
丛枝菌根真菌Mycorrhizae (M) 96.87*** 49.69*** 289.34*** 1377.66*** 34.09*** 26.46*** 71.72*** 7.97*
氮肥形态互作丛枝菌根真菌(N × M) 0.88 4.78 22.15** 230.46*** 82.92*** 0.62 0.23 2.73
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