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作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (12): 2459-2470.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.04252

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

行距和密度对高粱籽粒灌浆、淀粉及氮磷钾累积特征的影响

董二伟1,2(), 王劲松1,2, 武爱莲1,2, 王媛1,2, 王立革1,2, 韩雄1,2, 郭珺1,2, 焦晓燕1,2,*()   

  1. 1山西农业大学资源环境学院, 山西太原 030031
    2山西省农业科学院农业环境与资源研究所, 山西太原 030031
  • 收稿日期:2020-11-23 接受日期:2021-03-19 出版日期:2021-12-12 网络出版日期:2021-09-29
  • 通讯作者: 焦晓燕
  • 作者简介:E-mail: erwei_dong@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    山西省重点研发计划项目(201803D221003-1);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-06-13.5A20)

Effects of row space and plant density on characteristics of grain filling, starch and NPK accumulation of sorghum grain of different parts of panicle

DONG Er-Wei1,2(), WANG Jin-Song1,2, WU Ai-Lian1,2, WANG Yuan1,2, WANG Li-Ge1,2, HAN Xiong1,2, GUO Jun1,2, JIAO Xiao-Yan1,2,*()   

  1. 1College of Resources & Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
    2Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resources, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
  • Received:2020-11-23 Accepted:2021-03-19 Published:2021-12-12 Published online:2021-09-29
  • Contact: JIAO Xiao-Yan
  • Supported by:
    Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province(201803D221003-1);China Agriculture Research System(CARS-06-13.5A20)

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摘要：

行距与株距影响植株表型和农田生态, 也影响籽粒灌浆特性和产量。本试验于2018—2019进行, 设30、50和60 cm行距, 13.5、16.5、19.5、22.5万株 hm-2四个密度, 研究行距及密度对辽夏粱1号产量及产量构成的影响。结果表明, 50 cm行距16.5万株 hm-2优化产量结构, 籽粒产量最高; 与中下部比较, 上部单穗籽粒重最小, 但单粒重及单粒淀粉累积量最高、灌浆好; 50 cm行距16.5万株 hm-2各部位单穗籽粒重最高, 且延长了上部籽粒的灌浆活跃天数, 提高了下部籽粒最大灌浆速率并缩短了灌浆活跃期。50 cm和60 cm行距提高了上、中、下各部位单粒淀粉累积量、下部籽粒淀粉含量及其淀粉累积速率, 而行距30 cm延长了下部籽粒的灌浆活跃期并降低灌浆速率, 为此宽行距促进下部籽粒的灌浆提早成熟。单粒氮磷累积量随灌浆期延长而增加, 单粒钾累积量在灌浆后30~40 d最大然后下降, 为此籽粒成熟过程中钾会流失。上部单粒中较高的氮磷钾及淀粉累积量说明上部籽粒库容量较大, 宽行距也提高了各部位单粒氮磷钾累积量。综上, 宽行距结合适宜密度能提高高粱籽粒库容量, 促进淀粉累积, 提高下部籽粒(弱势粒)的灌浆速率和提早熟期, 降低气候灾害(早霜)对高粱生产的影响。

关键词: 高粱, 行距, 密度, 灌浆速率, 灌浆活跃期, 淀粉累积, 养分累积

Abstract:

Row space and plant density not only affect plant phenotype and field ecological environment but also regulate grain yield and the characteristics of grain-filling. The experiments were conducted for two years from 2018 to 2019 to investigate the effects of row space and plant density on grain yield and its composition using ‘Liaoxialiang 1’ as materials, which was bred by Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences. In 2019, the effects of row space and plant density on grain filling characteristics, starch and NPK accumulation per grain of different (upper, middle, and lower) parts of panicles were explored. There were 12 treatments, including three row spaces such as 30, 50, and 60 cm and four plant densities of 135, 165, 195, and 225 thousand-plant hm-2 with each row space. The highest grain yield per hectare and grain yield of three parts of per panicle were produced by the 50 cm row space with 165 thousand-plant hm-2density for 12 treatments. The yield of upper part per panicle was lower than those of other two parts; whereas it had relative high values of weight and starch per grain. Row space 50 cm with density of 165 thousand-plant hm-2 prolonged active grain-filling period of upper part of panicle. It also increased the maximum grain-filling rate and shortened active grain-filling period of lower part of panicle. Both row spaces of 50 cm and 60 cm promoted starch accumulation per grain of three parts of panicle during grain development; whereas 30 cm resulted in a prolonged active grain-filling period of lower part of panicle, which was associated with a reduced grain-filling rate. This might illustrate that relative wide row space accelerate lower part grain maturity and refrain from the effect of early frost on yield, brought about a higher grain-filling rate. Both N and P accumulation per grain increased during grain filling process; Meanwhile K accumulation reached ceiling at 30-40 days after anthesis and declined afterwards, because of K leakage from grain during its maturation. NPK and starch accumulation per grain in upper part of panicle were relatively high than those of other two parts of panicle. It implied the grain of upper panicle had a larger seed size as well. Compared with 30 cm row space, 50 cm and 60 cm row spaces increased NPK accumulation per grain of three parts. High NPK accumulation per grain was produced by the treatment of 50 cm row space with the density of 165 thousand-plant hm-2. In conclusion, wide row space can promote seed size of grain and starch accumulation. The increased grain-filling rate of lower part of panicle (inferior kernels) by wide row space can diminish the risk of natural calamity of early frost.

Key words: sorghum, row space, density, grain-filling rate, active grain-filling period, starch accumulation, NPK accumulation

图1

2018-2019年高粱生育期月降雨量和月均气温"

图2

行距和密度对籽粒产量、千粒重和穗粒数的影响 13.5: 密度13.5万株 hm-2; 16.5: 密度16.5万株 hm-2; 19.5: 密度19.5万株 hm-2; 22.5: 密度22.5万株 hm-2。不同小写字母表示处理间差异达0.05显著水平。"

图3

行距和密度对各部位单穗籽粒重的影响 30-13.5: 行距30 cm, 密度13.5万株 hm-2; 30-16.5: 行距30 cm, 密度16.5万株 hm-2; 30-19.5: 行距30 cm, 密度19.5万株 hm-2; 30-22.5: 行距30 cm, 密度22.5万株 hm-2; 50-13.5: 行距50 cm, 密度13.5万株 hm-2; 50-16.5: 行距50 cm, 密度16.5万株 hm-2; 50-19.5: 行距50 cm, 密度19.5万株 hm-2; 50-22.5: 行距50 cm, 密度22.5万株 hm-2; 60-13.5: 行距60 cm, 密度13.5万株 hm-2; 60-16.5: 行距60 cm, 密度16.5万株 hm-2; 60-19.5: 行距60 cm, 密度19.5万株 hm-2; 60-22.5: 行距60 cm, 密度22.5万株 hm-2。a: 上部穗位; b: 中部穗位; c: 下部穗位。"

图4

行距和密度对籽粒增重的影响 处理同图3。a: 上部穗位; b: 中部穗位; c: 下部穗位。"

图5

行距和密度对籽粒灌浆速率的影响 处理同图3。a: 上部穗位; b: 中部穗位; c: 下部穗位。"

表1

栽培模式籽粒饲用高粱籽粒不同部位灌浆活跃天数和平均灌浆速率"

行距
Row space
(cm)		 密度
Planting density
(×104 hm-2)		 上部籽粒
Upper part of panicle		 中部籽粒
Middle part of panicle		 下部籽粒
Lower part of panicle
T
(d)		 G
(mg grain-1 d-1)		 T
(d)		 G
(mg grain-1 d-1)		 T
(d)		 G
(mg grain-1 d-1)
30 13.5 19.71 b 0.61 c 40.69 cde 0.58 de 43.25 ab 0.51 e
16.5 18.87 b 0.77 b 38.41 e 0.58 de 44.64 a 0.46 f
19.5 18.86 b 0.78 b 40.07 de 0.61 cd 43.82 ab 0.47 f
22.5 19.82 b 0.72 d 40.55 cde 0.57 e 41.64 bc 0.45 f
50 13.5 22.19 a 0.73 d 43.15 bc 0.63 c 39.26 d 0.64 cd
16.5 22.84 a 0.78 b 38.66 de 0.72 a 40.65 cd 0.64 cd
19.5 18.90 b 0.79 b 38.76 de 0.68 b 38.03 de 0.63 d
22.5 14.88 c 0.85 a 35.46 f 0.71 ab 33.85 f 0.72 a
60 13.5 19.67 b 0.79 b 45.60 ab 0.59 de 33.82 f 0.72 a
16.5 18.85 b 0.77 b 42.98 c 0.63 c 34.12 f 0.70 a
19.5 18.68 b 0.81 ab 46.46 a 0.55 e 35.85 ef 0.67 bc
22.5 19.16 b 0.77 b 41.10 cd 0.64 c 39.40 d 0.61 d
F值
F-value		 行距Row space ns ** ** ** ** **
密度Density ** ** ** ** ns *
行距×密度
Row space×Density		 ** ** ** ** ** **

图6

行距和密度对单粒淀粉累积的影响 处理同图3。a: 上部穗位; b: 中部穗位; c: 下部穗位。"

图7

行距和密度对单粒淀粉累积速率的影响 处理同图3。a: 上部穗位; b: 中部穗位; c: 下部穗位。"

图8

行距和密度对籽粒淀粉含量的影响 处理同图3。a: 上部穗位; b: 中部穗位; c: 下部穗位。"

图9

行距和密度对单粒氮累积的影响 处理同图3。a: 上部穗位; b: 中部穗位; c: 下部穗位。"

图10

行距和密度对籽粒单粒磷累积的影响 处理同图3。a: 上部穗位; b: 中部穗位; c: 下部穗位。"

图11

行距和密度对籽粒单粒钾累积的影响 处理同图3。a: 上部穗位; b: 中部穗位; c: 下部穗位。"

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