欢迎访问作物学报，今天是
作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (8): 1142-1151.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.01142

• 作物遗传育种·种质资源·分子遗传学 • 上一篇    下一篇

花生出仁率和株高的QTL定位分析

陈伟刚(),郭建斌(),徐志军,喻博伦,邱西克,黄莉,宋延滨,陈玉宁,周小静,罗怀勇,刘念,任小平,姜慧芳()   

  1. 中国农业科学院油料作物研究所 / 农业部油料作物生物学与遗传育种重点实验室, 湖北武汉 430062
  • 收稿日期:2017-12-20 接受日期:2018-03-26 出版日期:2018-08-10 网络出版日期:2018-04-20
  • 通讯作者: 陈伟刚,郭建斌,姜慧芳
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(31471534);国家自然科学基金项目(31571713);农业部农作物种质资源保护项目(2017NWB033);国家农作物种质资源共享服务平台(NICGR2017-36);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-13-花生种质资源评价)资助(CARS-13-花生种质资源评价)

QTL Mapping for Shelling Percentage and Plant Height in Cultivated Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Wei-Gang CHEN(),Jian-Bin GUO(),Zhi-Jun XU,Bo-Lun YU,Xi-Ke QIU,Li HUANG,Yan-Bin SONG,Yu-Ning CHEN,Xiao-Jing ZHOU,Huai-Yong LUO,Nian LIU,Xiao-Ping REN,Hui-Fang JIANG()   

  1. Oil Crops Research Institute, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
  • Received:2017-12-20 Accepted:2018-03-26 Published:2018-08-10 Published online:2018-04-20
  • Contact: Wei-Gang CHEN,Jian-Bin GUO,Hui-Fang JIANG
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31471534);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31571713);the Crop Germplasm Resources Protection Project(2017NWB033);the Plant Germplasm Resources Sharing Platform(NICGR2017-36);the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-13-Germplasm Resource Evaluation for Peanut).(CARS-13-花生种质资源评价)

RichHTML

20

PDF

322

PDF

14

摘要：

花生出仁率、株高等性状都对产量有重要影响, 鉴定出仁率和株高相关的主效QTL, 分析QTL的加性、上位性及其与环境的互作效应以及出仁率与株高之间的遗传关系, 有助于加快花生分子育种研究进程。本研究以远杂9102×徐州68-4构建的RIL群体为材料, 在4个环境中调查出仁率和株高等表型性状, 相关性分析结果表明, 4个环境中, 出仁率与株高均存在极显著负相关。利用前期构建的高密度遗传图谱, 通过QTLNetwork 2.0软件对出仁率和株高进行QTL定位分析, 检测到13个具加性效应的出仁率QTL, 8个具加性效应的株高QTL, 其中, 2个与出仁率相关的主效QTL (qSPA05.2和qSPA09.1)和1个与株高相关的主效QTL (qPHA09.1)至少能在3个环境下被重复检测到。还检测到11对上位性QTL, 包括出仁率6对和株高5对, 与环境之间均存在互作效应。比较QTL在连锁群上的位置发现, 在A09染色体Ad91I24-AGGS2492区间同时检测到稳定的出仁率主效QTL (qSPA09.1)和株高主效QTL (qPHA09.1)。通过条件QTL排除该位点株高的效应后, 出仁率加性效应贡献率从14.37%下降到5.50%, 表明qSPA09.1和qPHA09.1为同一位点, 同时控制株高和出仁率。

关键词: 花生, 出仁率, 株高, QTL

Abstract:

Peanut yield is greatly influenced by shelling percentage (SP) and plant height (PH). Marker-assisted selection for shelling percentage and plant height improvement can be facilitated by detecting additive and epistatic QTLs, understanding their interactions with environment, as well as the genetic relationship between SP and PH. In a four-year experiment, the variations of SP and PH were evaluated with the recombinant inbred line population derived from the cross between Yuanza 9102 and Xuzhou 68-4. QTLs associated with SP and PH were analyzed using a high density linkage map and QTLNetwork 2.0 software. The results showed that SP and PH were negatively correlated (P < 0.01). Thirteen and eight additive QTLs were identified for SP and PH, respectively. Major loci qSPA05.2 and qSPA09.1 for SP and major locus qPHA09.1 for PH were repeatedly detected in three or four years. Six pairs of epistatic QTLs for SP and five pairs of epistatic QTLs for PH were identified, and they all had interaction effects with environment. qSPA09.1 and qPHA09.1 were located in the same interval (Ad91I24-AGGS2492) on chromosome A09. The additive effect of this locus for SP variation decreased from 14.37% to 5.50% after eliminating the PH effect, suggesting the pleiotropism of qSPA09.1 for SP and qPHA09.1 for PH.

Key words: cultivated peanut, shelling percentage, plant height, QTL

图1

RIL群体出仁率性状在4个环境中的分布 虚线箭头为远杂9102, 实线箭头为徐州68-4。"

图2

RIL群体株高性状在4个环境中的分布 虚线箭头为远杂9102, 实线箭头为徐州68-4。"

表1

亲本及RIL群体出仁率和株高"

性状
Trait		 年份
Year		 亲本 Parents 重组自交系群体 RILs population
远杂9102
Yuanza 9102		 徐州68-4
Xuzhou 68-4		 差异
Difference		 最小值
Min.		 最大值
Max.		 平均值±标准差
Mean±SD		 变异系数
CV (%)
出仁率
Shelling
percentage (%)		 2013 80.32 75.31 5.01** 65.39 83.33 76.92±3.72 4.84
2014 79.99 74.25 5.74** 66.74 84.79 78.05±3.65 4.68
2015 82.12 75.96 6.16** 68.28 83.72 78.18±3.03 3.88
2016 82.03 76.56 5.47** 67.04 83.52 78.16±3.12 3.99
株高
Plant height (cm)		 2013 29.22 53.50 -24.28** 25.80 62.90 42.41±8.69 20.48
2014 34.58 58.15 -23.57** 25.80 61.45 41.67±6.60 15.83
2015 32.62 46.85 -14.23** 28.35 60.30 41.06±5.70 13.88
2016 32.50 47.85 -15.35** 26.65 48.71 35.29±4.25 12.03

表2

RIL群体出仁率和株高的方差分析"

性状
Trait		 变异来源
Source		 平方和
SS		 自由度
df		 均方
MS		 F值
F-value		 P值
P-value		 遗传力
h2
出仁率
Shelling
percentage		 基因型 Genotype (G) 13283.621 194 68.472 17.401 <0.001 0.958
环境 Environment (E) 253.848 3 84.616 21.504 <0.001
基因型×环境G × E 2083.076 577 3.610 0.917 0.849
误差 Error 2262.604 575 3.935
株高
Plant height		 基因型 Genotype (G) 31363.468 194 161.667 11.354 <0.001 0.886
环境 Environment (E) 11021.132 3 3673.711 257.999 <0.001
基因型×环境G × E 17812.325 578 30.817 2.164 <0.001
误差 Error 8329.958 585 14.239

图3

部分加性QTL及上位性QTL在连锁群上的分布"

表3

株高和出仁率性状的加性QTL及遗传效应"

性状
Trait		 QTL 环境
Environment		 标记区间
Marker interval		 位置
Position
(cM)		 置信区间
CI (cM)		 加性效应
A		 贡献率
R2A (%)		 贡献率
R2AE (%)
出仁率 qSPA05.1 ME Ad05A19296-Ad05A19142 36.7 35.7-37.1 0.65 1.47 0.09
Shelling qSPA05.2 E2 Ad05A20617-AGGS2372 93.5 91.9-94.5 -1.16 10.44
percentage E3 Ad05A20617-AGGS2372 93.5 91.9-94.5 -1.09 10.81
ME Ad05A20617-AGGS2372 93.5 91.9-94.5 -1.00 10.06
qSPA09.1 E2 Ad91I24-AHGS2130 27.6 26.9-27.9 -1.43 11.72
E3 AGGS1606-AHGA98567 27.2 26.9-27.7 -1.29 14.79
E4 AGGS1606-AHGA98567 27.2 26.9-27.9 -1.45 14.11
ME Ad91I24-AHGS2130 27.6 26.9-27.7 -1.36 14.37 0.21
qSPA09.2 E1 Ad09A3779-GNB377 33.9 32.9-36.0 -1.82 16.86
qSPB01.1 E2 TC23C08-TC1A08 66.5 65.9-67.0 0.87 7.95
qSPB03.1 E4 Ai08B16802-AGGS1276 32.9 24.9-41.3 -1.23 6.45
qSPB03.2 E2 AHGS1561-AGGS1369 45.7 44.7-46.6 -0.97 6.91
qSPB03.3 ME AGGS1369-GM1854 47.6 46.6-50.6 -0.70 3.58 0.11
qSPB04.1 ME pPGSseq15C12-1-AGGS0396-2 101.3 100.3-101.9 -0.41 4.28 0.16
qSPB05.1 ME AGGS0243-AHGS1624 52.8 51.8-52.9 -1.28 5.78 0.04
qSPB05.2 ME AhTE0319-AhTE0446 84.6 83.6-84.7 0.79 4.09 0.06
qSPB10.1 ME Ai10B12455-AGGS0675 47.2 46.9-47.6 0.74 4.04
qSPB10.2 E2 AhTE0709-GA156 59.8 58.8-60.0 1.02 6.17
E3 AhTE0709-GA156 59.8 58.8-60.0 1.04 7.92
E4 AhTE0709-GA156 59.8 58.8-60.0 1.36 8.31
株高 qPHA05.1 ME AGGS1589-AHGS1143 4.7 3.7-6.7 -0.95 0.51 0.76
Plant qPHA05.2 E3 pPGPSeq2F10-AGGS1167 85.6 83.7-85.8 1.96 14.19
height ME pPGPSeq2F10-AGGS1167 84.6 83.7-85.8 1.59 5.04 0.31
qPHA09.1 E1 AHGS2130-AGGS2492 27.7 27.3-27.9 3.78 21.60
E4 Ad91I24-AHGS2130 27.6 27.3-27.7 1.99 21.87
ME AHGS2130-AGGS2492 27.7 27.3-27.9 2.10 11.17 1.98
qPHB03.1 E1 AGGS1276-AHGS1561 44.3 41.3-44.7 2.19 6.77
ME AGGS1276-AHGS1561 44.3 42.3-44.7 1.49 4.79 0.60
qPHB03.2 E2 AGGS1369-GM1854 50.6 46.6-59.6 2.60 12.15
qPHB04.1 ME AhTE0908-AHGS1703 26.6 25.6-26.9 1.50 1.45 1.25
qPHB04.2 E2 Ai04B2241-AGGS1601 44.7 43.7-45.0 2.42 10.30
qPHB08 E3 AHGS1470-AGGS2186 21.1 19.5-22.9 1.80 9.77

表4

RIL群体株高和出仁率性状的上位性QTL与环境互作效应"

QTL 标记区间
Marker interval		 位置
Position		 QTL 标记区间
Marker interval		 位置
Position		 上位性
效应
AA		 贡献率
R2AA (%)		 贡献率
R2AAE (%)
出仁率 Shelling percentage
qSPA09.1 Ad91I24-AHGS2130 27.6 qSPB03.3 AGGS1369-GM1854 47.6 -0.6479 3.72 0.01
qSPA01.1 AGGS1451-AhTE0678 18.4 qSPA06 AGGS0978-Ai06B19288 12.3 0.6695 2.33 0.08
qSPA01.2 AHGS1846-AGGS0633 33.7 qSPB01.2 AHGS1369-AHGS3627 63.1 -0.4537 1.02 0.02
qSPA05.2 Ad05A20617-AGGS2372 93.5 qSPB05.2 AhTE0319-AhTE0446 84.6 0.2599 0.45 0.01
qSPA09.3 AHGS0344-Ad10A10685 40.5 qSPB01.3 AHTE0674-Ai01B7136 43.8 0.5093 1.44 0.05
qSPB05.3 AGGS2216-AHGS1532 70.7 qSPB07 Ai07B12485-AGGS2425 38.4 0.522 1.56 0.05
株高 Plant height
qPHA06 AGGS0978-Ai06B19288 13.3 qPHA09.2 AhTE0794-AhTE0381 55.3 -2.3216 3.13 0.25
qPHA06 AGGS0978-Ai06B19288 13.3 qPHA09.3 AGGS2380-AhTE0888 68.4 -0.7828 0.04 0.05
qPHB01.1 AHTE0674-Ai01B7136 43.8 qPHB04.3 AGGS0284-AHGS1773 72.1 0.5921 1.06 0.13
qPHB01.2 Ai01B7136-AHGA364915 46.9 qPHB04.4 AhTE0796-GM2106 91.9 -7.7112 0.13 1.11
qPHB01.3 AGGS1376-AHGS1130 70.8 qPHB04.3 AGGS0284-AHGS1773 72.1 0.6076 0.46 0.18

表5

出仁率的条件QTL效应"

QTL 标记区间
Marker interval		 非条件QTL贡献率
R2A (%) SP		 条件QTL贡献率
R2A (%) SP|PH
qSPA05.1 Ad05A19296-Ad05A19142 1.47
qSPA05.2 Ad05A20617-AGGS2372 10.06 5.30
qSPA09.1 Ad91I24-AHGS2130 14.37 5.50
qSPB03.3 AGGS1369-GM1854 3.58
qSPB04.1 pPGSseq15C12-1-AGGS0396-2 4.28
qSPB04.2 AHGA161495-AHGA161468 4.75
qSPB04.3 AhTE0107-AGGS2509 5.27
qSPB05.1 AGGS0243-AHGS1624 5.78 1.26
qSPB05.2 AhTE0319-AhTE0446 4.09 6.90
qSPB10.1 Ai10B12455-AGGS0675 4.04

图4

A09染色体上同一区间内出仁率和株高QTL及LOD值"

图5

重复检测到的QTL (3个或3个以上环境)在染色体上的分布"

[1] 李振动, 李新平, 黄莉, 任小平, 陈玉宁, 周小静, 廖伯寿, 姜慧芳 . 栽培种花生荚果大小相关性状QTL定位. 作物学报, 2015,41:1313-1323
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2015.01313
Li Z D, Li X P, Huang L, Ren X P, Chen Y N, Zhou X J, Liao B S, Jiang H F . Mapping of QTLs for pod size related traits in cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Acta Agron Sin, 2015,41:1313-1323 (in Chinese with English abstract)
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2015.01313
[2] Chen W, Jiao Y, Cheng L, Huang L, Liao B, Tang M, Ren X, Zhou X, Chen Y, Jiang H . Quantitative trait locus analysis for pod- and kernel-related traits in the cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). BMC Genet, 2016,17:25
[3] Chen Y, Ren X, Zheng Y, Zhou X, Huang L, Yan L, Jiao Y, Chen W, Huang S, Wan L, Liao B, Huai D, Wei W, Jiang H . Genetic mapping of yield traits using RIL population derived from Fuchuan Dahuasheng and ICG6375 of peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.). Mol Breed, 2017,37:17
[4] Luo H, Ren X, Li Z, Xu Z, Li X, Huang L, Zhou X, Chen Y, Chen W, Lei Y, Liao B, Pandey M, Varsheny R, Guo B, Jiang X, Liu F, Jiang H . Co-localization of major quantitative trait loci for pod size and weight to a 3.7 cM interval on chromosome A05 in cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). BMC Genomics, 2017,18:58
[5] Luo H, Guo J, Ren X, Chen W, Huang L, Zhou X, Chen Y, Liu N, Xiong F, Lei Y, Liao B, Jiang H . Chromosomes A07 and A05 associated with stable and major QTLs for pod weight and size in cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Theor Appl Genet, 2017,131:267-282
[6] Faye I, Pandey M K, Hamidou F, Rothore A, Ndoye O, Vadez V, Varshney R K . Identification of quantitative trait loci for yield and yield related traits in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under different water regimes in Niger and Senegal. Euphytica, 2015,206:631-647
[7] Huang L, He H, Chen W, Ren X, Chen Y, Zhou X, Xia Y, Wang X, Jiang X, Liao B, Jiang H . Quantitative trait locus analysis of agronomic and quality-related traits in cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Theor Appl Genet, 2015,128:1103-1115
[8] 成良强, 唐梅, 任小平, 黄莉, 陈伟刚, 李振动, 周小静, 陈玉宁, 廖伯寿, 姜慧芳 . 栽培种花生遗传图谱的构建及主茎高和总分枝数QTL分析. 作物学报, 2015,41:979-987
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2015.00979
Cheng L Q, Tang M, Ren X P, Huang L, Chen W G, Li Z D, Zhou X J, Chen Y N, Liao B S, Jiang H F . Construction of genetic map and QTL analysis for main stem height and total branch number in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Acta Agron Sin, 2015,41:979-987 (in Chinese with English abstract)
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2015.00979
[9] Li Y, Li L, Zhang X, Zhang K, Ma D, Liu J, Wang X, Liu F, Wan Y . QTL mapping and marker analysis of main stem height and the first lateral branch length in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Euphytica, 2017,213:57
[10] Huang L, Ren X, Wu B, Li X, Chen W, Zhou X, Chen Y, Pandey M, Jiao Y, Luo H, Lei Y, Varsheny R, Liao B, Jiang H . Development and deployment of a high-density linkage map identified quantitative trait loci for plant height in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Sci Rep, 2016,6:39478
[11] 蔡岩, 徐志军, 李振动, 李新平, 郭建斌, 任小平, 黄莉, 陈伟刚, 陈玉宁, 周小静, 罗怀勇, 姜慧芳 . 花生出仁率QTL分析及其与荚果大小的相关性. 作物学报, 2017,43:701-707
Cai Y, Xu Z J, Li Z D, Li X P, Guo J B, Ren X P, Huang L, Chen W G, Chen Y N, Zhou X J, Luo H Y, Jiang H F . Quantitative trait locus analysis for shelling percentage and correlation between shelling percentage and pod size related traits in Arachis hypogaea. Acta Agron Sin, 2017,43:701-707 (in Chinese with English abstract)
[12] Yang J, Hu C, Hu H, Yu R, Xia Z, Ye X, Zhu J . QTLNetwork: mapping and visualizing genetic architecture of complex traits in experimental populations. Bioinformatics, 2008,24:721-723
doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btm494
[13] Zhu J . Analysis of conditional genetic effects and variance components in developmental genetics. Genetics, 1995,141:1633
[14] Wang D, Zhu J, Li Z, Paterson A . Mapping QTLs with epistatic effects and QTL × environment interactions by mixed linear model approaches. Theor Appl Genet, 1999,99:1255-1264
doi: 10.1007/s001220051331
[15] 刘华, 张新友, 韩锁义, 严玫, 徐静, 董文召, 孙子淇 . 花生主茎高、侧枝长的遗传分析及QTL检测. 中国油料作物学报, 2013,35:508-514
Liu H, Zhang X Y, Han S Y, Yan M, Xu J, Dong W Z, Sun Z Q . Inheritance analysis and QTL mapping of main stem height and lateral branch length in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Chin J Oil Crop Sci, 2013,35:508-514 (in Chinese with English abstract)
[16] 周小静, 董洋, 张芳, 任小平, 陈玉宁, 黄莉, 陈伟刚, 廖伯寿, 雷永, 晏立英, 罗怀勇, 姜慧芳 . 利用SNP标记高密度遗传图谱进行花生出仁率QTL定位. 中国油料作物学报, 2016,38:750-756
Zhou X J, Dong Y, Zhang F, Ren X P, Chen Y N, Huang L, Chen W G, Liao B S, Luo H Y, Jiang H F . QTL mapping of shelling percentage using SNP-based high density genetic map in cultivated peanut. Chin J Oil Crop Sci, 2016,38:750-756 (in Chinese with English abstract)
[1] 胡文静, 李东升, 裔新, 张春梅, 张勇. 小麦穗部性状和株高的QTL定位及育种标记开发和验证[J]. 作物学报, 2022, 48(6): 1346-1356.
[2] 杨欢, 周颖, 陈平, 杜青, 郑本川, 蒲甜, 温晶, 杨文钰, 雍太文. 玉米-豆科作物带状间套作对养分吸收利用及产量优势的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2022, 48(6): 1476-1487.
[3] 李海芬, 魏浩, 温世杰, 鲁清, 刘浩, 李少雄, 洪彦彬, 陈小平, 梁炫强. 花生电压依赖性阴离子通道基因(AhVDAC)的克隆及在果针向地性反应中表达分析[J]. 作物学报, 2022, 48(6): 1558-1565.
[4] 于春淼, 张勇, 王好让, 杨兴勇, 董全中, 薛红, 张明明, 李微微, 王磊, 胡凯凤, 谷勇哲, 邱丽娟. 栽培大豆×半野生大豆高密度遗传图谱构建及株高QTL定位[J]. 作物学报, 2022, 48(5): 1091-1102.
[5] 王泽, 周钦阳, 刘聪, 穆悦, 郭威, 丁艳锋, 二宫正士. 基于无人机和地面图像的田间水稻冠层参数估测与评价[J]. 作物学报, 2022, 48(5): 1248-1261.
[6] 刘嘉欣, 兰玉, 徐倩玉, 李红叶, 周新宇, 赵璇, 甘毅, 刘宏波, 郑月萍, 詹仪花, 张刚, 郑志富. 耐三唑并嘧啶类除草剂花生种质创制与鉴定[J]. 作物学报, 2022, 48(4): 1027-1034.
[7] 付美玉, 熊宏春, 周春云, 郭会君, 谢永盾, 赵林姝, 古佳玉, 赵世荣, 丁玉萍, 徐延浩, 刘录祥. 小麦矮秆突变体je0098的遗传分析与其矮秆基因定位[J]. 作物学报, 2022, 48(3): 580-589.
[8] 丁红, 徐扬, 张冠初, 秦斐斐, 戴良香, 张智猛. 不同生育期干旱与氮肥施用对花生氮素吸收利用的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2022, 48(3): 695-703.
[9] 黄莉, 陈玉宁, 罗怀勇, 周小静, 刘念, 陈伟刚, 雷永, 廖伯寿, 姜慧芳. 花生种子大小相关性状QTL定位研究进展[J]. 作物学报, 2022, 48(2): 280-291.
[10] 张艳波, 王袁, 冯甘雨, 段慧蓉, 刘海英. 棉籽油分和3种主要脂肪酸含量QTL分析[J]. 作物学报, 2022, 48(2): 380-395.
[11] 汪颖, 高芳, 刘兆新, 赵继浩, 赖华江, 潘小怡, 毕晨, 李向东, 杨东清. 利用WGCNA鉴定花生主茎生长基因共表达模块[J]. 作物学报, 2021, 47(9): 1639-1653.
[12] 王建国, 张佳蕾, 郭峰, 唐朝辉, 杨莎, 彭振英, 孟静静, 崔利, 李新国, 万书波. 钙与氮肥互作对花生干物质和氮素积累分配及产量的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2021, 47(9): 1666-1679.
[13] 石磊, 苗利娟, 黄冰艳, 高伟, 张忠信, 齐飞艳, 刘娟, 董文召, 张新友. 花生AhFAD2-1基因启动子及5'-UTR内含子功能验证及其低温胁迫应答[J]. 作物学报, 2021, 47(9): 1703-1711.
[14] 高芳, 刘兆新, 赵继浩, 汪颖, 潘小怡, 赖华江, 李向东, 杨东清. 北方主栽花生品种的源库特征及其分类[J]. 作物学报, 2021, 47(9): 1712-1723.
[15] 张鹤, 蒋春姬, 殷冬梅, 董佳乐, 任婧瑶, 赵新华, 钟超, 王晓光, 于海秋. 花生耐冷综合评价体系构建及耐冷种质筛选[J]. 作物学报, 2021, 47(9): 1753-1767.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!
京ICP备15008789号-2