作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (12): 1774-1781.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.01774
薛军,李璐璐,谢瑞芝,王克如,侯鹏,明博,张万旭,张国强,高尚,白氏杰,初振东,李少昆
Jun XUE,Lu-Lu LI,Rui-Zhi XIE,Ke-Ru WANG,Peng HOU,Bo MING,Wan-Xu ZHANG,Guo-Qiang ZHANG,Shang GAO,Shi-Jie BAI,Zhen-Dong CHU,Shao-Kun LI
摘要:
通过大田机械粒收过程田间植株倒伏、机收落穗、落粒损失的大样本数据分析以及人工模拟倒伏控制试验, 研究了倒伏率与机械粒收产量损失率及收获效率之间的定量化关系。结果表明, 黄淮海夏玉米区田间倒伏率、机械粒收落穗率、落粒率均高于北方和西北春玉米区。大田自然条件下, 倒伏对产量损失的影响主要表现为落穗损失, 倒伏率每增加1%, 落穗率增加0.15%; 分区分析表明, 倒伏每增加1%, 春玉米区落穗率增加0.12%, 夏玉米区落穗率增加0.15%; 不同类型收获机械的测试结果表明, 采用全喂入式机械时落穗率随倒伏率增加呈指数递增趋势, 采用半喂入式机械时落穗率和倒伏率呈线性增加趋势, 即倒伏在黄淮海夏玉米区对机械粒收落穗损失的影响更大。在倒伏控制试验条件下, 倒伏每增加1%, 落穗率增加0.59%; 落粒与倒伏则呈显著负相关, 可能与倒伏增加使进入机械的果穗减少从而降低了机械落粒有关; 收获速度随倒伏率增加呈指数递减趋势, 降低收获机割台可以减少落穗损失, 但是降低了收获速度。通过选用抗倒伏品种、构建高质量群体、适时收获等防止倒伏措施, 能够有效降低玉米机械粒收的田间损失。
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