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作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (8): 1196-1204.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.01196

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

氮肥对非充分灌溉下棉花花铃期光合特性及产量的补偿作用

石洪亮(),严青青,张巨松(),李春艳,窦海涛   

  1. 新疆农业大学农学院 / 教育部棉花工程研究中心, 新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
  • 收稿日期:2017-11-20 接受日期:2018-06-09 出版日期:2018-08-10 网络出版日期:2018-06-11
  • 通讯作者: 张巨松
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0101605-05)

Compensation Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield during Cotton Flowering Boll-setting Stage under Non-sufficient Drip Irrigation

Hong-Liang SHI(),Qing-Qing YAN,Ju-Song ZHANG(),Chun-Yan LI,Hai-Tao DOU   

  1. Agriculture College, Xinjiang Agricultural University / Research Center of Cotton Engineering, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
  • Received:2017-11-20 Accepted:2018-06-09 Published:2018-08-10 Published online:2018-06-11
  • Contact: Ju-Song ZHANG
  • Supported by:
    the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0101605-05)

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摘要：

研究氮肥对非充分灌溉下棉花花铃期光合特性及产量的补偿作用及其机制, 以期为干旱地区棉花水肥高效利用提供理论依据。以“新陆中54号”为试材, 采用裂区试验设计, 主区为总灌溉量2800 m 3 hm -2(非充分灌溉)和3800 m 3 hm -2(常规灌溉), 副区为4个施氮(纯N)水平(0、150、300和450 kg hm -2)。同一氮肥处理下, 非充分灌溉处理棉花花铃期叶面积指数(LAI)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、单株光合产物积累与分配、单株结铃数、单铃重及籽棉产量均低于常规灌溉处理, 但籽棉增产率和灌溉水生产力高于常规灌溉处理; 同一灌溉量下, 随着氮肥施用量的增加, 棉花花铃期LAI和单株光合产物积累量先增后降, 且表现为N450>N300>N150>N0, Tr、Pn、单株光合产物向生殖器官分配比例、单株结铃数、单铃重、籽棉产量、籽棉增产率及灌溉水生产力均表现为N300>N450>N150>N0; 非充分灌溉下增施氮肥的补偿效果随着氮肥用量的增加呈先增加后下降的趋势, N300处理补偿效果最显著, 与常规灌溉处理相比, 补偿效应主要表现在棉花花铃期Pn平均提高10.9%, 单株光合产物积累向生殖积累器官分配比例提高10.7%, 单株结铃数、单铃重、籽棉增产率及灌溉水生产力分别提高5.0%、8.0%、7.1%和7.5%; 氮肥对棉花花铃期光合特性及产量构成因素的影响大于水分。非充分灌溉下氮肥施用量为300 kg hm -2时补偿效应最大, 虽然在产量上有所下降, 但从干旱地区农业缺水的现实考虑, 可准确灌溉施肥, 且籽棉产量较常规灌溉处理仅下降1.3%。因此, 在南疆自然生态条件下, 非充分灌溉下施氮300 kg hm -2时棉花花铃期LAI、Tr、Pn及单株光合产物积累量适宜, 向生殖器官转运补偿效果显著, 具有最大的产量补偿作用, 且节水26.3%。

关键词: 棉花, 非充分灌溉, 氮肥, 光合特性, 灌溉水生产力, 产量, 补偿效应

Abstract:

Cotton cultivar ‘Xinluzhong 54’ was used to study the compensation effect of nitrogen fertilizer on photosynthetic characteristics and yield and its mechanism during cotton flowering boll-setting stage under non-sufficient drip irrigation, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the efficient use of water and fertilizer for cotton in arid area. Split plot experiment design was used, the main area included total drip irrigation amount of 2800 m 3 ha -1 (non-sufficient drip irrigation) and 3800 m 3 ha -1 (conventional drip irrigation), the secondary area had four nitrogen (pure N) levels (0, 150, 300, and 450 kg ha -1). Under the same nitrogen fertilizer treatment, the leaf area index (LAI) of cotton at flowering and boll-setting stage, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), accumulation and allocation of photosynthate, boll number of single plant, single boll weight and seed cotton yield of non-sufficient drip irrigation treatment were lower than those of conventional drip irrigation treatment, while seed cotton yield rate and drip irrigation water productivity were higher. Under the same drip irrigation amount, with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer amount, LAI of cotton at flowering and boll-setting stage and photosynthate accumulation increased first and decreased then, showing a trend of N450>N300>N150>N0, and Tr, Pn, allocation proportion of photosynthate to reproductive organ, boll number of single plant, single boll weight, seed cotton yield, seed cotton yield rate and drip irrigation water productivity showed a trend of N300>N450>N150>N0. The compensation effect of increasing nitrogen fertilizer under non-sufficient drip irrigation condition increased first and decreased then with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer amount, the compensation effect of N300 treatment was most significant, Pn of cotton flowering and boll-setting stage Pn increased by 10.9% averagely, the allocation proportion of photosynthate translocated to reproductive organ increased by 10.7%, boll number of single plant, single boll weight, seed cotton yield rate and drip irrigation water productivity increased by 5.0%, 8.0%, 7.1%, and 7.5%, respectively. The influence of nitrogen fertilizer on photosynthetic characteristics and yield components of cotton at flowering and boll-setting stage was greater than that of water. The compensation effect was the maximum when nitrogen fertilizer increased to 300 kg ha -1 under non-sufficient drip irrigation condition, though the yield decreased by 1.3% compared with conventional drip irrigation treatment. Therefore, in natural ecological conditions of South Xinjiang, 300 kg ha -1 nitrogen application with non-sufficient drip irrigation is suitable for cotton at production with better, LAI, Tr, Pn and photosynthate accumulation and translocated compensation effect to reproductive organ, as well as the maximum yield compensation effect and water conservation of 26.3%.

Key words: cotton, non-sufficient drip irrigation, nitrogen fertilizer, photosynthetic characteristics, drip irrigation water productivity, yield, compensation effect

表1

土壤基础理化性质"

年份
Year		 土层深度
Soil depth
(cm)		 全氮
Total N
(g kg-1)		 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 水解性氮
Hydrolytic N
(mg kg-1)		 有效磷
Available P
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)
2015 0-20 0.50 6.90 105.00 32.40 131.00
20-40 0.40 5.60 70.80 21.60 168.00
40-60 0.20 2.20 45.00 2.60 240.00
2016 0-20 0.62 8.00 32.60 24.80 111.00
20-40 0.44 3.00 23.20 6.00 126.00
40-60 0.34 2.00 13.80 1.80 152.00

表2

水、氮分配表"

处理
Treatment		 日期 Date (day/month)
10/04-
12/04		 16/06-
20/06		 23/06-
27/06		 30/06-
04/07		 07/07-
11/07		 14/07-
18/07		 21/07-
25/07		 28/07-
01/08		 04/08-
08/08		 11/08-
15/08		 18/08-
22/08
灌溉量 Drip irrigation amount
2800 m3 hm-2 168.0 224.0 280.0 336.0 392.0 392.0 336.0 280.0 224.0 168.0
3800 m3 hm-2 228.0 304.0 380.0 456.0 532.0 532.0 456.0 380.0 304.0 228.0
施氮量 Nitrogen application
N0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N150 30 7.2 9.6 12.0 14.4 16.8 16.8 14.4 12.0 9.6 7.2
N300 60 14.4 19.2 24.0 28.8 33.6 33.6 28.8 24.0 19.2 14.4
N450 90 21.6 28.8 36.0 43.2 50.4 50.4 43.2 36.0 28.8 21.6

图1

棉花花铃期LAI的比较 FP: 初花期; FF: 盛花期; FB: 盛铃期; OB: 吐絮期。"

表3

棉花花铃期功能叶(倒三叶) Pn的比较"

灌溉量
Drip irrigation amount		 氮肥处理
N
treatment		 2015 2016
初花期
FP		 盛花期
FF		 盛铃期
FB		 吐絮期
OB		 初花期
FP		 盛花期
FF		 盛铃期
FB		 吐絮期
OB
2800 m3 hm-2 N0 32.5 e 35.3 f 28.8 d 15.1 f 31.9 f 33.4 f 25.1 d 5.5 d
N150 34.7 d 38.4 d 34.8 c 17.6 de 33.8 de 37.6 de 25.7 d 6.4 cd
N300 40.5 ab 45.9 b 44.8 a 22.7 a 40.5 ab 43.9 ab 42.9 a 9.5 a
N450 38.2 c 43.1 c 41.8 b 19.9 bc 37.8 c 41.3 c 38.0 b 7.3 bc
3800 m3 hm-2 N0 34.1 d 36.6 e 30.1 d 17.1 e 33.5 e 35.8 e 27.1 cd 7.3 bc
N150 35.0 d 38.9 d 35.1 c 18.8 cd 34.8 d 38.8 d 28.1 c 7.7 bc
N300 41.6 a 46.8 a 45.8 a 23.4 a 41.2 a 44.6 a 43.6 a 10.3 a
N450 39.8 b 43.9 c 42.6 b 20.8 b 39.7 b 42.3 bc 38.6 b 8.8 ab

表4

棉花花铃期功能叶(倒三叶)Tr的比较"

灌溉量
Drip irrigation
amount		 氮肥处理
N treatment		 2015 2016
初花期 FP 盛花期 FF 盛铃期 FB 吐絮期 OB 初花期 FP 盛花期 FF 盛铃期 FB 吐絮期 OB
2800 m3 hm-2 N0 5.2 d 5.7 d 5.5 d 3.1 d 4.6 d 5.1 c 4.4 e 1.8 d
N150 5.5 cd 6.1 d 5.9 cd 3.4 cd 5.4 c 5.9 bc 5.2 d 2.2 de
N300 6.2 ab 7.3 ab 7.1 ab 4.8 ab 6.2 ab 7.0 a 6.9 ab 3.2 ab
N450 5.9 abc 6.8 bc 6.8 b 4.5 b 5.6 bc 6.5 ab 6.1 c 2.6 cd
3800 m3 hm-2 N0 5.6 bcd 6.2 d 6.0 c 3.5 cd 5.8 abc 5.9 bc 5.9 cd 2.5 cd
N150 5.9 abc 6.3 cd 6.2 c 3.7 c 6.1 ab 6.3 ab 6.1 c 2.9 cd
N300 6.4 a 7.7 a 7.2 a 5.0 a 6.4 a 7.2 a 7.1 a 3.3 a
N450 6.2 ab 7.3 ab 7.0 ab 5.0 a 5.9 abc 6.9 a 6.4 bc 3.1 ab

表5

单株棉花吐絮期地上部光合产物积累与分配的比较"

灌溉量
Drip irrigation
amount		 氮肥处理
N treatment		 2015 2016
光合物质积累
PA (g)		 营养器官分配
VOA (%)		 生殖器官分配
ROA (%)		 光合物质积累
PA (g)		 营养器官分配
VOA (%)		 生殖器官分配
ROA (%)
2800 m3 hm-2 N0 52.3 h 72.1 a 27.9 h 42.2 h 63.9 a 36.1 h
N150 58.0 f 68.2 c 31.8 f 49.1 g 60.6 c 39.4 f
N300 84.7 d 60.9 g 39.1 b 76.0 c 52.7 g 47.3 b
N450 85.9 c 64.6 e 35.4 d 74.7 d 55.2 e 44.8 d
3800 m3 hm-2 N0 57.4 g 70.2 b 29.8 g 50.4 f 61.7 b 38.3 g
N150 63.0 e 66.8 d 33.2 e 56.6 e 59.1 d 40.9 e
N300 87.9 b 59.6 h 40.4 a 79.9 a 51.9 h 48.1 a
N450 91.8 a 64.3 f 35.7 c 78.4 b 54.6 f 45.4 c

表6

棉花产量构成因素及灌溉水生产力的方差分析"

变异来源
Source of variation		 单株结铃数BN 单铃重BW 籽棉产量SCY 灌溉水生产力IWP
MS F MS F MS F MS F
年份 Year (Y) 18.4 460.2** 2.0 102.7** 160534.9 2.8 0 2.6
灌溉 Drip irrigation (W) 0.2 4.1 0 0.8 146835.9 2.6 2.5 408.4**
氮肥 N fertilizer (N) 24.2 201.5** 6.2 106.7** 32525954.1 190.2** 3.2 176.6**
Y×W 0 0 0 0.1 7971.4 0.1 0.0 0.0
Y×N 1.2 10.3** 0.4 5.9** 1984708.9 11.6** 0.2 11.0**
W×N 0.1 0.3 0 0.6 37744.6 0.2 0.1 5.8
Y×W×N 0 0.2 0 0.3 8937.6 0.1 0 0.4
误差 Error 1.3 0.6 1824487.0 0.2

表7

棉花产量构成因素及灌溉水生产力的比较"

年份
Year		 灌溉量
Drip irrigation amount		 氮肥处理
N treatment		 单株结铃数
BN		 单铃重
BW (g)		 籽棉产量
SCY (kg hm-2)		 灌溉水生产力
IWP (kg m-3)		 籽棉增产率
SCYR (%)
2015 2800 m3 hm-2 N0 3.8 c 5.2 b 4147.4 c 1.5 c
N150 4.4 b 6.1 a 4796.1 b 1.7 b 13.4 c
N300 5.3 a 6.2 a 5797.5 a 2.1 a 28.2 a
N450 5.1 a 6.2 a 5543.3 a 2.0 a 18.8 abc
3800 m3 hm-2 N0 4.0 c 5.3 b 4321.1 c 1.1 d
N150 4.5 b 6.0 a 4847.5 b 1.3 d 10.7 c
N300 5.4 a 6.2 a 5836.9 a 1.5 c 25.9 a
N450 5.1 a 6.2 a 5618.3 a 1.5 c 22.8 ab
2016 2800 m3 hm-2 N0 4.8 d 5.0 d 3808.4 d 1.4 c
N150 5.3 bc 5.3 c 4479.2 c 1.6 b 14.8 c
N300 6.7 a 5.9 ab 6337.9 ab 2.3 s 39.8 a
N450 6.7 a 5.7 b 6018.3 b 2.2 a 36.6 ab
3800 m3 hm-2 N0 5.0 cd 5.0 d 4041.9 d 1.1 e
N150 5.3 b 5.4 c 4629.7 c 1.2 d 12.6 c
N300 7.0 a 5.9 a 6464.3 a 1.7 b 37.4 ab
N450 6.7 a 5.7 b 6053.6 b 1.6 b 33.2 b
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