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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (10): 1953-1965.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.02068

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同稻田综合种养模式下水稻产量形成特点及其稻米品质和经济效益差异

车阳(), 程爽, 田晋钰, 陶钰, 刘秋员, 邢志鹏*(), 窦志, 徐强, 胡雅杰, 郭保卫, 魏海燕, 高辉, 张洪程*()   

  1. 扬州大学 / 江苏省作物栽培生理重点实验室 / 江苏省粮食作物现代产业技术协同创新中心 / 水稻产业工程技术研究院, 江苏扬州 225009
  • 收稿日期:2020-10-17 接受日期:2021-03-19 出版日期:2021-10-12 网络出版日期:2021-03-31
  • 通讯作者: 邢志鹏,张洪程
  • 作者简介:E-mail: cheyangde@foxmail.com
  • 基金资助:
    江苏省重点研发计划项目(BE2018355);国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0300804);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-01-27);国家自然科学基金项目(31801293);江苏省高校优势学科建设工程项目

Characteristics and differences of rice yield, quality, and economic benefits under different modes of comprehensive planting-breeding in paddy fields

CHE Yang(), CHENG Shuang, TIAN Jin-Yu, TAO Yu, LIU Qiou-Yuan, XING Zhi-Peng*(), DOU Zhi, XU Qiang, HU Ya-Jie, GUO Bao-Wei, WEI Hai-Yan, GAO Hui, ZHANG Hong-Cheng*()   

  1. Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
  • Received:2020-10-17 Accepted:2021-03-19 Published:2021-10-12 Published online:2021-03-31
  • Contact: XING Zhi-Peng,ZHANG Hong-Cheng
  • Supported by:
    Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province(BE2018355);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0300804);China Agricultural Research System(CARS-01-27);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31801293);Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)

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摘要：

为探明不同稻田综合种养模式下水稻产量、光合物质生产、品质和经济效益特征及差异, 本研究于2018年和2019年以当地代表性优质水稻南粳9108为材料, 设置稻虾(rice crayfish, RC)、稻鳖(rice turtle, RT)、稻鳅(rice loach, RL)、稻鲶鱼(rice catfish, RF)、稻锦鲤(rice koi, RK)和稻鸭(rice duck, RD)等6种主流和当地特色的稻田综合种养模式, 与稻麦两熟模式下水稻生产(CK)进行对比, 系统研究多种类型稻田综合种养模式对水稻产量及其构成、光合物质生产特征、稻米品质与经济效益的影响。结果表明: 与CK相比, 稻田综合种养模式水稻产量显著降低3.66%~7.54%, 其中稻鸭模式减产最少, 稻锦鲤模式减少最多。稻田综合种养水稻产量降低主要由于穗数和每穗粒数的减少导致群体颖花量显著减少, 并且主要生育时期干物质积累量较低和叶面积指数偏小, 主要生育阶段光合势、群体生长率和净同化率较低, 导致成熟期干物质积累量较少。稻田综合种养模式较CK显著降低稻米整精米率2.40%~4.37%, 显著降低垩白度8.14%~11.14%, 增加直链淀粉含量9.35%~13.80%, 降低蛋白质含量6.29%~10.01%, 显著提高食味值评分3.91%~11.69%, 其中稻鲶鱼、稻虾、稻鳅模式在提升稻米食味品质上的作用更明显。稻田综合种养模式下稻米淀粉RVA谱特征值峰值黏度、热浆黏度、最终黏度以及崩解值较对照升高2.75%~12.65%、3.24%~19.63%和2.47%~14.79%、1.67%~5.78%, 消减值降低2.54%~15.15%, 稻米品质变优。稻田综合种养模式经济效益较CK提高80.93%~511.52%, 其效益增加主要源于水产(禽)养殖产品增收和稻米优质加价增收。综上所述, 稻田综合种养是一种稳产提质增效的稻作生产方式。

关键词: 稻田综合种养, 产量, 光合物质生产, 品质, 经济效益

Abstract:

To explore the characteristics and differences in yield, photosynthetic matter production, quality and economic benefits of rice under different modes of comprehensive planting-breeding in paddy fields, six modes including rice crayfish (RC), rice turtle (RT), rice loach (RL), rice catfish (RF), rice koi (RK), and rice duck (RD) were arranged using Nanjing 9108 (a high-quality rice variety) as the experimental material in 2018 and 2019. Comparing these modes with rice cultivation under rice-wheat rotation (CK), the effects of different modes of comprehensive planting-breeding in paddy fields on quality, yield and yield component of rice, characteristics of photosynthetic matter production, and economic benefits were systematically investigated in this study. The results showed that, compared with CK, the rice yield of different modes of comprehensive planting-breeding in paddy fields was significantly decreased by 3.66%-7.54%, and the RD mode reduced the least, and the RK mode reduced the most. Compared with CK, the reduction of rice yield in different modes of comprehensive planting-breeding in paddy fields was mainly due to lower dry matter accumulation at maturity stage, which was resulted from the smaller leaf area index, lower photosynthetic potential, crop growth rate, and net assimilation rate in main growth stages; and due to less total number of spikelets, which was caused by significant decreasing in panicle number per hectare and number of spikelets per panicle. Compared with CK, the different modes of comprehensive planting-breeding in paddy fields significantly reduced the head milled rice rate by 2.40%-4.37%, decreased the chalkiness by 8.14%-11.14%, increased the amylose content by 9.35%-13.80%, reduced the protein content by 6.29%-10.01%, and raised the taste value by 3.91%-11.69%. Compared with CK, the peak viscosity, hot viscosity, final viscosity, and breakdown of RVA parameters of rice starch were increased by 2.75%-12.65%, 3.24%-19.63%, 2.47%-14.79%, and 1.67%-5.78%, respectively, while the setback was decreased by 2.54%-15.15%. The economic benefits of different modes of comprehensive planting-breeding in paddy fields were 80.93%-511.52% higher than CK, which was mainly due to the increase in the income of aquatic (poultry) breeding products and the increase in the price of rice quality. In conclusion, comprehensive planting-breeding in paddy fields was an alternative rice planting mode, that could guarantee a stable rice yield, improve rice quality, and increase the comprehensive benefits.

Key words: comprehensive planting-breeding in paddy fields, rice yield, characteristics of photosynthetic matter production, quality, economic benefit

表1

不同稻田综合种养模式下水稻产量及其构成因素"

年度
Year		 模式
Type		 穗数
Number of panicles
(×104 m-2)		 每穗粒数
Number of spikelets per panicle		 群体颖花量
Total number of spikelets
(×104 hm-2)		 结实率
Filled grain percentage (%)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 实产
Actual yield
(t hm-2)
2018 稻虾 RC 356.60 bc 108.13 b 3855.93 c 92.48 a 26.61 a 9.05 c
稻锦鲤 RK 350.04 c 106.20 b 3717.41 c 91.82 a 26.14 a 8.84 c
稻鳖 RT 360.39 bc 108.30 b 3903.06 bc 92.60 a 26.28 a 9.16 bc
稻鳅 RL 353.60 c 108.32 b 3830.21 c 92.12 a 26.35 a 8.96 c
稻鲶鱼 RF 359.70 bc 107.27 b 3894.49 b 92.77 a 26.10 a 9.25 b
稻鸭 RD 364.71 b 110.21 b 4019.43 b 92.80 a 26.47 a 9.52 b
对照 CK 378.57 a 117.02 a 4430.02 a 91.26 a 25.42 b 9.83 a
2019 稻虾 RC 360.49 bc 109.40 b 3943.71 bc 91.58 a 26.58 a 9.24 bc
稻锦鲤 RK 352.31 c 107.22 b 3781.17 c 91.18 a 26.51 a 9.04 c
稻鳖 RT 361.41 bc 109.47 b 3956.26 bc 91.67 a 26.30 a 9.35 bc
稻鳅 RL 359.44 c 108.90 b 3914.25 c 91.68 a 26.66 a 9.18 c
稻鲶鱼 RF 362.83 bc 109.68 b 3979.36 b 91.77 a 26.07 a 9.43 b
稻鸭 RD 364.04 b 112.41 b 4092.37 b 91.87 a 26.44 a 9.73 b
对照 CK 379.28 a 118.26 a 4485.42 a 90.53 a 25.19 b 10.01 a

表2

不同稻田综合种养模式下水稻主要生育时期叶面积指数及叶面积衰减率"

年度
Year		 模式
Type		 栽后25 d
25 days after planting		 拔节期
Jointing		 抽穗期
Heading		 成熟期
Maturity		 叶面积衰减率
Decreasing rate of leaf area (LAI d-1)
2018 稻虾 RC 1.72 b 3.25 c 6.70 c 2.73 b 0.0662 c
稻锦鲤 RK 1.71 b 3.23 c 6.64 c 2.59 c 0.0675 b
稻鳖 RT 1.76 b 3.26 c 6.81 c 2.73 b 0.0669 bc
稻鳅 RL 1.78 b 3.24 c 6.68 c 2.69 b 0.0676 b
稻鲶鱼 RF 1.74 b 3.29 bc 6.91 b 2.76 b 0.0692 b
稻鸭 RD 1.81 b 3.36 b 7.07 ab 2.80 ab 0.0700 ab
对照 CK 1.89 a 3.51 a 7.22 a 2.92 a 0.0717 a
2019 稻虾 RC 1.77 b 3.31 c 6.90 bc 2.75 b 0.0692 b
稻锦鲤 RK 1.75 b 3.30 c 6.80 c 2.66 c 0.0690 bc
稻鳖 RT 1.80 b 3.35 c 6.91 bc 2.78 b 0.0689 c
稻鳅 RL 1.75 b 3.30 c 6.84 c 2.73 b 0.0685 bc
稻鲶鱼 RF 1.81 b 3.38 c 7.17 ab 2.77 b 0.0705 b
稻鸭 RD 1.87 b 3.49 b 7.19 ab 2.88 b 0.0712 ab
对照 CK 1.94 a 3.61 a 7.30 a 2.98 a 0.0725 a

表3

不同稻田综合种养模式下水稻主要生育时期干物质积累量和收获指数"

年度
Year		 模式
Type		 栽后25 d
25 days after planting
(t hm-2)		 拔节期
Jointing
(t hm-2)		 抽穗期
Heading
(t hm-2)		 成熟期
Maturity
(t hm-2)		 收获指数
Harvest index
(%)
2018 稻虾 RC 1.85 b 4.15 c 11.13 c 18.05 c 50.14 a
稻锦鲤 RK 1.79 b 4.03 c 10.90 c 17.52 d 50.46 a
稻鳖 RT 1.84 b 4.11 c 11.15 c 18.13 c 50.52 a
稻鳅 RL 1.79 b 4.04 c 10.92 c 17.61 cd 50.88 a
稻鲶鱼 RF 1.81 b 4.12 c 11.17 c 18.27 c 50.63 a
稻鸭 RD 1.91 b 4.23 b 11.56 b 18.85 b 50.50 a
对照 CK 2.00 a 4.58 a 12.32 a 20.19 a 48.69 b
2019 稻虾 RC 1.93 b 4.26 c 11.55 c 18.55 c 49.81 a
稻锦鲤 RK 1.87 b 4.11 c 11.32 c 18.06 d 50.06 a
稻鳖 RT 1.92 b 4.21 c 11.55 bc 18.60 c 50.27 a
稻鳅 RL 1.86 b 4.12 c 11.35 c 18.14 d 50.61 a
稻鲶鱼 RF 1.87 b 4.14 c 11.57 bc 18.84 c 50.05 a
稻鸭 RD 1.96 b 4.32 b 11.96 b 19.39 b 50.18 a
对照 CK 2.08 a 4.64 a 12.61 a 20.52 a 48.78 b

表4

不同稻田综合种养模式下水稻各主要生育阶段干物质积累量及比例"

年度
Year		 模式
Type		 播种-拔节期
Sowing-Jointing		 拔节-抽穗期
Jointing-Heading		 抽穗-成熟期
Heading-Maturity
积累量
Dry matter accumulation
(t hm-2)		 比例
Ratio
(%)		 积累量
Dry matter accumulation
(t hm-2)		 比例
Ratio (%)		 积累量
Dry matter accumulation
(t hm-2)		 比例
Ratio (%)
2018 稻虾 RC 4.15 b 22.88 6.96 c 38.39 6.95 c 38.48
稻锦鲤 RK 4.03 b 22.99 6.87 c 39.15 6.62 d 37.79
稻鳖 RT 4.11 b 22.69 7.04 c 38.82 6.98 c 38.50
稻鳅 RL 4.04 b 22.99 6.88 c 39.12 6.79 cd 38.34
稻鲶鱼 RF 4.12 b 22.94 6.98 c 38.84 7.03 c 38.61
稻鸭 RD 4.23 b 22.44 7.33 b 38.86 7.29 b 38.67
对照 CK 4.58 a 22.74 7.74 a 38.42 7.82 a 38.83
2019 稻虾 RC 4.26 b 22.71 7.30 c 38.91 7.00 c 37.74
稻锦鲤 RK 4.11 b 22.63 7.21 c 39.67 6.84 d 37.67
稻鳖 RT 4.21 b 22.59 7.34 c 39.39 7.05 c 37.90
稻鳅 RL 4.12 b 22.63 7.22 c 39.66 6.90 cd 37.81
稻鲶鱼 RF 4.14 b 22.40 7.31 c 39.51 7.10 c 38.03
稻鸭 RD 4.32 b 22.27 7.64 b 39.41 7.43 b 38.32
对照 CK 4.64 a 22.59 7.98 a 38.86 7.91 a 38.55

表5

不同稻田综合种养模式下水稻主要生育阶段光合势、群体生长率及净同化率"

年份
Year		 模式
Type		 光合势
Photosynthetic potential (×104 m2 d hm-2)		 群体生长率
Crop growth rate (g m-2 d-1)		 净同化率
Net assimilation rate (g m-2 d-1)
播种-
拔节期
Sowing-
Jointing		 拔节-
抽穗期
Jointing-
Heading		 抽穗-
成熟期
Heading-
Maturity		 播种-
拔节期
Sowing-
Jointing		 拔节-
抽穗期
Jointing-
Heading		 抽穗-
成熟期
Heading-
Maturity		 播种-
拔节期
Sowing-
Jointing		 拔节-
抽穗期
Jointing-
Heading		 抽穗-
成熟期
Heading-
Maturity
2018 稻虾 RC 113.75 b 134.33 b 282.90 b 5.93 b 25.85 b 11.53 b 2.15 b 5.42 b 2.61 b
稻锦鲤 RK 113.05 b 133.25 b 276.42 c 5.76 b 25.44 c 11.03 c 2.09 b 5.38 c 2.56 c
稻鳖 RT 114.10 b 135.95 b 286.20 b 6.05 b 26.07 b 11.63 b 2.19 b 5.41 b 2.61 b
稻鳅 RL 103.68 b 128.96 b 276.90 c 5.94 b 25.48 c 11.34 c 2.16 b 5.36 bc 2.58 bc
稻鲶鱼 RF 115.15 ab 137.70 b 290.10 b 5.89 b 26.11 b 11.83 b 2.13 b 5.35 b 2.62 b
稻鸭 RD 117.60 ab 141.35 b 297.30 ab 6.04 b 27.14 b 12.15 b 2.18 b 5.43 b 2.64 b
对照 CK 122.85 a 149.80 a 303.30 a 6.54 a 28.67 a 13.12 a 2.34 a 5.59 a 2.76 a
2019 稻虾 RC 115.85 b 137.84 b 289.50 bc 6.09 b 27.00 b 11.67 b 2.26 b 5.57 b 2.59 bc
稻锦鲤 RK 115.50 b 136.35 b 283.79 c 5.87 b 26.70 c 11.23 c 2.12 b 5.51 b 2.55 c
稻鳖 RT 117.25 ab 138.50 b 290.59 b 6.19 b 27.19 b 11.75 b 2.23 b 5.53 b 2.59 b
稻鳅 RL 105.60 b 131.82 b 287.10 c 5.97 b 26.78 bc 11.51 bc 2.13 b 5.52 b 2.57 c
稻鲶鱼 RF 118.30 ab 142.43 b 298.20 b 5.91 b 27.52 b 12.12 b 2.14 b 5.54 b 2.62 bc
稻鸭 RD 122.15 a 144.15 b 300.91 ab 6.17 b 28.30 b 12.38 b 2.21 b 5.53 b 2.64 b
对照 CK 126.35 a 152.79 a 308.60 a 6.63 a 29.52 a 13.18 a 2.36 a 5.64 a 2.73 a

表6

不同稻田综合种养模式下水稻加工和外观品质"

年度
Year		 模式
Type		 糙米率
BR (%)		 精米率
MR (%)		 整精米率
HMR (%)		 垩白粒率
CP (%)		 垩白度
CD (%)
2018 稻虾 RC 83.38 b 74.04 b 63.64 c 12.31 c 4.19 c
稻锦鲤 RK 84.34 b 74.77 b 64.55 bc 12.51 b 4.26 b
稻鳖 RT 83.79 b 74.16 b 64.43 bc 12.50 b 4.23 bc
稻鳅 RL 83.40 b 74.11 b 64.31 bc 12.43 bc 4.22 bc
稻鲶鱼 RF 83.30 b 73.65 b 63.49 c 12.26 c 4.17 c
稻鸭 RD 84.31 b 75.09 ab 64.77 b 12.54 b 4.28 b
对照 CK 86.17 a 76.78 a 66.39 a 13.62 a 4.63 a
2019 稻虾 RC 84.78 b 74.41 b 63.93 c 12.24 c 4.14 c
稻锦鲤 RK 83.59 b 75.34 ab 64.84 bc 12.47 b 4.21 b
稻鳖 RT 83.69 b 74.54 b 64.72 bc 12.46 b 4.20 bc
稻鳅 RL 84.08 b 74.48 b 64.60 bc 12.43 b 4.18 bc
稻鲶鱼 RF 83.66 b 74.02 b 63.78 c 12.23 c 4.13 c
稻鸭 RD 84.63 b 75.47 ab 65.06 b 12.51 b 4.23 b
对照 CK 86.38 a 77.18 a 66.66 a 13.58 a 4.58 a

表7

不同稻田综合种养模式下水稻直链淀粉含量、蛋白质含量和食味值"

年度
Year		 模式
Type		 直链淀粉含量
AC (%)		 蛋白质含量
PC (%)		 食味值
Comprehensive		 外观
Appearance		 硬度
Hardness		 黏度
Viscosity		 平衡度
Balance degree
2018 稻虾 RC 10.58 a 7.20 c 79.02 a 8.1 b 5.7 b 8.1 ab 8.1 ab
稻锦鲤 RK 10.28 b 7.41 b 75.76 b 7.8 b 5.8 ab 7.7 b 7.8 b
稻鳖 RT 10.34 b 7.36 b 76.36 b 7.5 bc 6.1 a 7.6 b 7.5 bc
稻鳅 RL 10.51 a 7.24 c 78.93 a 7.8 b 5.9 ab 7.8 b 7.8 b
稻鲶鱼 RF 10.64 a 7.17 c 80.80 a 8.5 a 5.6 b 8.7 a 8.6 a
稻鸭 RD 10.25 b 7.45 b 75.71 b 8.0 b 5.8 ab 8.2 ab 8.1 ab
对照 CK 9.35 c 7.95 a 72.34 c 7.2 c 6.2 a 7.2 b 7.2 c
2019 稻虾 RC 10.74 a 7.13 c 78.18 a 8.2 b 5.8 b 8.0 b 8.1 b
稻锦鲤 RK 10.43 b 7.33 b 74.69 b 7.8 b 5.9 ab 7.4 bc 7.6 b
稻鳖 RT 10.50 b 7.28 b 75.09 b 7.7 b 6.0 a 7.4 bc 7.5 bc
稻鳅 RL 10.69 a 7.23 bc 78.14 a 7.8 b 5.9 ab 7.7 b 7.7 b
稻鲶鱼 RF 10.82 a 7.10 c 79.94 a 8.6 a 5.5 c 8.6 a 8.6 a
稻鸭 RD 10.41 b 7.37 b 74.46 b 8.1 b 5.8 b 7.8 b 7.9 b
对照 CK 9.52 c 7.88 a 71.66 c 7.3 c 6.2 a 7.1 c 7.2 c

表8

不同稻田综合种养模式下稻米淀粉RVA谱特征值"

年度
Year		 模式
Type		 峰值黏度
Peak viscosity (cP)		 热浆黏度
Through viscosity (cP)		 崩解值
Break-down (cP)		 最终黏度
Final viscosity (cP)		 消减值
Setback (cP)		 糊化温度
Pasting
temperature (℃)
2018 稻虾 RC 2568 a 1538 a 1030 ab 2100 a -467 a 72.58 a
稻锦鲤 RK 2460 b 1411 b 1050 a 1963 b -497 b 73.32 a
稻鳖 RT 2469 b 1429 b 1040 a 1975 b -494 b 73.01 a
稻鳅 RL 2491 b 1439 b 1052 a 1993 ab -498 b 72.87 a
稻鲶鱼 RF 2582 a 1553 a 1029 ab 2111 a -472 a 72.34 a
稻鸭 RD 2359 c 1340 c 1019 ab 1894 b -465 a 73.67 a
对照 CK 2292 c 1298 c 994 b 1839 c -454 a 73.90 a
2019 稻虾 RC 2541 a 1519 a 1022 a 2122 a -419 a 72.64 a
稻锦鲤 RK 2435 b 1396 bc 1039 a 1987 b -449 b 73.41 a
稻鳖 RT 2444 b 1410 bc 1035 a 1995 b -450 b 73.03 a
稻鳅 RL 2525 a 1470 b 1055 a 2090 b -435 ab 72.80 a
稻鲶鱼 RF 2556 a 1537 a 1019 ab 2148 a -408 a 72.42 a
稻鸭 RD 2345 c 1331 c 1014 ab 1939 b -406 a 73.86 a
对照 CK 2283 c 1285 c 997 b 1892 c -390 a 74.01 a

表9

不同稻田综合种养模式的经济效益"

模式
Type		 产值
Production value		 投入
Investment		 利润
Profit		 产投比
Ratio of production to investment
稻谷
Paddy		 水产(禽)
Aquatic products (poultry)		 种子
Seed		 苗雏
Fry		 肥料
Fertilizer		 农药
Pesticide		 饲料
Forage		 机械
Machinery		 劳动力
Labor		 其他
Other
稻虾 RC 36,822 79,800 540 25,950 1950 2205 750 2565 3000 1088 78,574 2.33
稻锦鲤 RK 36,084 22,500 540 19,500 1950 2205 900 2565 3000 1088 26,836 1.34
稻鳖 RT 35,604 108,000 540 40,350 1950 2205 1200 2565 3000 1088 90,706 2.21
稻鳅 RL 35,407 87,000 540 66,300 1950 2205 900 2400 3600 1088 43,424 1.35
稻鲶鱼 RF 36,504 36,750 540 13,500 1950 2205 900 2100 3000 1088 47,972 1.96
稻鸭 RD 38,018 13,500 540 6750 1950 2205 300 2100 3000 1088 38,416 1.88
对照 CK 25,483 600 2325 2400 1650 2100 675 15,733 1.17
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