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作物学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (2): 527-538.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.54086

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

连作对马铃薯根际土壤线虫群落结构与功能的影响

徐强1(), 谢奎忠1,2,*(), 胡新元2, 岳云3, 董博4, 罗爱花2   

  1. 1甘肃农业大学资源与环境学院, 甘肃兰州 730070
    2甘肃省农业科学院马铃薯研究所, 甘肃兰州 730070
    3甘肃省农业工程技术研究院, 甘肃兰州 730030
    4甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所, 甘肃兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2025-07-11 接受日期:2025-11-18 出版日期:2026-02-12 网络出版日期:2025-11-24
  • 通讯作者: *谢奎忠 E-mail:xiekz79@163.com
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 2715978717@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    甘肃省科技计划项目(25CXNA016);国家自然科学基金项目(31860354);甘肃省青年科技攻关“揭榜挂帅”项目(GQK2024034);甘肃省农业科学院重点研发计划项目(2022GAAS36);甘肃省农业科学院立项项目(2024MLS06)

Effects of continuous cropping on the structure and function of soil nematode communities in potato

Xu Qiang1(), Xie Kui-Zhong1,2,*(), Hu Xin-Yuan2, Yue Yun3, Dong Bo4, Luo Ai-Hua2   

  1. 1College of Resources and Environment, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
    2Potato Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
    3Gansu Academy of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu, China
    4Institute of Dryland Agriculture, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2025-07-11 Accepted:2025-11-18 Published:2026-02-12 Published online:2025-11-24
  • Contact: *Xie Kui-Zhong E-mail:xiekz79@163.com
  • Supported by:
    Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project(25CXNA016);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31860354);Gansu Youth S&T Tackling Key Problems Project (Project-Unveiling and Leader-Appointing Mechanism)(GQK2024034);Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Key R&D Plan Project(2022GAAS36);Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Project(2024MLS06)

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摘要：

马铃薯是保障粮食安全的重要作物, 但长期连作会导致土壤退化与土传病害加剧, 威胁其可持续发展。土壤线虫是土壤健康与食物网动态的关键指标。本研究依托甘肃定西15年马铃薯定位试验, 设置1、5、10、15年连作处理(编号分别为T1、T5、T10、T15), 通过高通量测序与土壤理化性质分析, 探讨线虫群落结构演替及驱动机制。结果表明, 长期连作显著降低土壤pH (从T1的8.28降至T15的8.14, P < 0.05)和有机质含量(T5至T15降幅显著), 而速效氮、磷、钾累积(T15达峰值, P < 0.05)导致C∶N∶P化学计量失衡。β多样性分析(PCoA)显示, 5~10年为群落结构转折期, 解释57.06%的变异。食细菌线虫相对丰度由15%增至24%, Monhysterida由9%增至15% (P < 0.05), 标志着食物网从“真菌通道”向“细菌通道”转变; 植物寄生线虫呈“先增后降”趋势(T5峰值, T10和T15显著下降, P < 0.05)。马铃薯经济产量在15年连作后下降39.55%, 同时腐烂薯率按重量计激增至T1的15.8倍, 商品薯率大幅下降。经RDA和Mantel检验确认, 土壤有机质和pH是群落演替的关键驱动因子。本研究提出了“连作两阶段演替模型”, 并指出通过施用高碳有机物料以重建真菌主导的能量通道, 是破解连作障碍、实现退化农田生态修复的关键策略。

关键词: 马铃薯, 连作, 土壤线虫群落结构, 群落演替, 食物网

Abstract:

Potato is a vital crop for global food security. However, long-term continuous cropping leads to soil degradation and intensifies soil-borne diseases, posing a significant threat to sustainable production. Soil nematodes are important bioindicators of soil health and food web dynamics. In this study, we investigated nematode community succession and its underlying drivers in a 15-year potato monoculture experiment in Dingxi, Gansu, China. Four continuous cropping durations—1, 5, 10, and 15 years (T1, T5, T10, T15)—were evaluated using high-throughput sequencing and soil physicochemical analysis. Results showed that prolonged continuous cropping significantly reduced soil pH from 8.28 (T1) to 8.14 (T15) (P < 0.05) and decreased soil organic matter content, particularly between T5 and T15. In contrast, available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium increased and peaked at T15 (P < 0.05), resulting in a disrupted C:N:P stoichiometric balance. Beta-diversity analysis (PCoA) indicated that years 5-10 represent a critical transition period in nematode community structure, explaining 57.06% of the variation. The relative abundance of bacterivorous nematodes increased from 15% (T1) to 24% (T15), with Monhysterida rising from 9% to 15% (P < 0.05), suggesting a shift in the soil food web from a fungal- to a bacterial-dominated energy pathway. Plant-parasitic nematodes followed a nonlinear “rise-then-fall” pattern, peaking at T5 and declining significantly at T10 and T15 (P < 0.05). After fifteen years of continuous cropping, potato economic yield declined by 39.55%, the rot rate by weight increased 15.8-fold, and the proportion of marketable potatoes declined sharply. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and Mantel tests identified soil organic matter and pH as key drivers of nematode community succession. Based on these findings, we propose a two-stage succession model for nematode communities under continuous cropping. We further suggest that applying high-carbon organic amendments to restore fungal-dominated energy channels is a promising strategy to alleviate continuous cropping obstacles and support the ecological restoration of degraded farmland.

Key words: potato, continuous cropping, soil nematode community structure, community succession, food web

图1

马铃薯连作土壤样本在OTU水平稀释曲线 T1、T5、T10和T15分别指1年种植处理和5年、10年、15年连续种植处理。"

图2

α多样性指数箱线图 箱的上下端线: 上下四分位数; 均值线: 平均数; 上下边缘: 最大最小内围值。处理同图1。"

图3

不同连作年限土壤线虫群落组成主坐标分析PcoA 处理同图1。"

表1

马铃薯连作对土壤理化性质的影响"

处理
Treatment		 全氮
Total
nitrogen
(g kg-1)		 全磷
Total
phosphorus
(g kg-1)		 全钾
Total
potassium
(g kg-1)		 速效磷
Available phosphorus
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available
potassium
(mg kg-1)		 有机质
Soil organic matter
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Alkali-hydrolyzable
nitrogen
(mg kg-1)		 pH
T1 30.48±0.49 a 0.85±0.03 ab 24.03±0.06 a 27.06±0.49 c 376.00±3.46 cd 17.43±0.12 a 70.00±2.65 bc 8.28±0.01 a
T5 30.61±0.77 a 0.86±0.03 ab 24.25±0.18 a 27.46±0.63 c 380.33±4.16 c 17.17±0.21 ab 73.00±2.65 bc 8.24±0.02 b
T10 30.82±0.08 a 0.85±0.01 ab 24.28±0.11 a 28.57±0.53 b 388.00±2.65 b 16.70±0.46 bc 75.33±2.52 ab 8.19±0.03 c
T15 31.09±0.52 a 0.87±0.03 a 24.34±0.06 a 29.77±0.52 a 394.00±1.73 a 16.20±0.60 c 80.33±4.04 a 8.14±0.01 d

图4

不同连作年限下土壤线虫目(A)和种(B)的相对丰度 处理同图1。"

图5

不同连作年限土壤线虫各营养类群的相对丰度 处理同图1。BF: 食细菌; OP: 杂食/捕食; PP: 植物寄生; UN: 未明确分类线虫。在已归类的功能组中, 相对丰度最高者定义为优势类群; 未明确分类线虫(UN)不纳入该判断。"

表2

不同连作年限马铃薯土壤食细菌线虫的相对丰度"

类群(目)
Group (Order)		 连作年限 Continuous cropping years
T1 T5 T10 T15
色矛目 Chromadorida 1.88 2.55 1.98 4.20
薄咽目 Araeolaimida 0.30 0.36 0.79 0.36
链环目 Desmodorida 0.59 1.13 0.65 1.13
小杆目 Rhabditida 3.75 7.99 1.94 4.10
双胃目 Diplogasterida 0.19 0.16 0.18 0.16
单宫目 Monhysterida 8.54 9.90 11.33 14.15
总计 Total 15.25 22.09 16.87 24.10

图6

土壤线虫群落与土壤理化性质的冗余分析RDA 处理同图1。Asc: 蛔形目; Des: 链环目; Dip: 双胃目; Eno: 刺嘴目; Mon: 单宫目; Rha: 小杆目; Tri: 三矛目; Tyl: 垫刃目; Ara: 薄咽目。图中各色点对应不同连作年限的样本。红色箭头表示数量型环境因子, 其箭头长度反映该因子对群落变异的解释度。样本点在箭头上的投影距离原点的远近则表明该环境因子对该样本群落分布的相对影响大小。"

图7

土壤理化性质、线虫多样性指数与线虫营养类群的交互式Mantel test相关性热图 红色连接线表示P值显著(P < 0.01), 绿色连接线表示边缘显著(0.01 < P < 0.05), 蓝色连接线表示不显著(P ≥ 0.05)。线条粗细则反映Mantel’s r的强度, 代表相关性大小。右上方方格为各环境因子间的Pearson相关系数, 颜色深浅表示相关强度。SOM: 土壤有机质; AN: 碱解氮; AP: 速效磷; AK: 速效钾; TN: 全氮; TP: 全磷; TK: 全钾; pH: 酸碱度; Chao1: Chao1丰富度指数; ACE: ACE丰富度指数; Shannon: 香农多样性指数; Simpson: 辛普森多样性指数; BF: 食细菌; PP: 植物寄生; OP: 杂食/捕食; UN: 未明确分类线虫。"

表3

马铃薯不同连作年限处理下的平均产量及构成因素"

处理
Treatment		 经济产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)		 腐烂薯率
Rotten potato rate (%)		 商品薯率
Marketable tuber rate (%)		 生物产量
Biological yield
(kg hm-2)
个数 Number 重量 Weight 个数 Number 重量 Weight
T1 16,891.88±1254.00 a 1.66±1.48 b 0.90±0.79 b 36.95±5.11 a 68.91±0.59 a 28,978.95±1690.44 a
T5 15,465.45±688.07 ab 3.54±0.47 b 2.46±1.22 b 36.59±5.08 a 66.04±0.71 a 26,876.85±1111.01 ab
T10 14,039.03±344.03 b 4.66±1.30 b 4.04±2.18 b 38.29±6.52 a 66.83±1.13 a 24,849.83±566.81 b
T15 10,210.20±688.07 c 17.48±11.66 a 14.24±6.23 a 23.70±16.78 a 44.60±13.69 b 18,768.75±790.97 c
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