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作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (1): 104-115.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.01031

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

春季低温对小麦花粉育性及粒数形成的影响

高芸1(), 张玉雪1,2, 马泉1, 苏盛楠1,3, 李春燕1,*(), 丁锦峰1, 朱敏1, 朱新开1, 郭文善1   

  1. 1扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理国家重点实验室培育点 / 粮食作物现代产业技术协同创新中心, 江苏扬州 225009
    2太仓市农业机械技术推广站, 江苏太仓 215499
    3太仓市城厢镇农业技术服务站, 江苏太仓 215499
  • 收稿日期:2020-04-05 接受日期:2020-08-19 出版日期:2021-01-12 网络出版日期:2020-09-10
  • 通讯作者: 李春燕
  • 作者简介:高芸, E-mail: 307057893@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0300802);国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300107);国家自然科学基金项目(31771711);扬州市优秀青年基金项目(YZ2017098)(YZ2017098);江苏省自主创新专项(CX(18)1002);江苏高校优势学科建设工程项目资助

Effects of low temperature in spring on fertility of pollen and formation of grain number in wheat

GAO Yun1(), ZHANG Yu-Xue1,2, MA Quan1, SU Sheng-Nan1,3, LI Chun-Yan1,*(), DING Jin-Feng1, ZHU Min1, ZHU Xin-Kai1, GUO Wen-Shan1   

  1. 1Jiangsu National Key Laboratory Nurturing Center of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
    2Taicang Agricultural Machinery Technology Promotion Station, Taicang 215499, Jiangsu, China
    3Taicang Chengxiang Agricultural Technology Service Station, Taicang 215499, Jiangsu, China
  • Received:2020-04-05 Accepted:2020-08-19 Published:2021-01-12 Published online:2020-09-10
  • Contact: LI Chun-Yan
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0300802);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300107);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771711);Yangzhou Science Foundation for Excellent Youths(YZ2017098);Funds for Creative Research of Jiangsu Province(CX(18)1002);Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions

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摘要：

小麦拔节后遭遇春季低温, 每穗粒数下降, 产量降低。为探明春季低温引起每穗粒数减少的生理原因, 以春性小麦扬麦16和半冬性小麦徐麦30为供试品种, 研究小麦倒二叶出生期(昼夜5℃/-3℃)、孕穗期(昼夜8℃/-1℃)和开花期(昼夜12℃/4℃)分别进行低温处理对小麦花粉育性及每穗粒数形成的影响。结果表明: 倒二叶出生期和孕穗期低温均导致2个小麦品种在二胞花粉期和三胞花粉期花药中的多糖物质淀粉和蛋白质的代谢异常, 绒毡层解体延迟; 孕穗期低温还造成花粉母细胞减数分裂中染色体配对异常、出现微核等情况, 影响正常雄配子体形成; 花粉败育率表现为倒二叶出生期低温处理>孕穗期低温处理>开花期低温处理, 徐麦30败育率高于扬麦16; 3个时期低温均显著降低了2个小麦品种结实小穗数、每小穗结实粒数和每穗粒数, 以倒二叶出生期低温处理穗粒数降低的幅度最大。相关分析表明, 春季低温引起花粉母细胞减数分裂异常、绒毡层延迟解体、花药营养物质供给不足导致的花粉育性下降, 是春季低温导致小麦每穗粒数减少的主要原因。

关键词: 小麦, 低温, 粒数, 花粉育性

Abstract:

Grain yield and the number of grains per ear of wheat decreased under the low temperature after jointing stage. In order to explore the physiological reasons of the decrease of grains number per ear by low temperature in spring, the spring wheat variety Yangmai 16 and the semi-winter wheat variety Xumai 30 were used as tested varieties to analyze the effects of low temperature in spring on the fertility of pollen and the formation of grain numbers at the appearance of the penultimate leaf stage (5℃/-3℃, day/night), booting stage (8℃/-1℃, day/night), and anthesis stage (12℃/4℃, day/night). The results showed that low temperature at the appearance of the penultimate leaf stage and booting stage resulted in abnormal metabolism of starch and protein in the anther both at the binuclear and tri-nuclear pollen stages and delayed degradation of the tapetum. The low temperature at the booting stage caused abnormal meiosis of pollen mother cells, abnormalities in chromosome pairing, which affected the formation of male gametophyte. The abortion rate of pollen was more significantly increased under low temperature at the appearance of the penultimate leaf stage than that at the booting stage, and it was the minimum at anthesis stage. The abortion rate of pollen in Xumai 30 was higher than that in Yangmai 16. The low temperature at three stages had significant effects on the number of spikelets, the number of fertile spikelets and the number of grains per spikelet. The effect of low temperature at the appearance of the penultimate leaf stage on grains number per spikelet was the most significant. There was a significant positive correlation between the number of grains per spike and pollen fertility, which was affected by abnormal meiosis, delayed degradation of the tapetum, and undersupply of nutriment for anther development. Therefore, the decline of pollen fertility caused by low temperature in spring is the main reason for the decrease of grains number per spike.

Key words: wheat, cold stress, grain number, pollen fertility

图1

孕穗期低温处理48 h对小麦花粉母细胞减数分裂的影响(100×) 1: 扬麦16对照后期I; 2: 扬麦16对照末期I; 3: 扬麦16对照末期II; 4: 扬麦16后期I (箭头示落后染色体); 5: 扬麦16末期I (箭头示微核); 6: 扬麦16末期II (箭头示微核); 7: 徐麦30后期I (箭头示染色体桥); 8: 徐麦30后期I (箭头示落后染色体); 9: 徐麦30末期II (箭头示子细胞大小不一致)。自然生长条件下, 两小麦品种花粉母细胞减数分裂过程基本一致, 本文用扬麦16自然生长的减数分裂图片为对照。"

图2

不同时期低温处理的小麦花药细胞化学观察(二胞花粉期淀粉染色) A: 扬麦16自然生长对照; B: 扬麦16倒二叶出生期低温处理48 h; C: 扬麦16孕穗期低温处理48 h; D: 徐麦30自然生长对照; E: 徐麦30倒二叶出生期低温处理48 h; F: 徐麦30孕穗期低温处理48 h; Ep: 表皮; En: 药室内壁; ML: 中层; M: 小孢子母细胞; P: 花粉; T: 绒毡层。"

图3

不同时期低温处理的小麦花药细胞化学观察(三胞花粉期淀粉染色) A: 扬麦16自然生长对照; B: 扬麦16倒二叶出生期低温处理48 h; C: 扬麦16孕穗期低温处理48 h; D: 徐麦30自然生长对照; E: 徐麦30倒二叶出生期低温处理48 h; F: 徐麦30孕穗期低温处理48 h; Ep: 表皮; En: 药室内壁; ML: 中层; M: 小孢子母细胞; P: 花粉; T: 绒毡层。"

图4

不同时期低温处理的小麦花药细胞化学观察(二胞花粉期蛋白染色) A: 扬麦16自然生长对照; B: 扬麦16倒二叶出生期低温处理48 h; C: 扬麦16孕穗期低温处理48 h; D: 徐麦30自然生长对照; E: 徐麦30倒二叶出生期低温处理48 h; F: 徐麦30孕穗期低温处理48 h; Ep: 表皮; En: 药室内壁; ML: 中层; M: 小孢子母细胞; P: 花粉; T: 绒毡层。"

图5

不同时期低温处理的小麦花药细胞化学观察(三胞花粉期蛋白染色) A: 扬麦16自然生长对照; B: 扬麦16倒二叶出生期低温处理48 h; C: 扬麦16孕穗期低温处理48 h; D: 徐麦30自然生长对照; E: 徐麦30倒二叶出生期低温处理48 h; F: 徐麦30孕穗期低温处理48 h; Ep: 表皮; En: 药室内壁; ML: 中层; M: 小孢子母细胞; P: 花粉; T: 绒毡层。"

表1

春季不同时期低温对小麦花粉粒活性的影响"

年度
Year		 低温处理
Low-temperature treatment		 处理时长
Time (h)		 扬麦16 Yangmai 16 徐麦30 Xumai 30
败育率
Abortion rate (%)		 升幅
Increase (%)		 败育率
Abortion rate (%)		 升幅
Increase (%)
2015-2016 倒二叶出生期 24 25.5 b 18.6 26.2 b 18.8
The appearance of the penultimate leaf stage (5℃/-3℃) 48 28.4 a 21.5 29.6 a 22.2
孕穗期 24 15.3 d 8.5 17.5 d 10.1
Booting stage (8℃/-1℃) 48 19.2 c 12.3 19.8 c 12.4
开花期 24 8.0 e 1.2 8.7 e 1.3
Anthesis stage (12℃/4℃) 48 13.7 d 6.9 16.6 d 9.2
自然生长对照 Control 6.8 e — 7.4 e —
F值 F-value 121.24** 154.35**
2016-2017 倒二叶出生期 24 23.6 b 18.2 24.2 b 18.3
The appearance of the penultimate leaf stage (5℃/-3℃) 48 25.2 a 19.8 26.6 a 20.6
孕穗期 24 13.6 d 8.2 14.6 d 8.7
Booting stage (8℃/-1℃) 48 15.4 c 10.0 16.8 c 10.9
开花期 24 7.0 f 1.6 8.0 f 2.0
Anthesis stage (12℃/4℃) 48 9.8 e 4.4 10.2 e 4.3
自然生长对照 Control 5.4 g — 6.0 g —
F值 F-value 245.51** 215.02**

表2

春季不同时期低温对小穗退化的影响(2015--2017)"

图6

小麦花粉败育率与退化小穗数的关系"

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