Table of Content

12 February 2013, Volume 39 Issue 02

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CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS

Molecular and Cytogenetic Identification of Triticum aestivum–Leymus racemosus Translocation Lines T7BS•7Lr#1S and T2AS•2AL-7Lr#1S

CUI Cheng-Qi,WANG Lin-Sheng,CHEN Pei-Du

Acta Agron Sin. 2013, 39(02):  191-197.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00191

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A resistance gene against wheat scab is located on chromosome 7Lr#1S of Leymus racemosus, which is propitious to enriching scab resistance resources and resistant breeding in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).The translocation lines NAU639 (T7BS·7Lr#1S) and NAU640 (T2AS·2AL-7Lr#1S) were selected from the plant progenies of irradiated pollens of monosomic alien addition line MA7Lr#1 and confirmed through chromosome FISH-GISH, C-banding, and molecular markers analyses. The two translocation lines had higher resistance to wheat scab than the susceptible parent “Chinese Spring” and the susceptible controls “Mianyang 8545” and “Shimai 4185” in a successive three-year test both in the greenhouse and field. These results showed the stable scab resistance in translocation lines NAU639 and NAU640 and feasibility to be used as a new source in wheat breeding resistant to scab disease.

Establishment of Segregation Analysis of Mixed Inheritance Model with Four Major Genes Plus Polygenes in Backcross Inbred Lines (BIL) Populations

WANG Jin-She,ZHAO Tuan-Jie,GAI Jun-Yi

Acta Agron Sin. 2013, 39(02):  198-206.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00198

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The segregation analysis of major genes plus polygenes is a statistical method for genetic analysis of quantitative traits. The method is particularly valuable for plant breeders to use their data accumulated from segregation populations to estimate the genetic system of target traits, which is necessary for designing breeding strategies and also useful for validating the results of QTL mapping. The backcross inbred line (BIL) population is one of the permanent populations, which is suitable for genetic analysis of complex traits and can be used in replicated experiments. For BIL population, the analytical procedures of three and less major genes plus polygenes mixed inheritance models have been established. The objective of the present study was to establish the analytical procedures of segregation analysis for four major genes plus polygenes mixed inheritance models in BIL population. Eleven genetic models with four additive and (or) epistatic major genes including those without and with polygenes were established. The component distribution parameters were solved and estimated by using maximum likelihood method based on IECM (Iterative Expectation Conditional Maximization) algorithm. Among the possible models, the best one was chosen according to Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC) and a set of tests for goodness of fit. Then the genetic parameters of the optimal model were estimated through the least square method. For demonstration of the established procedures, a simulated data set of a randomized block experiment with three replications was analyzed and the estimated genetic parameters showed a relatively high consistency with those fixed for the model. To validate the usefulness of the established genetic models, the data of resistance to race of Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) in soybeans from a BIL population derived from Essex×ZDD2315 along with their P₁ and P₂ were analyzed. The results show that the four major genes genetic model is better than three major genes genetic model, which illustrate the actual use of these genetic models.

Genetic Analysis of Plant Type in Semi-Dwarf New Line (10D130) of Rapeseed

ZHOU Qing-Yuan,LI Jun-Qing,CUI Cui,BU Hai-Dong,YING Tao,YAN Ying-Hua,LI Jia-Na,ZHANG Zheng-Sheng

Acta Agron Sin. 2013, 39(02):  207-215.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00216

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Improvement of plant types is one of main methods to increase yield and qualities of rapeseed. Dwarf and semi-dwarf plant types help for enhancements of lodging resistance and harvest index. Six generations (P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂, B₁, and B₂) were produced from a cross between semi-dwarf 10D130 and Zhongshuang 11 (ZS11) to analyze inheritances of plant height, branch height, length of main inflorescence, valid branch space and numbers of valid branch in rapeseed (Brassica napus) by the mixed major gene plus polygene inheritance model. The results showed that the plant height, branch height, length of main inflorescence and valid branch space of 10D130×ZS11 were dominated by a pair of major gene with additive-dominant-epistasis effects plus polygenes with additive-dominance-epistasis effects (D-0 model). The additive effect and dominant effect of major gene of plant height were –8.58 and 7.44, and the heritability of the major gene in B₁, B₂, and F₂ was 23.52%, 0.91%, and17.81%, respectively. The additive effect and dominant effect of major gene of branch height were –22.11 and 3.13, and the heritability of the major gene in B₁, B₂ and F₂ was 49.95%, 40.85%, and 61.15%, respectively. The additive effect and dominant effect of major gene of length of main inflorescence were –2.21 and 1.6, and the heritability of the major gene of length of main inflorescence in B₁, B₂, and F₂ was 0.68%, 47.94%, and 40.07%. The first valid branch space of 10D130×ZS11 was dominated by two pairs of major gene with additive-dominant-epistasis effects plus polygenes with additive-dominance-epistasis (E-1 model). The additive effects of major genes are –0.55 and 0.74, and the dominance effects of the two major genes were –1.66 and –1.29, respectively, and the heritability of the major genes in B₁, B₂,and F₂ was 10.99%, 38.65%, and 44.10%. The branch height, length of main inflorescence, valid branch space and number of valid branch were significantly and positively correlated with plant height.

Fine Mapping of Resistance Genes to SMV Strains SC6 and SC17 in Soybean

YANG Xiao-Feng,YANG Yong-Qing,ZHENG Gui-Jie,ZHI Hai-Jian,LI Xiao-Hong

Acta Agron Sin. 2013, 39(02):  216-221.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00216

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SMV strains SC6 and SC17 were prevalen in the North China and the Huang-Huai and Yangtze Valleys soybean production regions. Two soybean cultivars Q0926 and Zhongdou 35, which were resistant to SC6 and SC17, were respectively crossed with Nannong 1138-2 and Nannongcaidou 5, which were susceptible to SC6 and SC17, to determine inheritance of resistance to SC6 or SC17. Q0926 was also crossed with Zhongdou 35 to study allelic relationships of the resistance genes from the two soybean cultivars. On the basis of the results, the resistance genes to SC6 and SC17 were fine mapped. The results showed that the F₁ plants presented complete resistance, F₂ population were segregated with a ratio of 3R:1S, F_2:3 population were segregated with a ratio of 1R:2Seg:1S in resistant (R)×susceptible (S) crosses. These results indicated that the resistances of Q0926 and Zhongdou 35 to SC6 and SC17 were controlled by a single dominant gene respectively. The F₁ plants displayed complete resistance, and F₂ populations of the crosses Q0926×Zhongdou 35 were not segregated, indicating that the resistance genes to SC6 and SC17 were alleles or very closely linked. Genetic maps showed that 25 SSR markers were linked to theresistance gene to SC6 (designated R_SC6) and the genetic distance and order of the two closest SSR markers to R_SC6 were BARCSOYSSR_02_0622 (0.264 cM)-R_SC17- BARCSOYSSR_02_0627 (0.262 cM). The 38 SSR markers were linked tothe resistance gene to SC17 (designated R_SC17) and the genetic distance and order of the two closest SSR markers to R_SC6 were BARCSOYSSR_02_0622 (0.264 cM)-R_SC17 -BARCSOYSSR_02_0627 (0.262 cM),their corresponding physical intervals were 52 kb and 60 kb. The studies on inheritance of resistance to SMV provide a theoretical guidance to programs of resistance breeding to SMV. Fine map of resistance genes laid the foundation for molecular marker-assisted selection and map-based cloning of resistance genes.

Cloning and Expression Analysis of Three Aquaporin Genes in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

LI Wei,SHANG Hai-Hong,WANG Shao-Gan,FAN Sen-Miao,LI Jun-Wen,LIU Ai-Ying,SHI Yu-Zhen,GONG Ju-Wu,GONG Wan-Kui,WANG Tao,BAI Zhi-Chuan,YUAN You-Lu

Acta Agron Sin. 2013, 39(02):  222-229.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00222

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To provide an insight into molecular mechanism of cotton fiber development, we analyzed the sequence characteristics of three aquaporin genes in Gossypium hirsutum L. and their expression profiling in the different tissues. Based on the bioinformatic analysis of the ESTs from the cotton fiber SSH-cDNA library, we obtained a cDNA sequence with an ORF of 927 bp, which has the homolog sequence of aquaporin genes, and it was designated as GhAQP2. With the protein sequence of GhAQP2 as a probe, two homologous ESTs in G. hirsutum database were screened out, and the rapid-amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) was used to amplify the full length cDNAs of GhAQP genes (designated as GhAQP3 and GhAQP4). Bioinformatic analysis showed that GhAQP2 and GhAQP3 were composed of four exons and three introns, GhAQP4 had three exons and two introns in comparison of their sequences of genomic DNA and cDNA by DNAMAN. GhAQP2, GhAQP3, and GhAQP4 exhibited a typical structure with six transmembrane domains which linked by five loops and had the consensus sequence HINPAVTFG of MIP family and two highly conserved peptides Asn-Pro-Ala (NPA). These deduced amino acids showed high identity with the aquaporin of PIP2 subfamily reported from other plant species by multiple alignment analysis. The tissue specific expression analysis by using quantitative RT-PCR assays indicated that GhAQP2 expressed predominantly in 20 DPA fiber cell, while GhAQP3 expressed highly in the hypocotyl and cotyledon. Moreover, GhAQP4 showed highly significant expression level in 10 DPA fiber cell, hypocotyl and cotyledon. These results suggested that the three GhAQP genes might play different roles in different cotton tissues. The result of GhAQP2 predominantly expressed in 20 DPA fiber cell, provides important information for the further research on the gene-expression regulation during developmental stages from fiber cell elongation to secondary cell wall synthesis.

Isolation and Functional Analysis of a New DREB Transcription Factor (BpDREB1) from Brassica pekinesis

LIU Xiao-Ying,CHEN Li-Yuan,ZHANG Jing-Qiu,LI Jia-Wei,GAO Yue,WANG Zhen-Ying

Acta Agron Sin. 2013, 39(02):  230-237.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00230

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DREB1/CBF transcription factors play an important role in plant stress tolerance, and one of important significance to gain stress-tolerant crops by transgenic technologies. In this study, a DREB-like gene, named BpDREB1 (accession No. EF219470), was cloned from Chinese cabbage. The BpDREB1 cDNA was 647 bp in length, and encoded protein of 213 amino acids with an predicted molecular weight of 23 kDand a isoelectric point of5.11, and shared 94% similarity with other DREB transcription factor from Chinese cabbage. On the basis of multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis, BpDREB1 was classified in A-1 group of the DREB family. The expression patterns analysis indicated that BpDREB1 was strongly up-regulated at low temperature, also responded to dehydration．However, the expression of BpDREB1 was not affected by high salinity. The expression pattern of BpDREB1 was the same as that of other DREB transcription factors in A-1 group. Overexpression of BpDREB1 greatlyincreased the contents of total soluable sugar andfree prolinein transgenic Arabidopsis plants, demonstrating that transgenic Arabidopsis induced the expression of soluable sugar and prolin related genes to enhance the tolerance to stress. These results suggest that BpDREB1 from Chinese cabbage has the typical characteristic of DREB transcription factors, and functions under the stress conditions including low temperature and drought.

Genetic Recombination in Wheat Using SSR Markers

LI Xiao-Jun,FENG Su-Wei,LI Gan,DONG Na,CHEN Xiang-Dong,SONG Jie,RU Zhen-Gang

Acta Agron Sin. 2013, 39(02):  238-248.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00238

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To understand the characteristics of inheritance and recombination of parental chromosome fragments in wheat progenies, we screened the genomes of 23 genotypes derived from Zhoumai 18 and Bainong AK58 with 340 SSR markers covering the whole wheat genome, together with the parents. The average recombination frequency in cultivars from single-cross was 12.3, which was smaller than that in cultivars from single backcross (13.9). Recombination mostly occurred on chromosomes 4A, 5A, 7A, 1B, 3B, 4B, 7B, 1D, 2D, 3D, 5D, 6D, and 7D. The distal and central chromosomal regions had similar frequencies of recombination which were 6.1, and 6.0, respectively. Some chromosomal regions were hot in recombination, such as marker intervals gwm358–wmc357 on chromosome 5D, cfd49–barc196 on chromosome 6D, wmc158–barc23 on chromosome 7A, and gwm274–gwm146 on chromosome 7B, with 35, 19, 15, and 14 recombination events, respectively. The analysis for inheritance of large linkage blocks indicated that large chromosome fragments inherited from one parent varied from 14 to 29 in each derivative, with 2–8 consecutive and informative SSR loci in a fragment. These large fragments were mainly distributed on chromosomes 4A, 5A, 5B, 5D, and 7D, which might harbor genes controlling important agronomic traits.

Inheritance Analysis of Stalk Sugar Content in Maize

BIAN Yun-Long,GU Xiao,SUN Dong-Lei,WANG Yi-Jun,YIN Zhi-Tong,WANG Yan-Qiu,DENG De-Xiang

Acta Agron Sin. 2013, 39(02):  249-257.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00249

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Increasing sugar content in silage maize stalk improves forage quality and palatability. However, the mechanism of inheritance of stalk sugar content in maize has not been clear yet. To this end, joint analysis of a mixed genetic model of both major gene and polygene was conducted to investigate the inheritance of stalk sugar content in maize. Maize inbred lines YXD053 (high sugar content, Brix = 11.32%), 98A-04 (high sugar content, Brix = 10.69%) and Y6-1 (low sugar content, Brix = 6.3%) were used as parents in this study. Stalk sugar content of three parents and four populations of F₁, F₂, BC₁, and BC₂ generated from two crosses of YXD053×Y6-1 and 98A-04×Y6-1, was surveyed. Results showed that sugar content in maize stalk was controlled by two major genes with additive-dominance-epistatic effects and polygene with additive-dominance-epistatic effects, and mainly governed by major genes. For cross YXD053×Y6-1, the heritabilities of major genes in BC₁, BC₂ and F₂ were 34.52%, 52.94%, and 73.05%, respectively. The heritability of polygene could only be detected in BC₂, which was 23.87%. For cross 98A-04×Y6-1, the heritabilities of major genes in BC₁, BC₂ and F₂ were 60.49%, 28.79%, and 68.62%, respectively. The heritability of polygene was not detected in F₂. The total heritability of major gene and polygene for crosses YXD053×Y6-1 and 98A-04×Y6-1 was 61.46% and 69.94%. The degree of dominance of major gene (h/d) in two crosses was less than one, and the additive genetic effects might play a more important role in breeding of hybrids with high stalk sugar content. Additionally, sugar content in maize stalk could be also subject to environmental factors. Results presented here provide valuable information for stalk sugar content improvement in silage maize breeding program, and lay a foundation for the following maize stalk sugar content QTLs mapping.

Genetic Basics of Seed Traits in Soybean with Bayes Hierarchical Generalized Linear Model Method

YAN Ning,XIE Shang-Qian,GENG Qing-Chun,XU Yu,LI Guang-Jun,LIU Bing,WANG Xia,LI Qi-Gang,ZHANG Yuan-Ming

Acta Agron Sin. 2013, 39(02):  258-268.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00258

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Seed size and shape traits in soybean play a crucial role in yield and appearance quality. In this study, an experiment was performed to detect main-effect quantitative trait loci (MQTL), QTL-by-environment (QE), QTL-by-cytoplasm (QC), and QTL-by-QTL (QQ) interactions for the soybean seed traits (length, width, thickness, length-to-width, length-to-thickness, width-to-thickness, and 100-seed weight) using Bayes hiearchical generalized linear model approach. Evaluation of these traits for the 504 F_2:3–F_2:7 familiesfrom the direct and reciprocal crosses of Lishuizhongzihuangdou ´ Nannong 493-1 was carried out in 2007–2011, respectively, and the 504 F₂ plants were scanned by 152 SSR markers. As a result, a total of 89 MQTL, 35 QQ interactions, 33 QE interactions and 20 QC interactions were detected. As for the above seven traits, there were respectively 7, 10, 10, 19, 19, 17, and 7 MQTL; 1, 10, 6, 0, 6, 9, and 3 QQ interactions; 5, 7, 6, 3, 6, 2, and 4 QE interactions; and 2, 1, 3, 8, 4, 2, and 0 QC interactions. The total proportion of phenotypic variance explained by the above four types of QTL for each trait is 12.42–61.79%, 0–23.21%, 0.35–1.51%, and 0–14.16%, respectively, indicating that the most important genetic component is MQTL, the second one is epistasis, and the last one is QE interaction. Pleiotropic effects were observed in all kinds of QTL, while various types of QTL shared with one same locus were found to be response for a seed trait as well. These results revealed genetic basis of seed size and shape traits in soybean, and provide reference information for marker assisted breeding.

Gene Expression Profile of Sweet Corn Ears under Heat Stress

LI Yu-Liang,LIU Jian-Hua,ZHENG Jin-Rong,HU Jian-Guang

Acta Agron Sin. 2013, 39(02):  269-279.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00269

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Sweet corn is an important vegetable crop around the world. Heat stress is one of the limiting factors in the production of maize in southern China. Therefore, digitalgene expression profile was used to investigate the global gene expression profiles in ear development of maize cultivar Yuetian 13 widely planted in Guangdong under heat stress. The resultsin the distribution of total Clean Tags, high-expression tags with copy numbers larger than 100 were in absolute dominance whereas low-expression tags with copy numbers smaller than five occupy the majority of distinct tag distributions. In total, 949 differentially expressed genes were detected, including 705 and 244 of genes up- and down-regulated, respectively. Among them, 108 and 40 genes were up- and down-regulated at least 10-fold. Using maize Gene Ontology database, we categorized these genes into three main categories: cellular component, molecular function and biological process. A large proportion of differentially expressed genes distributed in cell, intracellular and membrane, related to catalytic, binding, hydrolase and oxidoreductase activities, and involved in metabolic, cellular structure and function,response to stimulusbiological regulation, were valuable for investigating kernel and ear development. Under heat stress, the genes related to cell structure maintenance, photosynthesis, signal transduction, transcription factor, and response to stress had higher expression levels in ear. And six genes were randomly selected for confirming their expression patterns by quantitative RT-PCR. The result showed these expression patterns basically consistent with the digital gene expression data. Further research should concentrate on characterizing the unknown function ones among differentially expressed genes., transport and indicated that,

TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY

Effects of Different Cultivation Patterns on Population Quality of Japonica Hybrid Rice

XUE Ya-Guang,GE Li-Li,WANG Kang-Jun,YAN Xiao-Yuan,YIN Bin,LIU Li-Jun,YANG Jian-Chang

Acta Agron Sin. 2013, 39(02):  280-291.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00280

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A high quality of population is necessary to achieve high grain yield in rice, but little information is available on understanding how cultivation patterns affect population quality. In this study, two japonica hybrid rice cultivars Changyou 3 and Changyou 5 were grown in the field, with six cultivation patterns including no nitrogen application (0N), local high yielding cultivation (control), cultivation for high yielding and high efficiency(CHYHE), super high yielding cultivation (SHY), cultivation for super high yielding and high efficiency (SHYHE) and cultivation for high use efficiency of N（HUEN）. The results showed that, the average yields of two cultivars under SHY and SHYHE were 12.0 t ha^-1 and 10.9 t ha^-1, respectively, and 41.6% and 29.1% higher than these of control. Compared with the control, the SHY and SHYHE also significantly increased percentage of productive tillers, biomass from heading to mature, efficient and high efficient leaf area, grain-leaf ratio, leaf photosynthetic rate and SPAD values after anthesis , root-shoot ratio, and root bleeding after heading. The results indicated that the population quality of rice could be improved and higher yield could be achieved through integrating and optimizing cultivation techniques in rice production.

Critical Nitrogen Dilution Curve and Nitrogen Nutrition Index for Summer Maize in North China Plain

LIANG Xiao-Gui,ZHANG Jing-Ting,ZHOU Li-Li,LI Xü-Hui,ZHOU Shun-Li

Acta Agron Sin. 2013, 39(02):  292-299.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00292

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In order to verify the applicability of critical nitrogen (N) dilution curve for summer maize in North China Plain, and the feasibility of N nutrition index (NNI) in evaluating N nutrition status of maize plant, a 2-year experiment with five N-fertilizer treatments (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg Nha^-1) was conducted using the cultivar Zhengdan 958. The results showed that the above ground biomass (W) increased significantly with increasing N-fertilizer application within a certain range. The data of above ground biomass and corresponding N concentration for each sampling stage were divided into N limited group and N non-limited group based on the statistical results, then the critical N concentration (N_c) was calculated and the critical N dilution curve model (N_c=34.914W^–0.4134) for summer maize was established, and the model parameters had a good similarity to these reported. NNI calculated based on the critical N dilution curve model had a significant correlation with relative N uptake amount, or relative above ground biomass or relative yield. Therefore, critical N dilution curve and NNI can be used to predict plant N_c and characterize plant N status in summer maize in North China Plain.

Effect of Dry Matter Accumulation Characteristics on Yield of Winter Wheat Analyzed by Dynamic Simulation Model

ZHAO Jiao,ZHENG Zhi-Fang,FANG Yan-Ru,ZHOU Shun-Li,LIAO Shu-Hua,WANG Pu

Acta Agron Sin. 2013, 39(02):  300-308.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00300

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To disclose the quantitative relationship between yield and dry matter accumulation in winter wheat, we designed three field experiments to obtain wheat populations with varying sowing date, basic seedlings, amounts of basic fertilizers, date and quantity of topdressed nitrogen fertilizer, irrigation amounts before wintering, amounts and date of irrigation after regreening of wheat in 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 growing seasons. Dry matter accumulation before wintering was represented by dry weight per plant and total stem and tiller numbers at prewintering stage, while dry matter after wintering was described by the Logistic curve characteristics based on relative accumulated temperature (R_GDDi). The grain yield and yield components of winter wheat were closely related to characteristic parameters such as maximum rate of dry matter accumulation and two inflection points in the curve for dry matter accumulation rate. Paired-sample t-test was used to validate the models established, and no significant difference was observed between the simulated and observed values. The results indicate that the Logistic model is able to describe the process of dry matter accumulation and the formation of grain yield and its components in winter wheat. The models established can be used in analysis of population regulation in winter wheat.

A Tentative Study on Utilization of Canopy Hyperspectral Reflectance to Esti-mate Canopy Growth and Seed Yield in Soybean

WU Qiong,QI Bo,ZHAO Tuan-Jie,YAO Xin-Feng,ZHU Yan,GAI Jun-Yi

Acta Agron Sin. 2013, 39(02):  309-318.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00309

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Modern plant breeding needs to monitor the growth and evaluate the yield potential for an accurate selection in a great number of breeding lines. The hyperspectral reflectance technology has been demonstrated to be potential in meeting this kind of requirement with a simple, fast and nondestructive technology. Thirty soybean cultivars from Middle and Lower Yangtze Valleys with close growing days to maturity were chosen and tested in a randomized blocks design experiment during the two consecutive years. The measurement of above-ground dry biomass (ADM) and leaf area index (LAI) was synchronized with the information collection of the canopy hyperspectral reflectance by using a portable spectroradiometer (FieldSpec Pro FR2500, Analytical Spectral Devices, Inc., Boulder, CO, USA) at three different growth stages (R2, R4, and R5) in soybean. Significant differences in ADM, LAI and plot yield among the tested cultivars were detected, which allowed a further regression analysis of the traits on the hyperspectral reflectances. There existed significant correlations between hyperspectral reflectance in the visible and infrared region and LAI, ADM, and yield, respectively. In particular, the highest correlations were observed at R4 and R5 stages. Based on a large number of spectral parameters in the literature, we selected the regression models with the best accuracy for ADM, LAI, and yield prediction. Among them, the regression model of LAI at R5 on P_Area560 and that of ADM at R4 on V_Area1450 were the best ones with their determination coefficients of 0.582 and 0.692, respectively. There was no single spectral index found for yield prediction. But the multiple regression of yield on NPH1280 at R2, V_Area1190 at R4 and NPH560 at R5 was found to provide a best yield prediction with R²=0.68. The obtained results suggested that hyperspectral remote sensing for monitoring growth status and estimating yields in soybean is feasible and potential, providing that a more accurate and stable regression model is searched based on an enlarged testing program under multiple environments. It might be especially useful and valuable for early generation yield prediction in a large-scale breeding program.

Monitoring Chlorophyll and Nitrogen Contents in Cotton Leaf Infected by Verticillium wilt with Spectra Red Edge Parameters

CHEN Bing,HAN Huan-Yong,WANG Fang-Yong,LIU Zheng,DENG Fu-Jun,LIN Hai,YU Yu,LI Shao-Kun,WANG Ke-Ru,XIAO Chun-Hua

Acta Agron Sin. 2013, 39(02):  319-329.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00319

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The relationship between chlorophyll (Chl) content, leaf nitrogen content (LNC) and red edge parameters were analyzed, and diagnose models of spectra red edge parameters were established for cotton leaf infected by Verticillium wilt. Results showed that: (1) Chl a, Chl b, Chl a+b, and LNC decreased with increasing in severity level (SL) of Verticillium wilt in cotton leaves, in which Chl a showed the highest and Chl b showed the lowest decrement rate, respectively. (2) Spectrum reflectance increased with increasing severity of Verticillium wilt in the visible region (400–700 nm), near-infrared region (700–1300 nm) and short infrared region (1300–2500 nm), and significantly higher increment was detected in 525–680 nm region (P<0.01). Spectrum absorption decreased significantly with increasing SL of Verticillium wilt in the visible region and short infrared region (P<0.01), and which increased first and then decreased in near-infrared region. (3) Decrease of REP, Dr, Lo, Depth672, Area672 and increase of Lwidth was detected among red edge parameters, in which Area672 showed the highest and Dr showed the Lowest decrement rate, respectively. (4) There was significant positive correlation between Chl a, Chl b, Chl a+b, LNC of cotton leaves and REP, Lo, Depth672, Area672 of red edge parameters, significant negative correlation was found for Lwidth of red edge parameter, while no significant correlation was found for Dr of red edge parameter. (5) Diagnose models of Chl a, Chl a+b, and LNC for Verticillium wilt in cotton leaves with the independent variables Area672, and Chl b with the independent variables Lo reached the best estimated precision (P<0.01). This could diagnose severity level of Verticillium wilt in cotton leaves effectively.

Effect of Potato/Maize Intercropping on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield in Two Potato Varieties

HUANG Cheng-Jian,ZHAO Si-Yi,WANG Long-Chang,WANG Ji-Chun,ZHAO Yong,CAI Ye-Mao,TENG Yan,YANG Guo-Cai

Acta Agron Sin. 2013, 39(02):  330-342.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00330

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The intercropping of potato and maize is widely practiced in China. In the potato/maize system, competition for light is an issue as the leaves of potato and maize become different strata within the canopy. The potato/maize intercropping trials using two potato varieties including Zhongshu 5 (early-maturing variety with erect branches) and Mila (mid-late maturing variety with spread branches) with the sole cropping potato as contro1 were carried out to determine the dynamic changes of LAI, SLW, Chl a+b, Chl a/b ratio, photosynthetical active radiation (PAR), gas exchange attributes in leaves at three position levels at tuber initiation stage and tuber expanding stage and yield. The results indicated that intercropping led to decrease LAI, SLW and Chl a/b ratio and increase Chl a+b. In addition, the gradual decrease in PAR, water use efficiency (WUE), stomatal limitation (L_s=1–C_i/C_a, C_a: ambient CO₂ concentration) and the increase in net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s), intercellular CO₂ (C_i)and transpiration rate (T_r) were observed from tuber initiation stage to tuber expanding stage. There was a continuous signi?cant reduction in PAR, P_n, G_s and T_r from the upper leaves to the middle and lower leaves in all treatments, with a lower reduction under intercropping than under sole cropping. The variations in P_n, G_s, C_i, and L_s indicated the decreased photosynthetic activity in the middle and lower leaves pertaining, to both stomatal and non-stomatal mechanisms. Intercropping also declined P_n in the upper leaves and elevated P_n in the middle and lower leaves. Furthermore, there were higher Chl a+b in vegetative growth stage and tuber initiation stage and lower Chl a+b in tuber expanding stage and starch accumulation stage in Zhongshu 5/maize than in Mira/maize system, with the opposite changing trend for SLW. Higher LAI and Chl a/b ratio at all developmental stages, higher PAR in the upper leaves and lower PAR in the middle and lower leaves were observed, and higher P_n in the middle and lower leaves in Zhongshu 5 than in Mira in intercropping systems but the similar P_n in the upper leaves. In comparison with Mira, there were lower G_s, C_i, and T_r and higher WUE and L_s in leaves at the same position levels in Zhongshu 5. In summary, intercropping led to substantial reduction in tuber yield at harvest time due to the change on the light environment and the photosynthetic characteristics of potato in potato/maize systems. Nonetheless, intercropping deteriorated the light environment for Zhongshu 5/maize system while improved the light environment for Mira/maize system, which led to lower LER in the former (1.24) than in the latter (1.40), showing the stronger intercropping superiority for Mira/maize system in the production.

Effects of Long-Term Rice-Rice-Green Manure Cropping Rotation on Rice Yield and Soil Fertility

GAO Ju-Sheng,XU Ming-Gang,DONG Chun-Hua,HUANG Jing,CAO Wei-Dong,ZENG Xi-Bai,WEN Shi-Lin,NIE Jun

Acta Agron Sin. 2013, 39(02):  343-349.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00343

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A long-term rotation system experiment has been arranged since 1982 to maintain the soil fertility and the sustainable productivity of rice multiple cropping system in hilly red soil region in south of Hunan, continuously improving the economic benefits and promoting agricultural sustainable development. During the winter-fallow period every year, planting milk vetch (T1), oil rapeseed (T2), and ryegrass (T3) were conducted to study the effect of green manures on rice yield and soil fertility. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: (1) Compared with the winter-fallow treatment (T4), the green manure treatments increased rice yield with a better yield stability. The average annual yield increase rate and effects showed a trend of T1>T2> T3. (2) Compared with T4, green manure treatments increased SOM (soil organic matter) content, and among green manure treatments T1 treatment had the significantly highest soil ASOM (active soil organic matter) content and a largest proportion of soil ASOM in SOM. (3) Compared with T4, green manure treatments increased soil total N and available N contents, promoted soil mineralization and absorption of soil K and P. Soil total N and available N contents in T1 treatment were significantly higher than those in the other treatments, and those in T2 and T3 treatments were significantly higher than those in T4 treatment. The effect of promoting soil P releasing in T1 treatment was better than that in T2 and T3 treatments, leading to more slowly soil total P accumulation in T1 treatment, and more potassium application needed. (4) T1 treatment is a better rotation pattern.

Effects of Different Cultivation Methods and Rice Straw Incorporation on Grain Yield and Nutrition Quality of Rice

YUAN Ling,ZHANG Xuan,YANG Jing,YANG Chun-Lei,CAO Xiao-Chuang,WU Liang-Huan

Acta Agron Sin. 2013, 39(02):  350-359.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00350

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Plastic film mulching cultivation (PFMC) under non-flooded condition has been considered as a new water-saving technique in rice production, while yield decline from continuous cropping of aerobic rice is a constraint to the widespread adoption of PFMC. Rice straw incorporation has been proposed to counter this negative effect in recent decades. This study examined the effects of three cultivation methods and rice straw incorporation on rice grain yield and quality using “Liangyoupeijiu” (an indica hybrid cultivar). The three cultivation treatments were: conventional flooding cultivation (CFC); non-flooded plastic film mulching cultivation (PFMC); no mulching cultivation in non-flooded condition (NMC). Compared with that under CFC, average rice grain yield under PFMC from 2008 to 2010 was significantly improved by 8.0%, while total amino acids content was decreased by 3.5%, no obvious effect was observed on rice protein, Fe and Zn concentrations in rice; under NMC, the reduction in yield, protein, total amino acids and Fe concentrations were 5.1%, 4.4%, 9.3%, and 11.8%, respectively. With rice straw incorporation, grain yield was improved by 113.6, 142.6, and 522.1 kg ha^-1 under CFC, NMC, and PFMC, respectively. Average rice grain yield, Fe and Zn contents in brown rice were significantly improved by 3.3%, 3.1%, and 6.4% with rice straw incorporation. The results of the three years showed the same trend in rice grain yield and nutrition quality. The results indicated that PFMC could improve not only grain yield, but also part of rice nutrition quality. Rice straw incorporation could significantly improved rice grain yield as well as Fe and Zn concentrations in brown rice, which would be a good method to overcome grain yield decline under long term PFMC.

RESEARCH NOTES

Identification of CBL Genes from Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica [L.] Beauv. ) and Its Expression under Drought and Salt Stresses

ZHAO Jin-Feng,YU Ai-Li,TIAN Gang,DU Yan-Wei,GUO Er-Hu,DIAO Xian-Min

Acta Agron Sin. 2013, 39(02):  360-367.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00360

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CBL/CIPK signal network system plays an important role in plant stress response. In this study, we identified seven candidate CBL genes designated as SiCBL1–7 from foxtail millet (Setaria italica [L.] Beauv.) genome using bioinformatics methods. The distributions of the predicted foxtail millet CBL genes were uneven in the nine chromosomes. Sequence analysis showed that the protein sequences and structure of foxtail millet CBL genes were very conservative. All the putative CBL genes contained 7–8 introns. Most exons of those SiCBL genes contained the same base number and shared highly similar sequence identity. All foxtail millet CBL genes consisted of four EF-Hand functional domains and the distance between the EF-hand motifs was conservative. Evolutionary analysis revealed that the CBL genes existed in the early evolutionary stage of terrestrial plants and all CBL genes were divided into four subgroups. The expression patterns of those SiCBL genes under drought and salt stresses, were displayed by RT-PCR and the results showed that four SiCBL genes (SiCBL1, SiCBL2, SiCBL3,and SiCBL5) were strongly induced by drought and three SiCBL genes (SiCBL1, SiCBL3,and SiCBL7) were induced by salt stress. SiCBL3 maybe takes an important role in foxtail millet under drought because of its constitutive high level expression. Foxtail millet CBL genes reported in this study would enrich CBL members in plant kingdom and lay a foundation for studying the function and mechanisms of the CBL/CIPK network system response to stresses.

Overexpression of BvGLP1 in Transgenic Wheat Enhances Resistance to Common Root Rot

DANG Liang,SU Zhen-Qi,YE Xing-Guo,XU Hui-Jun,LI Zhao,SHAO Yan-Jun,ZHANG Zeng-Yan

Acta Agron Sin. 2013, 39(02):  368-372.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00368

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BvGLP1 is a kind of germin-like protein (GLP) from sugar beet. GLP catalyzes the oxidation of oxalic acid to produce hydrogen peroxide that induces plant defense response to pathogen and results in enhanced-resistance. The open-reading-frame sequenceof BvGLP1 was synthesized and used to construct a BvGLP1 expression vector pA20-RSS1P::BvGLP1. In the vector, the expression of BvGLP1 was controlled by rice sucrose synthase-1 promoter (RSS1P). BvGLP1 was introducedinto wheat variety Yangmai 18 through bombardment. The presence and expression of BvGLP1 in T₀ to T₃ transgenic wheat plants were characterized by PCR, RT-PCR, and QPCR analyses. The common root rot and sharp eyespot disease tests on BvGLP1 transgenic wheat plants following artificial inoculation with the pathogens revealed that the expression of BvGLP1 in five transgenic wheat lines significantly enhanced resistance to common root rot.

Regulation Mechanism of Intracellular IP3-Ca²⁺ on Photosynthesis in Maize Seedlings under UV-B Stress

WU Neng-Biao,HONG Hong

Acta Agron Sin. 2013, 39(02):  373-379.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00373

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UV-B radiation is one of the main adverse environmental factors, obviously affecting plants’ growth and development. Calciumion, as the second messenger in cell signal transduction system, mediates a series of physiological and biochemical reactions, which is helpful to alleviate the damage from adverse environmental factors. To investigate the regulational relation between calcium signal system and UV-B radiation in maize, we studied the effects of calcium signal on photosynthesis in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings under UV-B stress.With the treatments of seedlings growing in natural condition (CK), 0.15 Wm^-2 UV-B radiation (UV-B), 0.15 Wm^-2 UV-B radiation+Heparin (UV-B+H), 0.15 Wm^-2 UV-B radiation+Trifluoperzine (UV-B+TFP), 0.15 Wm^-2 UV-B radiation+LaCl₃ (UV-B+LaCl₃), 0.15 Wm^-2 UV-B radiation+CaCl₂ (UV-B+CaCl₂), respectively. The Ca²⁺ fluorescence intensity increased rapidly when it was treated with UV-B. However, when the maize leaves were treated with Heparin (intracellular IP3 channel blocker) and Trifluoperazine (intracellular CaM activity inhibitor), the increase of Ca²⁺ fluorescence intensity was inhibited in the mean time, chlorophyll contents, Hill reaction activity, water use efficiency (WUE), efficiency of primary conversion of light energy (F_v/F_m) of PSII, and the potential activity of PSII (F_v/F_o) decreased significantly, which finally leads to the decrease of net photosynthetic rate(P_n). However, LaCl₃ (plasma membrane calcium channel blocker) had less effect on it. Therefore, we speculate that under UV-B stress, intercellular IP3/Ca²⁺ system may participate in the process of photosynthetic pigments synthesis, water utilization and Hill reaction activity. CaM downstream reaction can regulate Gs, which is considerd as the main mechanism that Ca²⁺ signal system eventually achieves the regulation of P_n.