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作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (12): 1774-1781.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.01774

• 专题: 玉米籽粒脱水与机械收获研究 • 上一篇    下一篇

倒伏对玉米机械粒收田间损失和收获效率的影响

薛军,李璐璐,谢瑞芝,王克如,侯鹏,明博,张万旭,张国强,高尚,白氏杰,初振东,李少昆   

  1. 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所 / 农业部作物生理生态重点实验室, 北京100081
  • 收稿日期:2018-04-03 接受日期:2018-07-20 出版日期:2018-12-12 网络出版日期:2018-08-03
  • 通讯作者: 王克如,李少昆
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300110);本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300101);国家自然科学基金项目(31371575);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-02-25);中国农业科学院农业科技创新工程资助

Effect of Lodging on Maize Grain Losing and Harvest Efficiency in Mechanical Grain Harvest

Jun XUE,Lu-Lu LI,Rui-Zhi XIE,Ke-Ru WANG,Peng HOU,Bo MING,Wan-Xu ZHANG,Guo-Qiang ZHANG,Shang GAO,Shi-Jie BAI,Zhen-Dong CHU,Shao-Kun LI   

  1. Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2018-04-03 Accepted:2018-07-20 Published:2018-12-12 Published online:2018-08-03
  • Contact: Ke-Ru WANG,Shao-Kun LI
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300110);This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300101);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31371575);the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02-25);the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science.

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摘要：

通过大田机械粒收过程田间植株倒伏、机收落穗、落粒损失的大样本数据分析以及人工模拟倒伏控制试验, 研究了倒伏率与机械粒收产量损失率及收获效率之间的定量化关系。结果表明, 黄淮海夏玉米区田间倒伏率、机械粒收落穗率、落粒率均高于北方和西北春玉米区。大田自然条件下, 倒伏对产量损失的影响主要表现为落穗损失, 倒伏率每增加1%, 落穗率增加0.15%; 分区分析表明, 倒伏每增加1%, 春玉米区落穗率增加0.12%, 夏玉米区落穗率增加0.15%; 不同类型收获机械的测试结果表明, 采用全喂入式机械时落穗率随倒伏率增加呈指数递增趋势, 采用半喂入式机械时落穗率和倒伏率呈线性增加趋势, 即倒伏在黄淮海夏玉米区对机械粒收落穗损失的影响更大。在倒伏控制试验条件下, 倒伏每增加1%, 落穗率增加0.59%; 落粒与倒伏则呈显著负相关, 可能与倒伏增加使进入机械的果穗减少从而降低了机械落粒有关; 收获速度随倒伏率增加呈指数递减趋势, 降低收获机割台可以减少落穗损失, 但是降低了收获速度。通过选用抗倒伏品种、构建高质量群体、适时收获等防止倒伏措施, 能够有效降低玉米机械粒收的田间损失。

关键词: 玉米, 倒伏, 机械粒收, 落穗与落粒, 收获速度

Abstract:

Clarifying the effect of lodging on maize grain loss and harvest efficiency is important to propose adaptable measures developing maize grain harvesting technology in China. A number of sample data of field natural lodging rate, ear loss rate and kernel loss rate were obtained from experiments and demonstrations of maize grain harvesting. The lodging was also implemented by pushing down the maize plants artificially to analyze the quantitative relationship of lodging rate with grain loss and harvest efficiency in mechanical grain harvest. All of lodging rate, ear loss rate and kernel loss rate were higher in the Yellow-Huaihe- Haihe Rivers Plain summer maize region than in North and Northwest spring maize regions. Under natural lodging conditions, the ear loss was a major part of grain yield loss, which increased by 0.15% when lodging rate increased each 1%. As lodging rate increased each 1%, ear loss increased by 0.12% in spring maize region and by 0.15% in summer maize region. There were an exponentially increasing relationship for using whole feed type combine harvester and a linear increasing relationship for using half feed type combine harvester between lodging rate and ear loss rate, behaving a greater influence of lodging in Yellow- Huaihe-Haihe Rivers Plain summer region. Under lodging control conditions, the ear loss increased by 0.59% with each 1% increase in lodging rate, and the kernel loss was significantly and negatively correlated with lodging rate. This can be explained that more lodging plants have less ears entering the combine harvester and decreasing kernel loss rate. The harvest speed decreased exponentially with increasing lodging rate. Lowering the harvester header decreased ear loss rate but reduced the harvest speed. Common methods to prevent lodging and reduce grain loss should be breeding maize cultivars with lodging resistance, constructing high-quality maize populations and harvesting at optimal time.

Key words: maize, lodging, mechanical grain harvest, ear and kernel loss, harvest speed

表1

玉米田间倒伏及机械粒收产量损失描述"

玉米季
Maize season		 调查指标
Indicator		 样本量
Sample quantity		 平均数
Average
(%)		 最大值
Maximum
(%)		 最小值
Minimum
(%)		 变异
系数
CV (%)		 ≥ GB/T-21962-2008样本量
≥ GB/T-21962-2008 sample quantity
春玉米 倒伏率 Lodging rate 240 9.9 89.0 0.0 146.1 109
Spring maize 落粒损失率 Kernel loss 240 0.5 5.5 0.0 142.0 1
落穗损失率 Ear loss 240 2.9 31.3 0.0 157.3 49
总损失率 Total grain loss 240 3.4 33.4 0.0 139.4 54
夏玉米 倒伏率 Lodging rate 124 13.2 89.7 0.0 156.7 59
Summer 落粒损失 Kernel loss 124 1.1 3.6 0.1 61.2 0
maize 落穗损失 Ear loss 124 5.0 26.1 0.0 120.7 43
总损失 Total grain loss 124 6.1 27.8 0.2 100.2 49

图1

自然条件下植株倒伏与落穗、落粒率的关系(2013-2017年) 图A为总损失率, 图B为落穗率, 图C为落粒率。** 表示 0.01显著水平, NS表示未达到显著水平。"

图2

不同玉米种植区倒伏率与落穗率之间的关系 A为北方和西北春玉米区(n=240), B为黄淮海夏玉米区(n=124), **表示0.01显著水平。"

图3

全喂入式(A, 吉林榆树)和半喂入式(B, 山东茌平)测试机具倒伏率与机收落穗率之间的关系 **表示0.01显著水平。"

图4

模拟倒伏试验中倒伏率和落穗(A)、落粒(B)率之间的关系(河南新乡, 2017) **和*分别表示0.01和0.05显著水平。"

图5

倒伏率与玉米机械粒收速度的关系(河南新乡, 2017) **表示0.01显著水平。"

图6

倒伏和收获速度对玉米机械粒收落穗率的影响 (吉林公主岭, 2017)"

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