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作物学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (9): 1398-1407.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2020.01012

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

全膜微垄沟播对寒旱区春小麦苗期土壤水热环境及光合作用的影响

侯慧芝(), 张绪成*(), 方彦杰, 于显枫, 王红丽, 马一凡, 张国平, 雷康宁   

  1. 甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所 / 甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室, 甘肃兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2020-02-18 接受日期:2020-04-15 出版日期:2020-09-12 网络出版日期:2020-04-26
  • 通讯作者: 张绪成
  • 作者简介:E-mail: houhuizhi666@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0200403);国家自然科学基金项目(31560355);甘肃省农业科学院农业科技创新专项资助(2020GAAS32)

Effects of micro ridge-furrow with plastic mulching on soil hydrothermal environment and photosynthesis at seedling stage of spring wheat on cold rain-fed area

HOU Hui-Zhi(), ZHANG Xu-Cheng*(), FANG Yan-Jie, YU Xian-Feng, WANG Hong-Li, MA Yi-Fan, ZHANG Guo-Ping, LEI Kang-Ning   

  1. Institute of Dry Land Farming, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of High Water Utilization on Dryland of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2020-02-18 Accepted:2020-04-15 Published:2020-09-12 Published online:2020-04-26
  • Contact: Xu-Cheng ZHANG
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0200403);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31560355);Science and Technology Innovation Projects of the Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2020GAAS32)

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摘要：

克服春季寒旱生境限制是提高西北黄土高原寒旱区春小麦产量的关键要素之一, 为了明确全膜微垄沟播对春小麦苗期土壤温度和水分的影响, 明确水热条件改善对春小麦苗期光合作用的调节机制, 2016—2018年在西北黄土高原寒旱区开展大田定位试验, 以陇春35号为试验材料, 设全膜微垄沟播(PRF)、全膜覆土穴播(PMS)和露地穴播(CK)3个处理, 分别在春小麦播种后18、25和32 d测定土壤温度和土壤含水量、春小麦生物量、叶片SPAD、光合速率、蒸腾速率等, 计算土壤贮水量、阶段耗水量、生长速率等。研究结果表明, 在春小麦播种后18、25和32 d, PRF和PMS在0~25 cm土层平均土壤温度分别较CK提高3.6°C、3.0°C、2.0°C和2.9°C、2.5°C、1.7°C; 在播种后18 d和25 d, PRF处理在0、5、10 cm土层的土壤温度较PMS提高1.3°C、0.9°C、0.9°C和0.8°C、0.7°C、0.7°C。PRF和PMS 0~40 cm土壤贮水量在3个阶段依次较CK提高7.3、9.7和12.6 mm和3.9、7.6和11.0 mm; 在播种后18 d, PRF 0~40 cm各土层依次较PMS提高1.1、0.9、0.8和0.6 mm。PRF和PMS苗期植株生物量、生长速率、叶片SPAD值、净光合速率、蒸腾速率均显著高于CK, 且PRF均显著高于PMS, 使PRF较PMS和CK分别增产9.1%和36.5%, WUE分别提高5.9%和30.8%。因此, PRF和PMS均能有效克服寒旱生境对小麦苗期生长的限制, 促进小麦光合和生长, 且PRF较PMS具有更为明显的效果。

关键词: 全膜微垄沟播, 春小麦, 土壤温度, 土壤贮水量, 光合作用

Abstract:

The solution against drought and cold in spring was one of the most important factors which increased the yield of spring wheat in northwest of Loess Plateau (104°36′E, 35°35′N). The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of micro ridge-furrow with plastic mulching (PRF) on soil temperature and moisture at the seedlings stage and the regulative mechanism of PRF on soil thermal-moisture and photosynthesis of spring wheat. The field experiments had been conducted using Longchun 35 from 2016 to 2018 in cold rain-fed area of northwest Loess Plateau. The three treatments were: 1) micro ridge-furrow with whole field plastic mulching (PRF), 2) whole field soil-plastic mulching (PMS), and 3) without mulching (CK). The parameters including soil temperature, soil water content, above-ground biomass, leaf SPAD, photosynthetic and transpiration rate, the soil water storage (SWS), periodical evaportranspiration (ET), growth rate, and water use efficiency (WUE) were measured at 18, 25, and 32 days after sowing (DAS), respectively. The results were as follows: the mean soil temperature within 0-25 cm profile treated with PRF and PMS compared with CK, was increased by 3.6°C, 3.0°C, 2.0°C and 2.9°C, 2.5°C, 1.7°C respectively, while those treated PRF compared to PMS increased by 1.3°C, 0.9°C, 0.9°C and 0.8°C, 0.7°C, 0.7°C within 0, 5, and 10 cm profile at 18, 25, and 32 days. The SWS treated with PRF and PMS compared to CK was on the rise by 7.3, 9.7, 12.6 mm and 3.9, 7.6, and 11.0 mm within 0-40 cm profile at 18, 25, and 32 days, respectively. While those treated PRF within 0-40 cm profile with 10 cm intervals compared to PMS risen by 1.1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.6 mm. The parameters treated with PRF and PMS at seeding stage including plant biomass, growth rate, leaf SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate were significantly higher than those of CK, while those of PRF higher than PMS. Moreover, the yield and WUE of PRF were increased by 9.1%, 36.5%, and 5.9%, 30.8% than those of PMS and CK, respectively. Therefore, the treatment of PRF and PMS could effectively improve the ability of photosynthesis and plant growth by overcoming the cold and drought situation at the seedling stage, and PRF treatment was more effective than PMS.

Key words: micro ridge-furrow with plastic mulching, spring wheat, soil temperature, soil water storage, photosynthesis.

图1

全膜微垄沟播春小麦示意图"

图2

不同处理对春小麦苗期0~25 cm平均地温的影响 PRF: 全膜微垄沟穴播; PMS: 全膜覆土穴播; CK: 露地穴播。不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平差异显著。"

图3

不同处理对春小麦苗期0~25 cm垂直地温的影响 A: 播种后18 d; B: 播种后25 d; C: 播种后32 d。处理同图2。"

图4

不同处理对春小麦苗期 0~40 cm土壤贮水量的影响 A: 播种后18 d; B: 播种后25 d; C: 播种后32 d。处理同图2。"

图5

不同处理对春小麦苗期 0~40 cm土壤耗水量的影响 不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05 水平差异显著。处理同图2。"

表1

不同处理对春小麦苗期叶片光合速率和蒸腾速率的影响"

处理
Treatment		 SPAD值
SPAD value		 光合速率
Photosynthetic rate (μmol CO2 m-2 s-1)		 蒸腾速率
Transpiration rate (mmol H2O m-2 s-1)
2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018
PRF 51.3 a 53.2 a 41.3 a 23.0 a 22.1 a 20.5 a 4.7 a 4.5 a 4.7 a
PMS 49.1 b 47.8 b 38.6 b 21.3 b 21.8 a 18.3 b 4.6 a 4.2 b 4.4 b
CK 46.9 c 43.5 c 37.1 c 19.1 c 18.5 b 15.0 c 4.0 b 3.7 c 4.2 c

图6

不同处理对春小麦苗期生物量积累的影响 不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平差异显著。处理同图2。"

图7

不同处理对春小麦苗期生长速率的影响 不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平差异显著。处理同图2。"

表2

不同处理对春小麦产量构成因素的影响"

处理
Treatment		 公顷穗数
Spikes per hectare (10 thousand plant)		 穗粒数
Number of spikes		 千粒重
Thousand-grain weight (g)
2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018
PRF 195.0 a 198.0 a 259.5 a 43 a 44 a 48 a 35.4 a 35.6 a 38.3 a
PMS 183.0 b 187.5 b 256.5 a 41 a 43 a 47 a 34.6 a 35.1 a 37.8 a
CK 166.5 c 178.5 c 243.0 b 37 b 38 b 40 b 32.9 b 33.9 a 36.8 a

表3

不同处理对春小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响"

处理
Treatment		 产量Yield (kg hm?2) 水分利用效率WUE (kg hm?2 mm?1)
2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018
PRF 2837.2 a 2932.2 a 4452.3 a 11.7 a 14.3 a 12.0 a
PMS 2559.8 b 2621.3 b 4250.5 a 11.1 b 13.2 b 11.6 a
CK 1972.7 c 2133.8 c 3467.8 b 8.7 c 10.9 c 9.5 b
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