种植密度对不同生育期玉米品种光温资源利用率和产量的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23032

Abstract

Abstract:

The objective of this study is to explore the response of maize solar and heat utilization, material production, and yield formation to density at different maturity stages, in order to provide a theoretical basis for high yield and efficiency cultivation of spring maize in Northern Shaanxi irrigation area. In 2019 and 2020, the field experiments were conducted by using two maize hybrids [Dongdan 60 (middle-late-maturing) and Dafeng 30 (middle-early-maturing)] with four planting density treatments [45,000 (D1), 60,000 (D2), 75,000 (D3), and 90,000 (D4) plants hm^-2]. Leaf area index, canopy solar distribution, material production and transport, solar and heat utilization, yield and its composition were measured. The results showed that, compared with the low density, Dafeng 30 and Dongdan 60 reached the highest yield of 18,787.5 kg hm^-2 and 16,953.0 kg hm^-2 under the density of 90,000 plants hm^-2 and 75,000 plants hm^-2 and increased by 37.7 % and 41.4 %, respectively. The grain moisture content of Dafeng 30 was 11.5 % lower than that of Dongdan 60 under high yield. With the increase of planting density, the leaf area index of the population and the interception rate of solar energy in the upper canopy increased significantly, while the solar interception rate of the middle canopy decreased significantly, and Dongdan 60 decreased more than Dafeng 30. There was no significant difference in the interception rate of the lower canopy. For the utilization of solar radiation, the pre-silking intercepted photosynthetically active radiation and radiation use efficiency of Dafeng 30 were 7.9% and 1.7% higher than those of Dongdan 60, respectively. The post-silking intercepted photosynthetically active radiation and radiation use efficiency of Dafeng 30 were 9.5% and 14.9% lower than those of Dongdan 60, respectively. The correlation between radiation use efficiency and planting density revealed that the increase of planting density was more obvious in improving the light radiation utilization efficiency of Dafeng 30. Under D4 density, the growth period of Dafeng 30 was shortened by 4.3 days on average compared with that of Dongdan 60, and the average effective accumulated temperature of Dafeng 30 was 25.3°C less than that of Dongdan 60, but the temperature use efficiency was 25.3% higher than that of Dongdan 60, and the accumulated temperature required to reach the maximum dry matter accumulation rate was less than that of Dongdan 60. The pre-anthesis dry matter accumulation and post-anthesis dry matter transport rate of Dongdan 60 and Dafeng 30 were 26.7%, 34.6%, and 43.7%, 55.8% higher than those of D1, respectively. The post-silking dry matter accumulation and post-silking dry matter transport rate of Dafeng 30 were 14.5% and 12.3% higher than those of Dongdan 60, respectively. In comclusion, the population structure of Dafeng 30 was reconstructed under the dense planting can improve solar energy interception in the middle canopy, increase growth rate of dry matter and advance dry matter to reach the maximum growth rate, promote dry matter accumulation and transportat, improve solar and heat resource utilization efficiency, and achieve high yield and efficiency of spring maize in this area. Meanwhile, the lower moisture content of grain was suitable for mechanical harvesting.

Key words: spring maize, planting density, solar and heat resources, accumulated transport of substances, mechanical grain harvesting

WU Xi, WANG Jia-Rui, HAO Miao-Yi, ZHANG Hong-Jun, ZHANG Ren-He. Effects of planting density on solar and heat resource utilization and yield of maize varieties at different growth stages[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(4): 1065-1078.

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年份 Year	品种 Variety name	密度 Density	穗粒数 Grains per ear (spike hm^-2)	百粒重 100-kernel weight (g)	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg hm^-2)	籽粒含水率 Grain moisture content (%)
2019	东单60 Dongdan 60	D1	712.9 a	38.6 a	13,052.8 d	25.5 a
		D2	686.3 b	37.6 a	15,673.6 c	24.4 ab
		D3	675.1 b	34.9 b	17,099.3 a	22.3 bc
		D4	646.8 c	32.8 b	16,370.6 b	22.1 c
	大丰30 Dafeng 30	D1	732.4 a	42.9 a	14,174.3 d	22.2 a
		D2	678.0 b	40.9 b	15,549.3 c	21.0 ab
		D3	653.7 c	40.2 b	17,848.0 b	20.4 ab
		D4	648.7 c	38.3 c	19,126.5 a	20.0 b
2020	东单60 Dongdan 60	D1	623.7 a	37.4 a	11,570.3 d	26.2 a
		D2	605.8 b	36.8 a	14,093.0 c	25.0 a
		D3	575.1 c	35.3 b	16,806.6 a	24.5 a
		D4	565.9 c	33.5 c	14,911.5 b	22.5 b
	大丰30 Dafeng 30	D1	692.2 a	40.8 a	12,396.4 c	23.9 a
		D2	676.1 b	38.6 b	14,944.2 b	23.6 a
		D3	650.1 b	37.8 b	17,332.9 a	22.5 ab
		D4	565.1 c	35.6 c	18,448.4 a	21.4 b
变异来源 Source of variation	年份Year (Y)		**	**	**	**
	品种Variety (V)		**	**	**	**
	密度Density (D)		**	**	**	**
	Y×V		**	**	*	ns
	Y×D		**	ns	*	ns
	V×D		**	ns	**	ns
	Y×V×D		**	ns	**	ns

项目 Item	回归方程 Regression	决定系数 R²
产量 Yield (kg hm^-2)	Y=29,386.2ΔT₁+27,614.9ΔT₂ -7874.3ΔT₃-2798.8	0.818^**
产量 Yield (kg hm^-2)	Y=36,773.9ΔT-14,617.0	0.620^**

品种 Variety	密度 Density	播种期 Sowing date (M/D)	吐丝期 R1 (M/D)	生理成熟期 R6 (M/D)	吐丝前有效积温 EATBS (℃)	吐丝后有效积温 EATAS (℃)	生育期 Total growth (d)	总有效积温 TEAT (℃)	温度利用效率TUE (kg hm^-2 ℃^-1)
2019
东单60 Dongdan 60	D1	4/30	7/14	9/28	683.79	771.63	149	1455.42	9.19 d
	D2	4/30	7/14	9/27	683.79	765.54	148	1449.33	11.06 c
	D3	4/30	7/14	9/27	683.79	765.54	148	1449.33	12.06 b
	D4	4/30	7/14	9/26	683.79	758.66	147	1442.45	11.67 a
大丰30 Dafeng 30	D1	4/30	7/14	9/23	671.06	759.03	145	1430.09	10.44 d
	D2	4/30	7/14	9/22	683.79	740.86	144	1424.65	11.49 c
	D3	4/30	7/14	9/22	683.79	740.86	144	1424.65	13.19 b
	D4	4/30	7/14	9/20	683.79	730.56	142	1414.35	14.29 a
2020
东单60 Dongdan 60	D1	5/1	7/14	9/29	724.91	754.40	149	1497.31	8.18 d
	D2	5/1	7/14	9/28	724.91	749.06	148	1491.97	10.01 c
	D3	5/1	7/14	9/28	724.91	749.06	148	1491.97	11.93 b
	D4	5/1	7/14	9/27	724.91	743.75	147	1486.66	10.70 a
大丰30 Dafeng 30	D1	5/1	7/13	9/24	731.02	748.32	145	1479.34	9.11 d
	D2	5/1	7/13	9/24	731.02	748.32	145	1479.34	11.02 c
	D3	5/1	7/14	9/22	742.91	727.21	143	1470.12	12.79 b
	D4	5/1	7/14	9/21	742.91	721.19	142	1464.10	13.73 a

品种 Variety	密度 Density	吐丝前Pre-silking		吐丝后Post-silking		全生育期Total growth period
品种 Variety	密度 Density	IPAR (MJ m^-1)	RUE (g MJ^-1)	IPAR (MJ m^-1)	RUE (g MJ^-1)	IPAR (MJ m^-1)	RUE (g MJ^-1)
2019
东单60 Dongdan 60	D1	1030.00	1.09 b	965.37	1.19 a	1995.37	1.14 b
	D2	1048.29	1.13 b	979.38	1.24 a	2027.67	1.18 ab
	D3	1091.91	1.24 a	1012.78	1.30 a	2104.69	1.27 a
	D4	1046.57	1.24 a	978.06	1.26 a	2024.63	1.25 a
大丰30 Dafeng 30	D1	1095.59	1.12 b	839.01	1.32 c	1934.60	1.21 c
	D2	1124.11	1.14 b	860.86	1.39 bc	1984.97	1.25 bc
	D3	1183.46	1.19 b	906.31	1.46 b	2089.77	1.31 b
	D4	1193.06	1.33 a	913.66	1.67 a	2106.71	1.48 a
2020
东单60 Dongdan 60	D1	958.20	0.97 b	818.58	1.19 b	1776.78	1.07 c
	D2	1015.44	1.04 ab	860.25	1.23 ab	1875.69	1.13 bc
	D3	1078.04	1.16 a	905.82	1.30 a	1983.86	1.22 a
	D4	1028.39	1.11 a	869.68	1.27 ab	1898.07	1.18 ab
大丰30 Dafeng 30	D1	1005.41	0.98 c	731.98	1.31 c	1737.39	1.12 d
	D2	1063.68	1.03 c	774.41	1.37 bc	1838.09	1.18 c
	D3	1132.20	1.12 b	824.29	1.43 ab	1956.48	1.25 b
	D4	1153.42	1.21 a	839.74	1.52 a	1993.17	1.34 a

品种 Variety	密度 Density	总生物量 Total biomass (kg hm^-2)	花前干物质积累量DMABS (kg hm^-2)	花后干物积累量DMAAS (kg hm^-2)	花后转运率 DMTR (%)	花后干物质转运对籽粒的贡献率CGDMT (%)
2019
东单60 Dongdan 60	D1	22,757.70 d	11,233.57 b	11,524.13 b	19.52 b	16.08 b
	D2	24,024.00 c	11,865.98 b	12,158.02 ab	21.59 b	17.38 b
	D3	26,692.83 a	13,544.67 a	13,147.90 a	29.70 a	23.46 a
	D4	25,223.08 b	12,931.67 a	12,291.42 ab	27.44 a	22.40 a
大丰30 Dafeng 30	D1	23,320.67 c	12,273.15 c	11,047.52 c	21.53 b	19.42 c
	D2	24,744.67 c	12,787.20 bc	11,957.47 bc	22.57 b	19.47 c
	D3	27,298.08 b	14,101.00 b	13,197.08 b	30.33 a	24.48 b
	D4	31,115.23 a	15,832.80 a	15,282.43 a	32.70 a	25.30 a
品种 Variety	密度 Density	总生物量 Total biomass (kg hm^-2)	花前干物质积累量DMABS (kg hm^-2)	花后干物积累量DMAAS (kg hm^-2)	花后转运率 DMTR (%)	花后干物质转运对籽粒的贡献率CGDMT (%)
2020
东单60 Dongdan 60	D1	19,049.50 d	9317.36 c	9732.14 a	19.61 a	15.94 b
	D2	21,142.13 c	10,564.45 bc	10,577.68 a	24.38 a	19.71 ab
	D3	24,279.00 a	12,492.13 a	11,786.87 a	26.51 a	22.39 a
	D4	22,458.63 b	11,441.93 ab	11,016.70 a	25.84 a	21.31 a
大丰30 Dafeng 30	D1	19,474.16 d	9887.67 d	9589.50 d	18.99 b	16.45 c
	D2	21,634.72 c	10,989.60 c	10,645.12 c	27.89 a	22.34 b
	D3	24,487.11 b	12,731.80 b	11,755.31 b	30.18 a	24.63 a
	D4	26,732.58 a	13,975.67 a	12,756.92 a	30.41 a	25.00 a

Effects of planting density on solar and heat resource utilization and yield of maize varieties at different growth stages

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