Table of Content

12 March 2026, Volume 52 Issue 3

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REVIEW

Application and prospects of Suwan germplasm in maize breeding in China

Guo Xiang-Yang, Tu Liang, Wang Dong, Liu Peng-Fei, Wang An-Gui, Yi Qiang, Ren Hong, Li Gang, Zhu Yun-Fang, Wu Xun, Jiang Yu-Lin, Tian Feng, Chen Ze-Hui

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2026, 52(3):  655-664.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.53075

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Tropical maize germplasm, such as Suwan, offers significant advantages including rich genetic diversity, strong stress resistance, and high combining ability, making it highly valuable for broadening the genetic base of maize in China. It holds great importance for stress-resistant breeding and the development of high-yielding hybrid combinations. However, such germplasm also exhibits strong photoperiod sensitivity, delayed maturity, and excessive vegetative growth under temperate conditions, which greatly restrict its direct utilization. To overcome these limitations, this study reviews Suwan germplasm from the perspective of “temperate-tropical germplasm integration and domestication”. It systematically summarizes its origin and genetic characteristics, elucidates adaptation strategies under long-day conditions, and outlines the development of synthetic temperate-tropical populations as well as the practical outcomes of north-south shuttle breeding. On this basis, the photoperiod and temperature sensitivity of tropical germplasm have been markedly improved, facilitating the introgression of superior alleles into temperate maize. This provides both theoretical foundations and methodological support for the efficient integration and genetic innovation of tropical and temperate maize germplasm, thereby further expanding and enriching the genetic base of maize in China.

CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS

Cloning and functional validation of UDP-glycosyltransferase gene StUGT52 in potato

Wang Ling, Hu Hao, Song Jia-Feng, Cheng Jie-Lan, Chen Ying, Zheng Ting-Ting, Lyu Zhao-Yan, Zhu Xiao-Biao, Hou Hua-Lan

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2026, 52(3):  665-676.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.54111

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UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) genes, the largest family of glycosyltransferases, play diverse roles in regulating plant growth and enhancing stress tolerance. Potato (Solanum tuberosum), a vital dual-purpose crop (used both as food and vegetable) in China, suffers significant yield losses under salinity stress. However, the specific UGT genes involved in salt stress responses in potato and their underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, StUGT52 was identified through transcriptomic analysis of salt-stressed potato and subsequently cloned. The StUGT52 gene contains a 1488 bp coding sequence encoding 495 amino acids. Protein sequence analysis indicated that StUGT52 is an unstable, hydrophilic protein, and phylogenetic analysis revealed its closest homologs to be SlLS1-like from tomato and SpLS1-like from eggplant. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed that StUGT52 expression is significantly upregulated under salt stress. Subcellular localization analysis showed that the protein predominantly localizes to the cytoplasm and nucleus. Seven independent Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic lines overexpressing StUGT52 were generated via Agrobacterium-mediated floral dip transformation. Under salt stress conditions, transgenic lines exhibited significantly higher seed germination rates and longer root lengths compared to wild-type plants. Additionally, transgenic lines showed increased F_v/F_m ratios and soluble sugar contents, while exhibiting reduced ion leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and superoxide anion (O₂^?) accumulation. These findings demonstrate that StUGT52 enhances salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis by promoting the accumulation of osmoregulatory substances and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, thereby mitigating membrane lipid peroxidation damage. This study provides novel insights into the role of StUGT52 in potato salt stress adaptation and offers a promising genetic resource for improving salinity tolerance in crops through molecular breeding.

Functional characterization of wheat GSK kinase TaSK41 and screening for interacting proteins

Li Can, Zhang Xi-Wei, Zhu Bo-Tao, Zhang Pei-Pei

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2026, 52(3):  677-687.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.51081

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SK41, a plant glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) /SHAGGY-like kinases gene, plays an important role in grain development and grain weight formation. To further elucidate the biological function of TaSK41 in regulating wheat grain development and its underlying molecular mechanisms, this study examined the expression patterns of TaSK41 across different tissues, its subcellular localization, the grain phenotypes of transgenic rice overexpressing TaSK41, and its interacting proteins. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that TaSK41 was ubiquitously expressed, with particularly high expression in spikes, early developing grains, ovaries, and seed coats. Subcellular localization assays showed that the TaSK41-GFP fusion protein was predominantly localized in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Overexpression of TaSK41 in transgenic rice led to a reduction in thousand-grain weight, accompanied by significant decreases in both grain length and width. Through yeast two-hybrid screening, 17 candidate proteins were identified as potential interactors with TaSK41. Among these, full-length interaction validation was conducted for TaARF4and TaBSK3, both of which are associated with grain development. Point-to-point assays confirmed that TaSK41 interacts with the full-length TaARF4 protein. This interaction was further validated in vivo using a luciferase complementation assay, confirming that TaSK41 physically interacts with TaARF4 in plant cells. These findings provide a theoretical basis for future investigations into the molecular mechanisms by which TaSK41 regulates grain weight formation in wheat.

Identification and analysis of the NAC gene family in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and functional validation of HvNAC38 in salt tolerance

Niu Li, Wang Yong-Sheng, Wang Chang-Jie, Zhang Hong, Meng Ya-Xiong, Li Bao-Chun, Yang Ke, Ma Xiao-Le, Yao Li-Rong, Si Er-Jing, Wang Hua-Jun, Wang Jun-Cheng

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2026, 52(3):  688-707.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.51062

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The NAC gene family is a key group of plant-specific transcription factors that play essential roles in regulating plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic stress. In this study, we focused on the salt-tolerance candidate gene HORVU3Hr1G014090, identified through previous multi-omics screening in our laboratory. A genome-wide identification and bioinformatics analysis of the NAC gene family in barley were conducted, followed by expression profiling and qRT-PCR validation of all members under salt stress. The subcellular localization of the candidate gene was also determined. Finally, the function of HORVU3Hr1G014090 was validated through overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana. A total of 116 HvNACs genes were identified in barley, distributed across seven chromosomes. The candidate gene HORVU3Hr1G014090 was designated as HvNAC38. Phylogenetic analysis classified the HvNACs into six subclades, and three gene pairs were identified as segmental duplications: HvNAC19/HvNAC57, HvNAC32/HvNAC85, and HvNAC14/HvNAC58. Physicochemical property analysis showed that HvNAC proteins ranged from 112 to 894 amino acids in length, with molecular weights ranging from 12,782.78 to 99,779.03 Da, isoelectric points from 4.20 to 10.54, instability indices from 21.9 to 70.6, and average hydrophilicity values from -1.029 to -0.264. Several stress-related binding motifs were identified, and five conserved domains or superfamilies were found: the NAM domain, PHA03378, PTZ00449, PHA03052, and PHA03247 superfamilies. A total of 41 cis-acting elements were detected across the HvNACs, and 18 members were found to lack introns. Under salt stress, 107 HvNACs gene were responsive, and the expression patterns of eight selected genes were validated by qRT-PCR, showing general consistency with transcriptome data. Subcellular localization analysis confirmed that HvNAC38 is localized in the nucleus, consistent with in silico predictions. Overexpression of HvNAC38 in Arabidopsis thaliana enhanced salt tolerance, as evidenced by phenotypic and physiological analyses. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance in barley and offer a theoretical basis for improving.

Development and application of KASP markers for functional sites of the early flowering gene BnCRY2 in Brassica napus L. spring rapeseed

Wang Chu-Rui, Li Kai-Xiang, Zhao Zhi, Xiao Lu, Tang Guo-Yong, Zhao Zhi-Gang, Xu Liang, Du De-Zhi, Liu Hai-Dong

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2026, 52(3):  708-721.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.55055

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Cloning of the candidate gene BnCRY2, associated with the early-flowering locus BnaC08cqDTF, identified an A/G single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within the third exon of the corresponding alleles. Based on this SNP, a KASP marker named BN900449 was developed. This marker, along with four additional markers—multiplex PCR markers PB05 and PB06, and KASP markers A015348 and K000272—tightly linked to the early-flowering loci qFT.A02-1 and qFTA10, was used to genotype a natural population of 497 Brassica napus L. accessions. Genotypic analysis revealed that each of the three loci effectively divided the population into two groups with significantly different flowering times. Notably, accessions carrying two of the early-flowering loci flowered, on average, earlier than those carrying only one. Three representative accessions, each harboring a different single-locus allele (BnaC08cqDTF, qFTA10, and qFT.A02-1), were selected for diallel crosses aimed at pyramiding early-flowering alleles. Marker-assisted selection subsequently yielded 41 extremely early-flowering lines, which exhibited flowering times 3-4 days earlier than their respective parents. Among these, 195 lines were identified that combined extreme earliness with double-low seed quality. Multi-location yield trials conducted at five high-altitude sites over two consecutive years showed that the average yield of selected lines exceeded that of Brassica rapa L. cultivar Haoyou 11—the predominant spring-sown variety in high-altitude regions—by 23.07%. This study not only expands the genetic framework for developing extremely early- flowering B. napus spring-type germplasm but also provides elite parental resources for breeding early-maturing, high-yielding, and high-quality rapeseed cultivars.

Identification and expression analysis of the CLC gene family in sugarcane

Yang Zong-Tao, Yang Ting, Wang Yu-Tong, Ai Jing, Li Yan-Ye, Liu Jia-Yong, Deng Jun, Zhao Yong, Zhang Yue-Bin

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2026, 52(3):  722-734.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.54105

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The chloride channel (CLC) gene family plays a crucial role in nitrate storage within plant vacuoles. However, its characteristics remain largely unexplored in the complex genome of sugarcane. In this study, we systematically identified 29 CLC genes (SsCLCs) from the Saccharum spontaneum genome. These SsCLCs were distributed across 21 chromosomes and phylogenetically classified into six subgroups (Groups a, c, d, e, f, and g). The gene family exhibited conserved structures and motif compositions. Genomic collinearity analysis indicated that the expansion of SsCLC was mainly driven by whole-genome or segmental duplication events under strong purifying selection. Promoter analysis revealed a high abundance of cis-acting elements associated with hormone responses (50.00%), growth and development (42.86%), and stress responses (7.14%). Furthermore, in a comparison between S. spontaneum Yunnan 82-1 and its three hybrid progenies, the hybrids exhibited significant improvements in key agronomic traits, including stalk diameter, leaf length, brix, fresh weight, and dry weight. Consistently, transcriptome and qRT-PCR analyses showed that 75.86% (22 out of 29) of the SsCLC genes were upregulated in the roots of the hybrids. This study presents the first comprehensive genomic characterization of the SsCLC gene family and highlights its potential role in improving nitrogen use efficiency during sugarcane nobilization through root-specific gene upregulation, thereby offering valuable genetic resources for breeding nitrogen-efficient sugarcane cultivars.

Establishment of a near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy model for predicting β-glucan content in naked barley grain

Li Ying, Shi Xiao-Xu, Liu Hai-Cui, Shi Lyu, Xue Ya-Guang, Wei Ya-Feng

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2026, 52(3):  735-745.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.51073

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β-glucan, known for its roles in regulating blood sugar, lowering blood lipids, and exhibiting anti-tumor and antioxidant properties, is one of the most important quality indicators of naked barley. Establishing a near-infrared (NIR) prediction model for β-glucan content enables rapid and non-destructive evaluation of this trait in early-generation naked barley materials, which can significantly enhance breeding efficiency. In this study, NIR spectra were collected from 215 naked barley grain samples, and β-glucan content was determined using enzymatic methods. Based on spectral scanning and Monte Carlo cross-validation, 10 outlier samples were excluded. The remaining samples were divided into calibration and validation sets using the SPXY method. Fourteen preprocessing techniques, including normalization, first derivative, and second derivative, were applied to the spectral data. Partial least squares regression (PLSR), support vector machine (SVM), and principal component regression (PCR) were employed to construct prediction models for β-glucan content. Among these, the SVM model combined with the second derivative preprocessing showed the best predictive performance. To further optimize this model, six feature variable selection methods—successive projections algorithm (SPA), uninformative variable elimination (UVE), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), variable iterative space shrinkage algorithm (VISSA), bootstrapping soft shrinkage (BOSS), and iteratively retained informative variables (IRIV) were evaluated. The CARS-SD-SVM model achieved the highest accuracy, with R²_C, RMSEC, R²_P, RMSEP, and RPD values of 0.859, 0.272, 0.877, 0.237, and 2.790, respectively. This model not only demonstrated excellent predictive performance but also high reliability, making it suitable for the rapid analysis and prediction of β-glucan content in naked barley grains. It holds great potential for application in naked barley breeding and quality assessment.

Chromosome diversity and its effects in wheat landraces from Shanxi province, China

Hou Jie, Fu Duo-Duo, Wu Hai-Feng, Hao Yu-Qiong, Zheng Xing-Wei, Wu Bang-Bang, Zhou Kai, Li Xiao-Hua, Zheng Jun, Zhao Jia-Jia

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2026, 52(3):  746-763.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.51077

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Chromosome variation plays a crucial role in the evolution of bread wheat. To explore chromosome diversity and its potential effects, high-resolution karyotypes of 152 Shanxi wheat landraces were developed and compared using oligonucleotide fluorescence in situ hybridization (Oligo-FISH). The genetic effects of different chromosomal variations on agronomic traits were also evaluated. The results revealed extensive chromosomal diversity, including 15 structural variations, one chromosomal number variation, and 108 polymorphic chromosome blocks, which were associated with 59 presence/absence variations (PAVs) and 25 copy number variations (CNVs). Chromosomal translocations were detected in all chromosomes except 5B of the B subgenome, which also exhibited the highest proportion of variations (56.7%). A subgenome showed the greatest number of polymorphic types (50), along with the highest polymorphism information content (PIC) value, followed by the B and D subgenomes. Chromosomal PIC, genetic diversity, and genetic distance were influenced by genetic relationships and the ecological distribution of the germplasm. Cluster analysis based on genetic distance grouped all accessions into eight distinct categories. Chromosomal variation types differed across wheat production regions, and landraces with the same name often displayed divergence in both chromosomal variation types and polymorphism levels, further supported by genetic differences revealed through 0.1K and 16K SNP chips. Agronomic traits in the Shanxi wheat landraces also showed considerable variation, with coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 6.33% to 32.95%. Except for spike length, uppermost internode and grain number per spike, the higher CVs and genetic diversity for each trait were observed in the northern spring wheat-growing region. Twenty-two chromosomal variations were associated with agronomic traits. Notably, PAV.2A-g1 significantly increased spike length; both PAV.2A-g1 and PAV.2B-r8 positively influenced spikelet number per spike; and PAV.6A-g6 and PAV.6B-g11 were associated with grain weight. These findings underscore the potential application of these variations in wheat improvement and provide valuable insights into the genetic diversity of Shanxi wheat landraces, offering novel marker types for molecular marker-assisted breeding.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the ZmPFK gene family under biotic and abiotic stresses in maize

Meng Cheng, Wang Zhe

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2026, 52(3):  764-779.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.53047

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Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is a key regulatory enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, functioning as the rate-limiting enzyme that controls the pace of intracellular glucose metabolism. In parallel, hexokinase not only serves as a sugar sensor initiating downstream sugar signaling, but also integrates various external cues, thereby activating other signaling pathways and contributing to the regulation of plant responses to environmental stimuli. A systematic investigation of the gene structure, evolutionary relationships, and expression patterns of PFK family members in maize is crucial for advancing our understanding of their biological functions. In this study, a genome-wide identification of PFK family members was conducted in the maize inbred line B73 using bioinformatics approaches. The physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, cis-acting regulatory elements, and expression profiles were comprehensively analyzed. Twenty PFK genes were identified in B73, categorized into ATP-dependent phosphofructokinases (PFKs) and pyrophosphate-dependent phosphotransferases (PFPs), and were found to be unevenly distributed across different chromosomes. Collinearity analysis revealed multiple homologous genes between maize and rice (Oryza sativa), but none with Arabidopsis thaliana. Promoter analysis indicated the presence of cis-regulatory elements associated with growth, development, and stress responses. Transcriptome data and qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated differential expression of ZmPFK genes across tissues and under various stress treatments. Several ZmPFK genes responded to abiotic stresses (salt, drought, heat, and cold) as well as biotic stresses caused by Cochliobolus heterostrophus, Exserohilum turcicum, and Fusarium graminearum, suggesting a potential role for the PFK family in stress adaptation. Moreover, the recombinant plasmid ZmPFK10-pET32a was introduced into Escherichia coli BL21, and the resulting strain exhibited enhanced growth under 700 mmol L^-1 NaCl and 45℃, compared to the control. Protein interaction network prediction and enrichment analysis further revealed that three core proteins interacting with ZmPFK are involved in glycolysis. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for future functional characterization of PFK family members in maize.

Mapping genes associated with anthocyanin in maize kernels using BSA-seq technology

Zhang Chao, Guo Huan, Li Zhong-Ling, Yue Shu-Ning, Zhao Na

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2026, 52(3):  780-789.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.53051

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Anthocyanin is a phenotypic trait in fresh corn that enhances both its nutritional and economic value. To identify genes regulating anthocyanin accumulation in maize kernels, we developed an F₂ segregating population by crossing black and white waxy maize lines, followed by self-pollination. Statistical analysis of kernel coloration in the F_2:3 population revealed a highly significant segregation between black and white phenotypes, prompting bulked segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq) of phenotype-based pools. Integrating phenotypic data with genome sequencing, we mapped the anthocyanin-associated locus to a 107.9-113.2 Mb region on chromosome 6. Within this interval, 116 annotated genes were identified, including 53 genes with nonsynonymous mutations and 17 with frameshift mutations. Gene annotation highlighted three key candidates potentially involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis: Zm00001eb276450 (ANR), Zm00001eb276870 (WD40), and Zm00001eb276640 (MYB). These findings provide a valuable foundation for elucidating the genetic mechanisms underlying anthocyanin accumulation in maize kernels and offer promising candidate genes for the rapid development of fresh-eating maize varieties with enhanced anthocyanin content.

Transcriptome analysis and identification of candidate genes associated with husk number in maize

Ma Liang, Ma Lu, Zhang Shu-Yu, Zhang Hui-Min, Wang Ren-Ming, Song Xu-Dong, Zhang Zhen-Liang, Mao Yu-Xiang, Lu Hu-Hua, Chen Guo-Qing, Hao De-Rong, Zhou Guang-Fei

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2026, 52(3):  790-801.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.53058

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Husk number is a key trait influencing the suitability of maize varieties for mechanical grain harvesting. To investigate the molecular mechanisms and candidate genes associated with husk number, the multi-husk inbred line YD97 and the few-husk inbred line YD132 were used as experimental materials. Transcriptome sequencing was conducted on husk tissues collected at the seven-leaf stage and the silking stage. Using YD97 as the control and YD132 as the sample, a total of 4089 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 1979 upregulated and 2150 downregulated genes. K-means clustering grouped these DEGs into eight distinct clusters. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were primarily involved in responses to stimuli, amino acid transport, auxin response, branch morphogenesis, nitrogen compound metabolism, and cell cycle processes. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that the DEGs were significantly enriched in pathways related to photosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, and motor proteins. Notably, the plant hormone signal transduction pathway—particularly the auxin signaling pathway—appears to play a critical role in the morphogenesis of maize husk number. Furthermore, two candidate genes, Zm00001eb156610 (encoding glutamate synthase 2) and Zm00001eb275220 (encoding a protein S-acyltransferase), were identified by integrating transcriptome sequencing, QTL mapping, candidate gene association analysis, and quantitative real-time PCR validation across husk tissues from 25 maize inbred lines. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating husk number in maize and provide valuable insights for its genetic improvement.

Functional analysis of OsST41 regulating salt tolerance in rice seedlings

Qin Yi-Yan, Fu Yao, Su Chang, Li Na, Xu Jing-Ru, Cheng Xiao-Ran, Zhang Qi, Zhao Ming-Hui

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2026, 52(3):  802-812.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.52023

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Rice is the most widely cultivated grain crop in China, and its yield is highly susceptible to soil salinization. In our previous study, a candidate gene associated with salt tolerance in rice, OsST41, was identified through a genome-wide association study (GWAS). In the present study, we cloned the OsST41 (Os07g0598200) gene. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the gene has a full-length coding sequence of 747 bp and encodes a 248-amino-acid protein containing a conserved F-box domain. The OsST41 protein shares homology with the EDL3 protein in Arabidopsis thaliana, which is known to be involved in the regulation of abiotic stress responses. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that OsST41 is localized in the nucleus. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that OsST41 is expressed at all developmental stages of rice, and its expression in leaves is significantly upregulated under salt stress at the seedling stage. To investigate the function of OsST41 in salt tolerance, we generated a knockout mutant using CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology. The salt tolerance of the OsST41 knockout mutant was significantly reduced, and the Na⁺/K⁺ under salt stress was markedly higher than that of the wild type. Physiological measurements showed that, under salt stress, the mutant had significantly higher malondialdehyde (MDA) content and lower activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and proline (Pro) content compared to the wild type. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression levels of antioxidant-related genes OsALDH22A1 and OsGPX5 were significantly downregulated in the mutant. These results suggest that the antioxidant defense system is impaired in the mutant, leading to reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity. Collectively, our findings provide preliminary evidence that OsST41 plays a positive regulatory role in rice salt tolerance, laying a foundation for further exploration of its molecular mechanisms in response to salt stress.

TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY

Physiological mechanism and transcriptome analysis of sweet potato overgrowth under high-nitrogen conditions

Yu Yong-Chao, Liu Ming, Jin Rong, Zhao Peng, Zhang Qiang-Qiang, Wang Jing, Zhu Xiao-Ya, Tang Zhong-Hou

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2026, 52(3):  813-824.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.54109

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Sweet potato is an important food and economic crop in China; however, excessive vegetative growth under high nitrogen (N) conditions often leads to reduced yield and quality. In this study, we used two contrasting varieties—Xushu 32 (non-overgrowth) and Xuzishu 8 (prone to overgrowth) to investigate phenotypic responses and changes in carbon and nitrogen content under different nitrogen application levels (0, 80, and 200 kg hm^-2). Transcriptome sequencing was performed to identify metabolic pathways and candidate genes associated with stem overgrowth, with subsequent validation by RT-qPCR. The results showed that under high-N conditions, Xuzishu 8 exhibited significantly enhanced shoot growth, a marked reduction in storage root yield, and more severe overgrowth compared to Xushu 32. High nitrogen treatment increased nitrogen content and decreased soluble sugar content in stem tips of both varieties, along with significant upregulation of genes involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism pathways. These effects were more pronounced in Xuzishu 8, indicating greater sensitivity to high-N-induced overgrowth. Transcriptomic analysis identified 3852 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between normal and high-N treatments. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of 1174 DEGs shared between the two varieties revealed significant enrichment in pathways related to wound response, jasmonic acid signaling, amino acid metabolism, and zeatin biosynthesis, suggesting conserved mechanisms under high-N stress. Additionally, 6998 DEGs were identified between the two varieties under the same nitrogen treatments. Enrichment analysis of 1186 high-N-specific DEGs highlighted pathways associated with isoprenoid metabolism, hormone signaling, cytochrome P450 activity, nitrogen metabolism, and zeatin biosynthesis. Six candidate genes (g9506.t1, g14945.t1, g37255.t1, g25587.t1, g7821.t1, and g18076.t1) were further implicated in high-N-induced overgrowth. This study provides theoretical insight into the physiological mechanisms underlying stem overgrowth in sweet potato and offers a foundation for breeding varieties with improved tolerance to high nitrogen.

Preliminary investigation on the mechanism of potato tuber dormancy release induced by combined treatment of bromoethane and gibberellin

Zhang Yu, Liu Fang, Cai Cheng-Cheng, Yang Xiao-Hua, Jia MO-Shi-Zha, Yang Yuan-Jun, Wang Xi-Yao

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2026, 52(3):  825-838.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.54104

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Potato is a vital staple crop, and timely release of tuber dormancy is essential for improving emergence uniformity and yield. Although bromoethane (BE) has been shown to effectively break dormancy, subsequent sprout growth remains slow, limiting its broader application. To enhance sprouting efficiency, this study explored the combined effects of BE and gibberellin (GA?) on dormancy release and subsequent sprout development in potato tubers. Transcriptomic analysis was conducted on samples collected seven days after treatment from three groups: BE alone, BE+GA₃, and a water control (CK). The results revealed that the BE+GA₃ treatment not only shortened the dormancy period and increased sprouting rate but also significantly promoted sprout elongation. Compared with the control, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the BE group were primarily enriched in hormone signal transduction, MAPK signaling, and plant-pathogen interaction pathways related to stress responses, whereas DEGs in the BE+GA₃ group were significantly enriched in carbohydrate metabolism, DNA replication, primary metabolism, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways. Moreover, key genes in the IAA pathway (AUX/IAA, GH3) and GA pathway (GIB1, TF) were markedly upregulated, while that of key genes in the ABA pathway (ABI1/2, PP2C) were significantly downregulated in the BE+GA₃ group relative to CK, indicating that this combined treatment modulated hormone signaling pathways closely associated with dormancy release and sprouting. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis further showed that BE+GA₃ treatment significantly increased GA₃ and IAA levels while reducing ABA content, resulting in a decreased ABA/GA. Together, these findings suggest that the synergistic effect of BE and GA₃ promotes dormancy release and sprout growth in potato tubers by regulating hormone signaling and metabolic pathways—elevating GA₃ and IAA levels while suppressing ABA accumulation. This study elucidates the complementary mechanisms of BE and GA₃ and provides both theoretical insights and practical strategies for regulating potato dormancy.

Exogenous melatonin enhances heat tolerance of maize at the seedling stage by coordinating light and dark reactions

Li Xin-Hao, Xing Meng-Ke, Zhou Zi-Hui, Li Si-Ye, Ren Hao, Wang Hong-Zhang, Lai Hua-Jiang

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2026, 52(3):  839-856.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.53044

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In recent years, frequent extreme high-temperature events have severely limited maize production in China. Exogenous melatonin (Met) has been shown to enhance crop stress tolerance by improving antioxidant capacity; however, its role in regulating carbon assimilation and primary photochemical efficiency in maize leaves under heat stress remains poorly understood. In this study, the heat-sensitive maize cultivar Xianyu 335 (XY) and heat-tolerant cultivar Denghai 605 (DH) were used to investigate the effects of exogenous Met on photosynthetic responses and chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic curves under heat stress conditions (38℃/28℃) at the six-leaf stage. Compared with water treatment, exogenous Met significantly promoted the accumulation of soluble sugars and proline in maize leaves under heat stress, enhanced plant water content, and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), thereby reducing oxidative damage and lowering malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. These improvements alleviated the rise in relative fluorescence at the K phase (300 μs) and L phase (200 μs), mitigated heat-induced damage to the oxygen-evolving complex, relieved electron transport blockages, and increased the number of PSII reaction centers per unit area. Under Met treatment, the maximum photochemical efficiency (?_Po) increased by 29.1% in XY and 17.2% in DH. Furthermore, Met enhanced the activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), especially in the heat-sensitive XY. Photosynthetic response analysis showed that under Met treatment, the maximum net photosynthetic rate (P_nmax) increased by 38.6% in XY and 30.8% in DH, while photosynthetic capacity (P_c) increased by 30.2% and 19.2%, respectively. In addition, Met reduced the photorespiration rate (R_p) and increased the light saturation point (I_sat), CO₂ saturation point (C_isat), and maximum carboxylation efficiency (V_cmax). Overall, these findings indicate that exogenous Met enhances osmotic adjustment and antioxidant defense in maize leaves, synergistically improves both light and dark reactions of photosynthesis, and effectively mitigates heat stress-induced damage to net photosynthesis (P_n) and early-stage plant growth.

Effects of high temperature on dry matter accumulation and sugar metabolism in different soybean varieties

Zhao Xiang, Li Jia-Yi, Li Shuang, Han Wen-Hui, Huang Jun-Xia, Yao Xing-Dong, Zhang Hui-Jun, Wang Hai-Ying, Xie Fu-Ti

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2026, 52(3):  857-865.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.55054

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High temperature is one of the major environmental factors limiting soybean growth and development. Investigating the effects of high temperature at different growth stages on dry matter accumulation and sugar metabolism can help elucidate the physiological mechanisms underlying heat-induced yield loss, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for breeding heat- tolerant soybean varieties. In this study, two soybean varieties—Liaodou 24 (heat-insensitive) and SN22-15 (heat-sensitive)—were grown under pot conditions and subjected to high-temperature treatments at different developmental stages. Dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic parameters, and sugar content were measured. Under high-temperature conditions, Liaodou 24 exhibited significantly higher leaf color index, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration, transpiration rate, and dry matter weight of stems, leaves, petioles, and pods compared to SN22-15. High-temperature stress during the R1 and R3 stages, Liaodou 24 also showed significantly higher levels of soluble sugar content, sucrose content, and starch content in various plant parts than SN22-15. High-temperature stress during the V4, R1, and R3 stages, Liaodou 24 produced more pods per plant, more grains per plant, and greater seed weight per plant than SN22-15. Notably, high-temperature stress during the R3 stage caused a marked yield reduction in SN22-15. Excessive heat impaired photosynthesis in soybean leaves, inhibited the synthesis of photosynthetic products, reduced dry matter and sugar accumulation, and ultimately led to yield decline. Liaodou 24, being relatively heat-tolerant, showed moderate reductions in dry matter accumulation, sugar metabolism, and yield under high temperatures, only during the R3 stage. In contrast, SN22-15, as a heat-sensitive variety, experienced significant reductions in these traits across all growth stages, with the most severe impact occurring during the R3 stage. These findings suggested that in soybean breeding programs, developing varieties with appropriate maturity periods could help avoid yield loss due to high temperatures during the early podding stage.

Effects of reduced nitrogen application combined with organic fertilizer on yield formation and nitrogen utilization in mechanically transplanted rice

Liu Ning, Fan Ping, Wang Cheng, Chen Qi-Qi, Cheng Qing-Yue, Tie Xia-Na, Tang Jing-Sha, Liu Bin-Bin, Xie Hong-Kun, Wang Jia-Yue, Shi Yuan-Qing, Ma Jun

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2026, 52(3):  866-880.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.52013

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To investigate the effects of reduced nitrogen application combined with organic fertilizer on yield formation and related traits of machine-transplanted hybrid rice, this study used the indica hybrid rice F You 498 as the experimental material and employed a two-factor split-plot design. The main plots included two fertilization methods: no organic fertilizer (Mo) and organic fertilizer application (Mc, 1500 kg hm^-2). The subplots consisted of nitrogen reduction treatments. Based on a conventional chemical nitrogen application rate of 180 kg hm^-2 (N₃, used as the control), four nitrogen levels were established: 25% reduction (N₂), 50% reduction (N₁), and no nitrogen application (N₀). Yield, photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen transport, and nitrogen use efficiency were measured to clarify the synergistic mechanisms of reduced nitrogen application combined with organic fertilizer. The results showed that compared with Mo, the Mc treatment increased the photosynthetic leaf area index and photosynthetic potential, slowed chlorophyll degradation, effectively delayed leaf senescence, and enhanced photosynthetic performance. A moderate reduction in nitrogen combined with organic fertilizer optimized population structure, significantly increasing the number of effective panicles, grains per panicle, and 1000-grain weight. The treatment with 25% nitrogen reduction under organic fertilizer application (McN₂) achieved the highest yield, with a two-year average increase of 6.04% compared with the treatment using chemical fertilizer alone (MoN₃). Under the combined treatment, dry matter and nitrogen accumulation at maturity followed the order: N₂ > N₃ > N₁ > N₀. Additionally, compared with MoN₃, McN₂ significantly improved nitrogen dry matter production efficiency, apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency, physiological nitrogen use efficiency, agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, and partial factor productivity of nitrogen. These results suggest that applying organic fertilizer in combination with a 25% nitrogen reduction can enhance the targeted allocation of photosynthates to grains by synergistically optimizing the accumulation and distribution of assimilates and improving nitrogen transport efficiency, thereby establishing a population characterized by a “large source and sufficient sink”. This strategy achieves a balance between high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency in machine-transplanted rice and provides theoretical support for green, high-yield cultivation practices.

Response of nitrogen accumulation, yield, and quality characteristics of peanut varieties with different nodulation traits to nitrogen fertilizer application rate

Yu Tian-Yi, Wang Chun-Xiao, Xiao Li, Zhong Zhao-Di, Wang Xuan-Cang, Zhao Yong, Lu Ya, Wu Yue, Wu Zheng-Feng

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2026, 52(3):  881-894.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.55050

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Reducing nitrogen (N) application is an effective strategy for enhancing N use efficiency and promoting the N-fixing capacity of peanut root nodules. Given the considerable variation in nodulation traits among peanut cultivars, this study aimed to compare N absorption and utilization between common nodulating variety (CNV) and non-nodulating variety (NNV). A two-year field experiment was conducted across three locations in Shandong, China, to evaluate the responses of CNV and NNV to N fertilizer application rates of 120, 60, and 0 kg hm^-2, focusing on N accumulation, N use efficiency, yield, and quality. The results showed that reduced N fertilization significantly decreased N content, N accumulation, yield, and kernel protein content in NNV. Compared with the N120 treatment, the N60 treatment resulted in average reductions of 18.98% in whole-plant N accumulation, 17.30% in yield, and 10.69% in kernel protein content, while the N0 treatment caused average reductions of 25.13%, 13.97%, and 11.40%, respectively. In contrast, CNV maintained relatively stable N accumulation, yield, and kernel protein content across all N levels. Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between N accumulation in various plant organs and both yield and kernel protein content in NNV, whereas no such correlations were observed in CNV. These findings demonstrate that NNV is more sensitive to N fertilizer in terms of yield, quality, and N accumulation than CNV. Therefore, appropriately reducing N fertilizer input in peanut cultivation may enhance the utilization of biological N fixation by root nodules, thereby improving overall N use efficiency.

Effects of water-saving irrigation on rice yield and population quality in Northeast China

Ye Fan, Li Shuai, Li Si-Yu, Chen Yun, Dou Chao-Yin, Liu Li-Jun

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2026, 52(3):  895-907.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.52029

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Water scarcity is a major constraint on rice production in the black soil region of Northeast China, underscoring the urgent need for water-saving irrigation technologies to support sustainable cultivation. A field experiment was conducted during 2023-2024 at Jiansanjiang Qixing farm, Kiamusze, Heilongjiang province, using the conventional japonica cultivar Longjing 31. Three water-saving irrigation regimes—shallow-wet irrigation (SWI), alternate wetting and drying (AWD), and controlled irrigation (CI), were evaluated against continuous flooding (CF) to assess their effects on grain yield and crop population traits. (1) Compared to CF, irrigation water input was reduced by 9.5%-18.9% under SWI, 12.2%-23.4% under AWD, and 17.0%-26.8% under CI. Grain yield increased by 10.5%-11.2%, 7.4%-13.5%, and 2.11%-2.25%, respectively, while irrigation water use efficiency improved by 21.7%-29.9%, 22.3%-39.8%, and 22.0%-29.2%. Yield improvements under SWI and AWD were primarily attributed to increases in total spikelet number, with AWD exhibiting significantly higher water use efficiency than SWI. (2) Both SWI and AWD also enhanced population quality by improving the productive tiller rate, effective leaf area index, spikelets-to-leaf area ratio, non-structural carbohydrate (NSCs) accumulation and remobilization, post-anthesis dry matter production, root activity, and antioxidant defense. Additionally, they maintained higher leaf SPAD values and reduced membrane lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, SWI and AWD not only conserve irrigation water but also optimize physiological performance, thereby contributing to yield enhancement. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the adoption of water-saving irrigation strategies in rice cultivation within the black soil region of Northeast China.

Combing nitrogen fertilizer reduction with green manure returning via livestock digestion decreased greenhouse gas emissions in wheat fields at the Qinghai Plateau

Li Xiao-Long, Yan Qing-Biao, Li Zheng-Peng, Yin Wen, Fan Zhi-Long, Hu Fa-Long, Han Mei, Chai Qiang

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2026, 52(3):  908-921.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.51054

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To address challenges in wheat production in high-altitude and cold regions—such as excessive nitrogen fertilizer use and substantial greenhouse gas emissions—this study investigated the effects of different green manure return methods and nitrogen application rates during the wheat growing season on greenhouse gas emissions and crop yield, providing a theoretical basis and technical support for sustainable wheat cultivation in these regions. Field experiments were conducted from 2023 to 2024 at the College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, using a split-plot design. The main plots included three nitrogen application levels: conventional nitrogen application (225 kg hm^-2, N2), a 30% reduction in nitrogen application (158 kg hm^-2, N1), and no nitrogen application (0 kg hm^-2, N0). Based on the previous year’s green manure, three return methods were tested: root stubble return after removal of the upper plant (RR), combined return of root stubble and processed upper plant (SDRR), and full return of above-ground parts and roots (RROS). Results showed that reducing nitrogen by 30% combined with green manure incorporation and stubble return (N1SDRR) significantly mitigated greenhouse gas emissions. Total CO₂ emissions decreased by 4.2% compared to full nitrogen reduction with full manure return (N1RROS), while total N₂O emissions decreased by 19.1%, and net CH₄ uptake increased by 15.8%. The global warming potential (GWP) was reduced by 5.0% compared to N1RROS. The N1SDRR treatment also increased wheat grain yield by 4.1% and reduced the greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI) by 14.6%, effectively balancing emission reduction with yield stability. Additionally, soil organic matter and ammonium nitrogen content increased by 9.1% and 22.8%, respectively, while nitrate nitrogen decreased by 10.0% compared to N1RROS. Soil sucrase and urease activities increased by 3.2% and 7.8%, respectively, whereas nitrite reductase and nitrate reductase activities decreased by 11.9% and 5.7%. This model demonstrates the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining productivity through the enhancement of soil organic matter and regulation of ammonium/nitrate nitrogen balance. A random forest model further identified soil sucrase activity, grain yield, and soil organic matter as key factors influencing greenhouse gas emission intensity per unit yield. Adjusting nitrogen fertilization rates and green manure return methods significantly reduced carbon emissions per unit yield by affecting soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics. Therefore, reducing nitrogen fertilizer by 30% in combination with above-ground green manure incorporation and stubble return can improve soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activity, effectively lower greenhouse gas emissions, and stabilize wheat grain yield. This represents a promising management strategy for achieving both yield stability and emission reduction in wheat farmland on the Qinghai Plateau and other alpine regions.

Non-destructive prediction and visualization of major chemical components in tobacco leaves using hyperspectral imaging

Yang Yue, Zhang Xin-Xin, He Zeng-Hui, Li Rui-Dong, Pan Yu-Jie, Li Jia-Kang, Du Wei, Xu Da-Yong, Du Jin-Song

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2026, 52(3):  922-935.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.54100

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The chemical composition of tobacco leaves plays a crucial role in determining their aroma, flavor, and smoking quality. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) offers a rapid, non-destructive means of detecting and visualizing key chemical constituents in tobacco leaves. In this study, 240 flue-cured tobacco samples from various grades and production areas in Yunnan province, China, were analyzed. Hyperspectral images were collected across the 967.05-2561.33 nm spectral range, and an improved region of interest (ROI) extraction method—combining spectral difference analysis with superpixel clustering—was proposed to effectively eliminate interference from background, leaf veins, and irregular structures. Spectral data were preprocessed using a combination of standard normal variate (SNV) transformation and first derivative (FD), followed by principal component analysis (PCA) for dimensionality reduction. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models were developed under a unified modeling framework to simultaneously predict six chemical components: nicotine, total sugars, reducing sugars, total nitrogen, potassium, and chlorine. The results showed that the SNV+FD preprocessing strategy could effectively enhance model performance. The coefficients of determination for cross-validation (Q²) for nicotine, total sugars, reducing sugars, and total nitrogen all exceeded 0.89, with the lowest root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) reaching 0.09. In an external test with 20 independent samples, the coefficients of determination for prediction (R²) were 0.930, 0.908, 0.854, and 0.915, respectively. The average relative deviation (RD) was less than 5%, and the residual prediction deviation (RPD) values were all above 2.5, which verified the stability and predictive capability of the models. The established models enabled pixel-level visualization of chemical constituent distribution, revealing distinct heterogeneity across different leaf regions. The proposed ROI extraction and modeling method provides an efficient, non-destructive, and visual approach for evaluating tobacco quality and supporting precision processing.

RESEARCH NOTES

QTL mapping for bruchid resistance in an adzuki bean distant hybridization population using rice bean genetic resources

Liu Chang-You, Wang Shen, Shi Hui-Ying, Shen Ying-Chao, Sun Lei, Wang Yan, Zhang Zhi-Xiao, Su Qiu-Zhu, Tian Jing, Fan Bao-Jie

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2026, 52(3):  936-944.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.54053

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Bruchid beetles (Callosobruchus spp.) are major storage pests of adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) and other food legumes. While cultivated adzuki bean lacks bruchid-resistant germplasm, its close relative, rice bean (Vigna umbellata), exhibits strong resistance. This study aimed to explore bruchid resistance genes from rice bean by developing a distant hybridization population with adzuki bean, thereby providing a theoretical basis for molecular breeding of bruchid-resistant adzuki bean varieties. An interspecific hybrid population was generated using the bruchid-resistant rice bean accession F021 as the maternal parent and the bruchid-susceptible adzuki bean cultivar Baihong 2 as the paternal parent. F₁ hybrids were obtained through embryo rescue, and a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of 178 F₈ lines was established via single-seed descent. A genetic linkage map was constructed using 3095 SSR markers to identify polymorphic loci between the parents. Bruchid resistance was evaluated over two consecutive years through artificial infestation with Callosobruchus chinensis (adzuki bean weevil), using seed damage rate (%) as the phenotypic indicator. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for bruchid resistance were identified by interval mapping, and their genetic effects were analyzed. The seed damage rate of Baihong 2 was consistently 100% across both years, confirming its susceptibility, while F021 displayed resistance with seed damage rates of 19.2% and 23.4%, respectively. The RIL population exhibited a continuous distribution of seed damage rates, consistent with the inheritance pattern of a quantitative trait. A total of 503 polymorphic SSR markers were identified, with the highest polymorphism rate (33.7%) observed among adzuki bean-derived markers. The final genetic linkage map included 262 markers distributed across 11 linkage groups, spanning a total length of 634.90 cM with an average inter-marker distance of 3.43 cM. Comparative genomic analysis showed good collinearity with the adzuki bean reference genome. Joint analysis of phenotypic data from both years identified nine QTLs associated with resistance to C. chinensis, including three stable QTLs (QUmbr2.1/2.2, QUmbr4.1/4.2, and QUmbr11.1/11.2), with LOD scores ranging from 2.93 to 6.56 and phenotypic variance explained ranging from 8.3% to 17.0%. All QTLs exhibited negative additive effects, indicating that alleles from rice bean significantly reduced seed damage rates. This study successfully mapped QTLs for adzuki bean weevil resistance using a distant hybridization population and confirmed rice bean as a valuable gene donor for improving bruchid resistance in adzuki bean, providing essential marker resources for molecular marker-assisted selection in breeding programs.

Metabolomic analysis of wild oats and cultivated oats

Guo Ying, Zhang Da-Xiao, Chen Mei-Lin, Chen Guan-Yu, Liu Jian-Min, Yang Xiao-Hong, Han Bing

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2026, 52(3):  945-956.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.51045

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A wide-targeted metabolomics approach was employed to investigate differences in leaf metabolites between wild and cultivated oats 15 days after heading. A total of 1821 metabolites were detected in both wild and cultivated oats, among which 318 were identified as differential metabolites, spanning 13 categories including phenolic acids (65), flavonoids (59), and amino acids and their derivatives (34). The relative abundances of these metabolites were quantified. The results showed that flavonoids represented the most diverse group, while amino acids and their derivatives exhibited the highest overall abundance. Two metabolites—isorhamnetin-7-O-glucoside (santonin) and apigenin-7-O-(2''-glucuronidyl) glucuronide—were unique to wild oats, whereas 3'-glucosyl-6,7-dihydroxy-N-methyl-benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline, glucosylshikimic acid, and myristoleic acid were unique to cultivated oats. Several detected metabolites, including caffeic acid phenethyl ester, salidroside, and chrysin, are known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and antibacterial activities, and their levels were higher in wild oats than in cultivated oats. Fourteen oat alkaloids were identified in both types, with 13 of them reaching their highest concentrations in a local naked oat variety. This study provides a valuable reference for the scientific introduction and comprehensive utilization of wild oat resources.