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作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (11): 3131-3140.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.31017

• 研究简报 • 上一篇    

绿肥还田量结合氮肥减施对绿洲灌区小麦产量和氮素吸收利用的影响

柴健(), 于爱忠(), 李悦, 王玉珑, 王凤, 王鹏飞, 吕汉强, 杨学慧, 尚永盼   

  1. 甘肃农业大学农学院 / 干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室, 甘肃兰州730070
  • 收稿日期:2023-02-28 接受日期:2023-05-24 出版日期:2023-11-12 网络出版日期:2023-06-09
  • 通讯作者: 于爱忠, E-mail: yuaizh@gsau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: chaijian0305@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1900200);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-22-G-12);甘肃省科技计划项目(20JR5RA037);甘肃农业大学伏羲杰出人才培育计划项目(Gaufx-04J01)

Effects of green manure incorporation combined with nitrogen fertilizer reduction on wheat yield and nitrogen utilization in oasis irrigated area

CHAI Jian(), YU Ai-Zhong(), LI Yue, WANG Yu-Long, WANG Feng, WANG Peng-Fei, LYU Han-Qiang, YANG Xue-Hui, SHANG Yong-Pan   

  1. College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2023-02-28 Accepted:2023-05-24 Published:2023-11-12 Published online:2023-06-09
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1900200);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-22-G-12);Science and Technology Plan of Gansu Province(20JR5RA037);Fuxi Outstanding Talent Cultivation Program of Gansu Agricultural University(Gaufx-04J01)

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摘要：

针对甘肃河西绿洲灌区小麦生产中产量提高受限、氮素利用率低等问题, 分析绿肥还田配施化学氮肥对小麦产量形成及氮素吸收利用的影响, 为优化小麦施氮制度提供理论依据。2021至2022年, 在河西绿洲灌区开展小麦复种毛叶苕子田间试验, 以传统施氮不复种绿肥为对照(G0N1), 设置: 不施氮不复种绿肥(G0N0); 绿肥7500 kg hm-2+氮肥减量15% (G1N2); 绿肥15,000 kg hm-2+氮肥减量15% (G2N2); 绿肥22,500 kg hm-2+氮肥减量15% (G3N2); 绿肥30,000 kg hm-2+氮肥减量15% (G4N2); 绿肥7500 kg hm-2+氮肥减量30% (G1N3); 绿肥15,000 kg hm-2+氮肥减量30% (G2N3); 绿肥22,500 kg hm-2+氮肥减量30% (G3N3); 绿肥30,000 kg hm-2+氮肥减量30% (G4N3), 分析了绿肥还田量和化学氮肥减量的组合效应对小麦氮素吸收积累及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明, 绿肥还田30,000 kg hm-2配合化学氮肥减量15% (G4N2)在提高作物产量的同时促进了氮素高效利用。与G0N1相比, G4N2处理籽粒产量和氮素利用效率分别提高8.2%、45.4% (P<0.05)。G4N2较G2N2、G4N3、G3N3籽粒产量分别提高25.6%、19.1%和15.5%, 氮素利用效率分别提高28.9%、8.4%和24.3%, G1N2、G1N3与G0N1无显著差异。G4N2处理较G0N1收获指数、氮肥偏生产力及氮素收获指数分别提高36.8%、43.8%、33.9% (P<0.05), 较G3N2、G2N2、G4N3、G3N3分别平均提高15.0%~26.3%、9.6%~29.2%和5.6%~11.2%。小麦开花期和成熟期, G4N2处理地上部氮素积累量较其他处理平均提高22.5%、13.9%, 氮素营养指数较其他处理平均提高38.1%、37.4% (P<0.05)。同时, 与G0N1相比, G4N2处理茎和叶的氮素转运量平均提高35.8%、20.4%, 氮素转运率平均提高26.6%、23.3%, 氮素转运对籽粒的贡献率平均提高29.1%、25.7% (P<0.05)。综上所述, 河西绿洲灌区绿肥还田30,000 kg hm-2配合化学氮肥减量15%相比传统施氮不复种绿肥能够有效协调小麦地上部氮素的积累及向籽粒的转运, 提高氮素利用效率, 促进小麦增产。

关键词: 小麦, 绿肥, 化学氮肥, 产量, 氮素利用效率

Abstract:

Aiming at the problems of yield increase constrained and low fertilizer efficiency, the effect of green manure incorporation and nitrogen application on wheat yield and nitrogen utilization were investigated and the field experiment was conducted in Hexi oasis irrigated area in 2021 and 2022. Compared with the control of traditional nitrogen application mode (G0N1), setting the following treatments include green manure incorporation at 7500 kg hm-2 (G1), 15,000 kg hm-2 (G2), 22,500 kg hm-2 (G3), and 30,000 kg hm-2 (G4), and nitrogen fertilizer reduction at 153 kg hm-2 (N2), and 126 kg hm-2 (N3), their combined application with each other as G1N2, G2N2, G3N2, G4N2, G1N3, G2N3, G3N3, G4N3, and the combined effects on nitrogen absorption and accumulation and grain yield of wheat were analyzed. The results showed that green manure incorporation at 30,000 kg hm-2 combined with chemical nitrogen fertilizer reduction by 15% (G4N2) can effectively improve crop yield and promote nitrogen use efficiency at the same time. Compared with G0N1, the grain yield and N utilization efficiency (NUTE) of G4N2 were significantly increased by 8.2% and 45.4%, respectively. Compared with G2N2, G4N3, and G3N3, G4N2 increased grain yield and NUTE by 26.1%, 19.1%, 15.5% and 28.9%, 8.4%, and 24.3%, respectively. Compared with G0N1, G4N2 significantly increased harvest index, nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity (PFPN), and nitrogen harvest index (NHI) by 36.8%, 43.8%, and 33.9%, respectively, and compared with G3N2, G2N2, G4N3, and G3N3 by 15.0%-26.3%, 9.6%-29.2%, and 5.6%-11.2%, respectively. At anthesis and maturity stages, the AGN and NNI of G4N2 were significantly increased by 22.5% and 13.9%, 38.1% and 37.4%, compared with other treatments. Compared with G0N1, G4N2 significantly increased nitrogen translocation of stems and leaves by 35.8% and 20.4%, and significantly increased nitrogen translocation rate by 26.6% and 23.3%, and significantly increased the contribution of translocated nitrogen to grain by 29.1%, 25.7% in wheat. In conclusion, green manure incorporation at 30,000 kg hm-2 combined with chemical nitrogen fertilizer reduction by 15% can effectively coordinate the aboveground nitrogen accumulation and translocation, significantly increased nitrogen harvest index and partial nitrogen fertilizer productivity, thus increasing wheat yield.

Key words: wheat, green manure, nitrogen fertilizer, yield, nitrogen utilization efficiency

图1

2021-2022年作物生育期日降水量及日均温变化"

表1

小麦播前绿肥还田量和施氮量"

处理代码
Treatment code		 化学氮肥减施比例
Nitrogen reduction rate (%)		 施氮量
Nitrogen application rate (kg hm-2)		 绿肥还田量(鲜重)
Green manure incorporation amount (kg hm-2)
G0N0 0 0 0
G0N1 0 180 0
G1N2 15 153 7500
G2N2 15 153 15,000
G3N2 15 153 22,500
G4N2 15 153 30,000
G1N3 30 126 7500
G2N3 30 126 15,000
G3N3 30 126 22,500
G4N3 30 126 30,000

表2

绿肥播前和小麦播前0~30 cm土层土壤水分、有机质及全氮含量"

处理
Treatment		 土壤水分
Soil moisture (%)		 土壤有机质含量
Total organic matter (g kg-1)		 土壤全氮含量
Total N (g kg-1)
绿肥播前
Before green
manure planting		 小麦播前
Before wheat
sowing		 绿肥播前
Before green
manure planting		 小麦播前
Before wheat
sowing		 绿肥播前
Before green
manure planting		 小麦播前
Before wheat
sowing
G0N0 10.6 d 11.1 d 11.12 d 11.14 d 0.68 c 0.60 e
G0N1 11.8 c 12.4 c 11.74 c 11.88 c 0.81 b 0.81 d
G1N2 11.9 c 12.4 c 11.94 c 12.01 c 0.82 ab 0.84 c
G2N2 12.4 b 14.8 b 12.01 b 12.12 bc 0.82 a 0.84 bc
G3N2 12.6 b 15.2 ab 12.07 bc 12.11 b 0.84 a 0.85 b
G4N2 13.2 a 15.8 a 12.22 a 12.28 a 0.85 a 0.86 a
G1N3 11.4 cd 11.6 d 11.88 c 11.93 c 0.81 ab 0.83 c
G2N3 11.9 c 12.3 cd 12.02 b 12.10 bc 0.81 ab 0.83 c
G3N3 12.1 b 13.1 bc 12.08 ab 12.11 b 0.82 ab 0.84 bc
G4N3 12.8 b 13.6 b 12.09 ab 12.16 ab 0.83 a 0.85 b

图2

绿肥还田结合氮肥减施条件下小麦地上部氮素积累量 柱上不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图3

绿肥还田结合氮肥减施条件下小麦氮素营养指数 柱上不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

表3

绿肥还田结合氮肥减施条件下小麦茎叶氮素转运及其对籽粒氮素的贡献率"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 氮转运量
Translocation of N
(kg hm-2)		 氮转运率
Translocation rate of nitrogen (%)		 转运氮对籽粒氮素的贡献率
Contribution of translocated nitrogen to grain N
(%)
叶片Leaf 茎Stem 叶片Leaf 茎Stem 叶片Leaf 茎Stem
2021 G0N0 36.1 f 28.9 f 54.2 f 51.6 f 23.1 g 17.0 g
G0N1 42.2 e 49.8 e 57.7 e 54.4 e 26.6 f 22.9 f
G1N2 47.3 e 53.0 d 62.3 d 58.1 cd 28.6 e 23.5 ef
G2N2 57.4 cd 58.9 b 63.9 d 64.3 b 29.2 e 25.3 de
G3N2 64.9 b 57.5 bc 69.7 bc 65.6 b 33.9 bc 27.5 c
G4N2 71.1 a 61.2 a 74.1 a 72.2 a 36.5 a 32.4 a
G1N3 43.9 e 51.3 de 58.1 e 57.2 d 25.3 f 24.4 def
G2N3 55.1 d 56.2 c 64.3 d 58.9 cd 32.4 cd 25.1 de
G3N3 60.4 bc 57.3 bc 67.9 c 60.8 c 31.6 d 25.9 cd
G4N3 64.1 b 58.2 b 70.5 b 66.6 b 34.3 b 29.4 b
2022 G0N0 35.0 g 35.0 f 56.1 g 52.1 g 22.6 g 18.2 g
G0N1 47.5 f 50.4 e 58.3 f 55.2 f 25.3 f 22.5 f
G1N2 59.5 de 54.2 d 62.0 e 57.5 e 29.5 e 24.1 e
G2N2 60.8 d 57.9 bc 65.5 cd 63.6 c 31.9 cd 25.5 de
G3N2 64.8 bc 60.0 b 68.7 b 66.3 b 34.4 b 27.2 cd
G4N2 68.9 a 64.8 a 74.0 a 70.4 a 36.4 a 32.1 a
G1N3 57.9 e 52.4 de 58.0 f 57.0 e 26.3 f 24.1 e
G2N3 59.2 de 54.1 d 64.2 d 58.8 de 30.8 de 24.8 de
G3N3 63.5 c 57.1 c 66.6 c 60.1 d 33.0 bc 26.3 c
G4N3 65.6 b 59.2 bc 70.0 b 66.6 b 33.8 b 29.1 b

图4

绿肥还田结合氮肥减施条件下小麦产量及收获指数 柱上不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

表4

绿肥还田结合氮肥减施条件下小麦氮素利用率"

处理
Treatment		 2021 2022
氮素利用效率
NUTE (kg kg-1)		 氮素收获指数
NHI		 氮肥偏生产力
PFPN (kg kg-1)		 氮素利用效率
NUTE (kg kg-1)		 氮素收获指数
NHI		 氮肥偏生产力
PFPN (kg kg-1)
G0N0 21.2 g 0.61 g - 21.1 f 0.56 g -
G0N1 25.2 f 0.67 f 33.3 e 25.0 e 0.62 f 33.3 f
G1N2 26.3 ef 0.73 de 42.0 d 26.1 de 0.68 def 39.4 e
G2N2 32.7 cd 0.79 bc 45.1 c 33.0 c 0.73 bcd 45.1 d
G3N2 39.7 b 0.84 b 53.6 b 40.0 b 0.79 b 52.3 c
G4N2 46.0 a 0.89 a 59.3 a 45.8 a 0.88 a 59.3 a
G1N3 26.4 ef 0.69 ef 34.8 e 26.3 de 0.64 ef 33.4 f
G2N3 29.5 de 0.74 cd 43.4 cd 29.5 d 0.69 cde 44.4 d
G3N3 34.8 c 0.79 bc 52.2 b 34.8 c 0.74 bc 51.6 c
G4N3 42.1 b 0.82 b 53.5 b 42.1 b 0.79 b 54.8 b
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