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作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (03): 431-441.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.00431

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

西南旱地油菜间作紫云英和秸秆覆盖的生产效应

周泉1,2(), 王龙昌1,*(), 马淑敏1, 张小短1, 邢毅1, 张赛1   

  1. 1西南大学农学与生物科技学院 / 三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室 / 南方山地农业教育部工程研究中心, 重庆 400716
    2江西农业大学生态科学研究中心 / 作物生理生态与遗传育种教育部重点实验室, 江西南昌 330045
  • 收稿日期:2017-05-15 接受日期:2017-11-21 出版日期:2018-03-12 网络出版日期:2017-12-11
  • 通讯作者: 王龙昌
  • 作者简介:

    zhouquanyilang@163.com

  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503127)和国家自然科学基金项目(31271673)资助

Influences of Rape Intercropping with Chinese Milk Vetch and Straw Mulching on Productive Benefits in Dryland of Southwest China

Quan ZHOU1,2(), Long-Chang WANG1,*(), Shu-Min MA1, Xiao-Duan ZHANG1, Yi XING1, Sai ZHANG1   

  1. 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University / Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education / Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400716, China
    2 Research Center on Ecological Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, China
  • Received:2017-05-15 Accepted:2017-11-21 Published:2018-03-12 Published online:2017-12-11
  • Contact: Long-Chang WANG
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201503127) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31271673).

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摘要：

我国西南地区旱地的农田生态环境脆弱, 绿肥应用匮乏, 季节性干旱是限制油菜生产的关键因素。本研究在西南地区旱地引入冬季绿肥作物紫云英与油菜间作, 并结合秸秆覆盖, 探讨其对油菜光合特征、农艺性状、生物量、根系形态、油菜品质及产量的影响。结果表明, 间作紫云英和秸秆覆盖改善了油菜的根颈粗、叶片数、有效分枝数和单株角果数等农艺性状, 提高了油菜根系总根长、总根体积、总根表面积和平均根系直径等根系形态及蕾薹期和开花期的根、茎、叶生物量; 还提高了油菜苗期光合作用强度, 间作和秸秆覆盖处理的水分利用效率比油菜单作分别提高了31.12%和39.89%; 但对油菜品质的影响较小。间作、秸秆覆盖和秸秆覆盖下间作的油菜群体产量分别比单作提高10.30%、13.20%和40.16%。在西南地区旱地, 间作紫云英是提高油菜产量的可行途径, 而且结合秸秆覆盖的生产效益更明显。

关键词: 绿肥, 间作, 根系互作, 根系形态, 油菜产量

Abstract:

In dryland of the southwest of China, the eco-environment of farmland is extremely fragile, and the application of green manure is not enough. The seasonal drought is a key factor limiting the rape production. In order to improve rape yield and explore the application method of green manure, we compared the effects of intercropping and straw mulching on photosynthetic characteristics, agronomic traits, biomass, root morphology, rapeseed quality and yield. Intercropping Chinese milk vetch and straw mulching substantially improved the agronomic traits (diameter of root crown, leaf number, effective branch number and number of pods per plant), the root morphology (total root length, total root volume, total root surfarea and average root diameter), and the biomass of root, stem and leaf at stem elongation, flowering and podding stages of rape. At the same time, it also increased the photosynthetic rate at seeding stage. Water use efficiency in intercropping treatment and straw mulching treatment was increased by 31.12% and 39.89% as compared with rape monoculture. In addition, treatments of intercropping, straw mulching and intercropping with straw mulching significantly increased rape yield by 10.30%, 13.20%, and 40.16% as compared with rape monoculture. Our findings revealed that intercropping Chinese milk vetch and straw mulching are helpful to improve the agronomic trait, biomass and root morphology, resulting in yield increase in rape.

Key words: green manure, intercropping, root interaction, root morphology, rape yield

图1

间作紫云英和秸秆覆盖对油菜农艺性状的影响(2014-2015) F: 完全隔根; P: 部分隔根; N: 不隔根; T: 无秸秆覆盖; S: 秸秆覆盖。图柱上不同字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。"

图2

间作紫云英和秸秆覆盖对油菜根系形态的影响(2014-2015) F: 完全隔根; P: 部分隔根; N: 不隔根; T: 无秸秆覆盖; S: 秸秆覆盖。图柱上不同字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。"

表1

间作紫云英和秸秆覆盖对油菜苗期光合特征的影响(2015-2016)"

处理
Treatment		 净光合速率
Net photosynthetic rate (Pn)
(μmol m-2 s-1)		 气孔导度
Stomatal
conductance (Gs)
(mol m-2 s-1)		 胞间CO2浓度
Intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci)
(μmol mol-1)		 蒸腾速率
Transpiration rate (Tr)
(mmol m-2 s-1)		 水分利用效率
Water use efficiency (WUE)
(mmol mol-1)
油菜单作+无秸秆覆盖R 6.77±0.77 b 0.12±0.06 b 300.01±70.23 a 0.58±0.24 b 8.90±1.19 a
紫云英油菜间作+无秸秆覆盖AR 7.60±0.51 ab 0.15±0.06 ab 326.96±29.01 a 0.69±0.20 ab 11.67±3.35 a
油菜单作+秸秆覆盖SR 8.12±1.33 ab 0.26±0.04 a 376.22±18.91 a 1.06±0.17 a 7.89±2.54 a
紫云英油菜间作+秸秆覆盖SAR 8.74±0.51 a 0.15±0.05 ab 332.07±32.96 a 0.73±0.19 ab 12.45±2.78 a

图3

间作紫云英和秸秆覆盖对油菜生物量的影响(2015-2016) R: 油菜单作+无秸秆覆盖; AR: 紫云英油菜间作+无秸秆覆盖; SR: 油菜单作+秸秆覆盖; SAR: 紫云英油菜间作+秸秆覆盖。图柱上不同字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。"

图4

间作紫云英和秸秆覆盖对油菜含油量、蛋白质和硫苷含量的影响(2015-2016) R: 油菜单作+无秸秆覆盖; AR: 紫云英油菜间作+无秸秆覆盖; SR: 油菜单作+秸秆覆盖; SAR: 紫云英油菜间作+秸秆覆盖。图柱上不同字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。"

表2

间作紫云英和秸秆覆盖对油菜脂肪酸的影响(2015-2016)"

脂肪酸
Fatty acid		 油菜单作+
无秸秆覆盖R		 紫云英油菜间作+
无秸秆覆盖AR		 油菜单作+
秸秆覆盖SR		 紫云英油菜间作+
秸秆覆盖SAR
低芥酸Low erucic acid 0.29±0.28 a 0.30±0.23 a 0.12±0.09 a 0.40±0.14 a
高芥酸High erucic acid 9.14±0.16 a 6.17±4.50 a 5.13±3.73 a 8.15±4.08 a
高油酸High oleic acid 62.73±0.94 a 62.02±0.14 a 61.47±1.23 a 61.51±0.66 a
花生烯酸Arachidonic acid 3.04±0.60 a 3.22±0.66 a 3.47±1.37 a 3.62±0.47 a
芥酸Erucic acid 5.18±0.52 a 4.33±1.45 a 3.14±1.84 a 5.49±2.11 a
亚麻酸Linolenic acid 9.05±0.32 a 8.56±0.28 ab 8.49±0.16 b 8.88±0.08 ab
亚油酸Linoleic acid 21.85±0.67 ab 21.29±0.62 ab 20.76±0.25 b 22.32±1.06 a
硬脂酸Stearic acid 0.57±0.11 a 0.40±0.13 b 0.36±0.11 b 0.38±0.16 b
油酸Oleic acid 55.54±1.20 a 58.23±2.83 a 59.60±2.06 a 55.38±1.84 a
棕榈酸Palmitic acid 4.66±0.09 b 4.78±0.03 ab 4.86±0.24 ab 4.90±0.08 a

图5

间作紫云英和秸秆覆盖对油菜单株产量的影响(2014-2015) F: 完全隔根; P: 部分隔根; N: 不隔根; T: 无秸秆覆盖; S: 秸秆覆盖。图柱上不同字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。"

图6

间作紫云英和秸秆覆盖对油菜群体产量的影响(2015-2016) R: 油菜单作+无秸秆覆盖; AR: 紫云英油菜间作+无秸秆覆盖; SR: 油菜单作+秸秆覆盖; SAR: 紫云英油菜间作+秸秆覆盖。图柱上不同字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。"

表3

油菜单株产量与农艺性状、根系形态的相关系数"

农艺性状
Agronomic trait		 单株产量
Yield per plant		 根系形态
Root morphology		 单株产量
Yield per plant
株高Plant height 0.578* 总根长Total root length -0.009
根颈粗Diameter of root crown 0.827** 总根表面积Total root surfarea 0.493*
叶片数Leaf number 0.770** 平均根系直径Average root diameter 0.426
无柄叶数Sessile leaf number 0.774** 总根体积Total root volume 0.659**
一级有效分枝数Primary effective branch number 0.679** 根尖数Tips 0.089
二级有效分枝数Secondary effective branch number 0.723** 分枝数Forks 0.046
单株角果数Number of pods per plant 0.880** 交叉数Crossings -0.066

表4

不同处理间油菜农艺性状、根系形态的灰色评判分析"

处理
Treatment		 关联系数 Correlation coefficient (ξ) 灰色综合
评判值
G
株高
PH		 根颈粗
DRB		 叶片数
LN		 无柄叶数
SLN		 一级有效分枝数
PEBN		 二级有效分枝数
SEBN		 单株角果数
NPP		 总根表面积
TRS		 总根体积
TRV
FT 0.807 0.531 0.375 0.357 0.572 0.333 0.386 0.495 0.364 0.483
FS 0.735 0.584 0.468 0.439 0.625 0.421 0.425 0.478 0.477 0.526
PT 0.875 0.598 0.548 0.528 0.597 0.629 0.517 0.765 0.500 0.627
PS 0.875 0.852 0.981 1.000 0.769 1.000 0.979 0.652 0.735 0.870
NT 0.847 0.657 0.597 0.608 0.816 0.629 0.683 1.000 0.544 0.718
NS 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.959 1.000 0.884 1.000 0.762 1.000 0.957
关联度DA (γ) 0.856 0.704 0.662 0.649 0.730 0.649 0.665 0.692 0.603
权重系数WC (ω) 0.138 0.113 0.107 0.104 0.118 0.105 0.107 0.111 0.097
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