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作物学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (9): 1386-1397.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.94074

• 耕作栽培· 生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

播种深度对花生生育进程和叶片衰老的影响及其生理机制

甄晓宇,杨坚群,栗鑫鑫,刘兆新,高芳,赵继浩,李颖,钱必长,李金融,杨东清(),李向东()   

  1. 山东农业大学农学院/作物生物学国家重点实验室, 山东泰安 271018
  • 收稿日期:2019-01-03 接受日期:2019-04-15 出版日期:2019-09-12 网络出版日期:2019-05-14
  • 通讯作者: 杨东清,李向东
  • 作者简介:E-mail: xyzhen2016@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD1000900);山东省现代农业体系花生创新团队首席专家专项基金(SDAIT-04-01);山东省重大科技创新工程项目资助(2018YFJH0601-3)

Effects and physiological mechanisms of sowing depth on the growth progress and leaf senescence of peanut

ZHEN Xiao-Yu,YANG Jian-Qun,LI Xin-Xin,LIU Zhao-Xin,GAO Fang,ZHAO Ji-Hao,LI Ying,QIAN Bi-Chang,LI Jin-Rong,YANG Dong-Qing(),LI Xiang-Dong()   

  1. College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
  • Received:2019-01-03 Accepted:2019-04-15 Published:2019-09-12 Published online:2019-05-14
  • Contact: Dong-Qing YANG,Xiang-Dong LI
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD1000900);the Shandong Modern Agricultural Technology & Industry System(SDAIT-04-01);Shandong Key Research and Development Program(2018YFJH0601-3)

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摘要：

在春播、土壤水分适宜以及起垄覆膜种植模式条件下, 选用大花生品种山花108, 设置3、5、7、9、11、13和15 cm (SD3、SD5、SD7、SD9、SD11、SD13和SD15) 7种播种深度, 研究播种深度对花生生育进程、叶绿素含量、光合性能、干物质积累量、抗氧化酶活性及产量形成的影响。2年结果表明, 播种深度明显影响花生出苗时间, 与SD5处理相比, SD15处理的出苗期推迟5 d, 产量形成期缩短2.5 d。播深过浅(3 cm)或过深(＞7 cm)显著降低了植株主茎高和侧枝长, 导致叶面积指数(LAI)显著降低; 且降低了产量形成期叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率, 导致植株干物质积累量显著降低。播种过深(＞7 cm)显著降低了产量形成期叶片可溶性蛋白含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性, 丙二醛(MDA)含量显著提高, 导致叶片膜脂过氧化加剧。各播深处理相比, SD5处理的荚果和籽仁产量较高, 主要是由于其单株结果数、单果重及出仁率的提高, 播种深度超过7 cm后, 减产显著。因而, 春花生适宜的播种深度应控制在5 cm。

关键词: 播种深度, 花生, 生育进程, 抗氧化性, 产量

Abstract:

A 2-year field study was conducted using Shanhua 108 with seven levels of sowing depth (SD3, SD5, SD7, SD9, SD11, SD13, and SD15) by ridging and mulching under the suitable soil moisture condition to identify and assess the effects of sowing depth on growth progress, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation, antioxidant enzyme activities and yield formation in peanut. The sowing depth significantly affected the emergence time of peanut. Compared with SD5 treatment, the seedling emergence time of SD15 was delayed five days (d), and the yield formation period was shortened 2.5 d. The shallow seeding treatment (SD3) and deep-planting treatments (depth ＞7 cm) significantly reduced the height of main stem and the length of branch, resulting in a decrease in leaf area index (LAI). Moreover, the chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate during yield formation period of those treatments were significantly decreased, leading to a decrease of dry matter accumulation of plants. At the same time, increasing sowing depth significantly reduced soluble protein content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities, increased malonaldehyde (MDA) content during the yield formation period. The pod yield and seed yield in SD5 treatment was the highest due to the highest pod number per plant, the single pod weight and shelling rate, and deep-sowing (depth >7 cm) was adverse to yield. Therefore, the appropriate sowing depth should be 5 cm in the peanut cultivation practice.

Key words: sowing depth, peanut, growth progress, antioxidant system, yield

表1

2017年和2018年花生出苗期日平均气温、相对湿度和降水量"

播种后天数
Days after sowing (d)		 2017 2018
平均气温
Average temperature (°C)		 相对湿度
Relative humidity (%)		 降水量
Precipitation
(mm)		 平均气温
Average temperature (°C)		 相对湿度
Relative humidity (%)		 降水量
Precipitation
(mm)
1 23.4 64 0 18.2 73 1.3
2 23.6 53 0 19.8 65 0
3 23.7 47 0 21.3 53 0
4 20.1 42 0 21.6 37 0
5 20.9 45 13 20.2 36 0
6 19.7 61 0 20.3 42 0
7 23.2 54 0 18.4 70 0
8 26.0 49 0 19.9 68 0
9 26.3 54 0 24.5 66 0
10 25.8 51 0 26.2 55 0
11 24.8 58 0 27.1 71 6.4
12 25.9 61 0 25.2 79 3.8

图1

2017年和2018年花生生育期降水量和平均气温"

图2

播种深度对花生生育进程的影响 SD3、SD5、SD7、SD9、SD11、SD13和SD15处理分别表示播种深度为3、5、7、9、11、13和15 cm; VE-R8: 花生生长时期。"

图3

播种深度对花生干物质积累量的影响 缩写同图2。"

图4

播种深度对花生主茎高和侧枝长的影响"

表2

播种深度对花生叶片叶绿素含量的影响"

生育时期
Growth stage		 处理
Treatment		 2017 2018
叶绿素a
Chl a		 叶绿素b
Chl b		 叶绿素a+b
Chl a+b		 叶绿素a
Chl a		 叶绿素b
Chl b		 叶绿素a+b
Chl a+b
R3 SD3 1.90 b 0.78 b 2.68 b 2.15 a 0.90 a 3.05 b
SD5 1.94 a 0.81a 2.74 a 2.20 a 0.91 a 3.11 a
SD7 1.87 b 0.77 b 2.65 b 2.18 a 0.90 a 3.08 b
SD9 1.81 c 0.75 c 2.56 c 2.07 b 0.86 b 2.93 c
SD11 1.76 d 0.72 d 2.48 d 1.97 c 0.82 c 2.78 d
SD13 1.63 e 0.69 e 2.32 e 1.83 d 0.77 d 2.60 e
SD15 1.61 e 0.69 e 2.30 e 1.80 d 0.76 d 2.56 e
R5 SD3 2.24 b 0.90 b 3.15 b 2.46 b 0.93 b 3.39 b
SD5 2.37 a 0.93 a 3.30 a 2.55 a 0.97 a 3.53 a
SD7 2.37 a 0.89 b 3.27 a 2.40 bc 0.93 b 3.33 b
SD9 2.25 b 0.89 b 3.14 b 2.34 c 0.91 c 3.25 c
SD11 2.07 c 0.87 c 2.94 c 2.25 d 0.89 d 3.15 d
SD13 1.99 d 0.84 d 2.83 d 2.04 e 0.88 e 2.92 e
SD15 1.96 d 0.84 d 2.80 d 2.02 e 0.88 e 2.90 e
生育时期
Growth stage		 处理
Treatment		 2017 2018
叶绿素a
Chl a		 叶绿素b
Chl b		 叶绿素a+b
Chl a+b		 叶绿素a
Chl a		 叶绿素b
Chl b		 叶绿素a+b
Chl a+b
R7 SD3 1.54 b 0.76 b 2.29 b 1.63 a 0.71 c 2.34 b
SD5 1.65 a 0.81 a 2.46 a 1.68 a 0.80 a 2.48 a
SD7 1.62 a 0.81 a 2.43 a 1.65 b 0.80 a 2.45 a
SD9 1.48 c 0.71 c 2.20 c 1.53 c 0.73 b 2.26 c
SD11 1.44 d 0.68 d 2.12 d 1.49 d 0.71 c 2.19 d
SD13 1.43 d 0.68 d 2.11 d 1.39 e 0.68 d 2.07 e
SD15 1.36 e 0.64 e 2.00 e 1.36 e 0.67 d 2.03 e
R8 SD3 1.28 b 0.61 b 1.89 b 1.20 c 0.64 b 1.84 b
SD5 1.44 a 0.65 a 2.09 a 1.51 a 0.68 a 2.19 a
SD7 1.28 b 0.58 bc 1.86 b 1.46 b 0.69 a 2.15 a
SD9 1.09 c 0.57 c 1.65 c 1.17 c 0.64 bc 1.81 b
SD11 0.76 d 0.53 d 1.30 d 0.99 d 0.61 c 1.61 c
SD13 0.74 de 0.52 d 1.26 d 0.91 e 0.56 d 1.47 d
SD15 0.69 e 0.51 d 1.21 e 0.90 e 0.55 d 1.45 d

图 5

播种深度对花生叶面积指数的影响"

图6

播种深度对花生叶片净光合速率的影响"

图7

播种深度对花生叶片SOD活性的影响"

图8

播种深度对花生叶片POD活性的影响"

图9

播种深度对花生叶片MDA含量的影响"

图10

播种深度对花生叶片可溶性蛋白含量的影响"

表3

播种深度对花生荚果产量及产量构成因子的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 荚果产量
Pod yield
(kg hm-2)		 籽仁产量
Kernel yield
(kg hm-2)		 千克果数
Pods kg-1		 单株果数
Pods per plant		 出仁率
Shelling rate
(%)
2017 SD3 5645.6±30 bc 4036.4±46 c 490.7±11 c 15.0±0.7 b 71.1±0.5 d
SD5 5935.9±86 a 4406.8±72 a 425.3±7 e 17.2±0.4 a 74.3±0.3 a
SD7 5745.7±46 b 4197.9±34 b 452.7±3 d 15.6±0.5 b 73.1±0.2 b
SD9 5615.6±30 c 4057.4±26 c 454.0±4 d 14.8±0.8 b 72.3±0.6 c
SD11 5435.4±60 dc 3896.7±47 d 478.0±2 c 13.8±0.4 c 71.6±0.1 cd
SD13 5265.3±46 e 3757.9±34 e 507.3±8 b 12.8±0.8 d 71.2±0.3 d
SD15 5105.1±79 f 3563.8±48 f 531.3±10 a 11.0±0.7 e 69.6±0.1 e
2018 SD3 5335.3±46 c 3821.0±54 b 485.3±10 d 13.3±0.3 c 71.6±0.4 b
SD5 5655.7±69 a 4078.2±55 a 456.7±6 e 16.3±0.2 a 72.3±0.2 a
SD7 5475.5±97 b 3973.9±85 a 484.0±8 d 14.9±0.5 b 72.5±0.5 a
SD9 5285.3±79 c 3761.3±77 b 506.7±4 c 12.7±0.4 c 71.5±0.3 b
SD11 5275.3±63 c 3751.4±32 b 525.3±7 b 12.6±0.2 c 70.7±0.2 c
SD13 5085.1±46 d 3504.0±57 c 528.0±3 b 10.9±0.4 d 68.5±0.4 d
SD15 4894.9±60 e 3369.2±25 d 551.3±7 a 9.1±0.5 e 68.5±0.4 d
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