水氮减量密植玉米的产量及产量构成

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23056

作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (7): 1919-1929.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23056

水氮减量密植玉米的产量及产量构成

韦金贵(), 郭瑶, 柴强^*(), 殷文^*(), 樊志龙, 胡发龙

省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室 / 甘肃农业大学农学院, 甘肃兰州730070

收稿日期:2022-08-05 接受日期:2022-10-10 出版日期:2023-07-12 网络出版日期:2022-10-18
通讯作者: *柴强, E-mail: chaiq@gsau.edu.cn; 殷文, E-mail: yinwen@gsau.edu.cn
作者简介:E-mail: 1946819335@qq.com
基金资助:
本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(32101857);本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(U21A20218);甘肃农业大学伏羲青年人才项目(Gaufx-03Y10);甘肃省重点人才项目(204197083016);中央引导地方科技发展专项(ZCYD-2021-10)

Yield and yield components of maize response to high plant density under reduced water and nitrogen supply

WEI Jin-Gui(), GUO Yao, CHAI Qiang^*(), YIN Wen^*(), FAN Zhi-Long, HU Fa-Long

State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, College of Agronomy Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China

Received:2022-08-05 Accepted:2022-10-10 Published:2023-07-12 Published online:2022-10-18
Contact: *E-mail: chaiq@gsau.edu.cn; E-mail: yinwen@gsau.edu.cn
Supported by:
The National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101857);The National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20218);The Fuxi Young Talents Fund of Gansu Agricultural University(Gaufx-03Y10);The Important talent of Gansu province(204197083016);The Central Government will Guide Local Science and Technology Development Projects(ZCYD-2021-10)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对干旱绿洲灌区水资源匮乏、玉米生产化肥投入量大等问题, 在水氮减量条件下, 探讨增大密度对玉米干物质积累、籽粒产量和产量构成的影响, 以期为建立水氮减量玉米稳产高效技术体系提供依据。2020—2021年, 在地方习惯灌水减量20% (3240 m³ hm^-2, W1)、习惯灌水(4050 m³ hm^-2, W2)和减量施氮25% (270 kg hm^-2, N1)、习惯施氮(360 kg hm^-2, N2)条件下, 研究密度从7.50万株 hm^-2(低, D1)提高30% (中, D2)、60% (高, D3)时, 玉米干物质积累及产量的响应特征。研究表明, 水、氮减量均显著降低玉米籽粒产量, 增密30%可补偿水氮同时减量导致的产量降低效应; 施氮量不变降低灌水量时, 增密可显著提高产量。2个试验年度内, W1较W2、N1较N2产量分别降低3.0%、12.9%, D2、D3较D1产量分别高12.9%、9.2%; W1N1D1较W2N2D1处理减产12.3%, W1N1D2与W2N2D1处理产量差异不显著。增密30%能够补偿水氮减量减产的主要原因是提高了灌浆初期到成熟期干物质的累积量和成穗数, W1N1D2与W2N2D1相比, 灌浆初期到成熟期干物质积累量提高5.8%, V_max(最大干物质积累速率)、V_mean(平均干物质积累速率)、T_m(最大干物质积累速率出现时间)、HI (收获指数)差异均不显著, 穗数增加24.7%, 但穗粒数、千粒重分别降低19.3%和14.8%。W1N2D2较W2N2D1处理增产13.9%。当施氮量不变时, 减水增密稳产的主要原因是提高了干物质积累量、V_mean、HI和穗数, W1N2D2与W2N2D1相比, 穗数、干物质积累、V_mean和HI分别提高24.8%、10.2%、8.4%和4.7%, 千粒重差异不显著。因此, 本试验水氮同步减量条件下增密30%, 是绿洲灌区玉米水氮节约稳产高产的可行措施; 在施氮量保持不变但灌水量减少20%时, 密度提高30%是玉米节水增产的有效措施。

关键词: 水氮减量, 密植, 玉米, 干物质积累, 产量, 补偿效应

Abstract:

Water shortage and high fertilizer input have become the dominant factors restraining maize production in arid oasis irrigation area, it is urgent to study the technology of stable yield and increasing yield of crops with reduced water and fertilizer. To provide basis for establishing the efficient technology of stable and high yield of maize with water and nitrogen reduction, the effects of increasing density on dry matter accumulation, grain yield and yield components of maize were investigated under reduced water and nitrogen supply. A split-split plot field experiment was conducted in 2020 and 2021. Under two irrigation levels on local conventional irrigation reduced by 20% (W1) and local conventional irrigation (W2), and two levels of nitrogen fertilizer at a local conventional nitrogen reduced by 25% (N1) and local conventional nitrogen (N2), the response characteristics of dry matter accumulation and yield of maize were studied when maize density increased from 75,000 plants·hm^-2 (low density, D1) by 30% (medium density D2), and by 60% (high density D3). The results showed that the grain yield of maize was significantly decreased with the reduced water and nitrogen supply, and increasing planting density by 30% could compensate the negative effect on the decrease of yield. Under the reduced water supply while maintaining N application rate, the dense planting density could significantly increase grain yield. In the two experimental years, the yield of W1 was 3.0% lower than W2. The grain yield of N1 was 12.9% lower than N2. Compared with D1, D2, and D3 increased grain yield by 12.9% and 9.2%, respectively. Compared with W2N2D1, the grain yield of W1N1D1 was decreased by 12.3%, but there was no significant difference between W2N2D1 andW1N1D2 treatments. Under the reduced water and nitrogen supply, increasing density could compensate the negative effect on the decrease of yield was mainly attributed to promoting the dry matter accumulation from early-filling to maturing stage and improving panicle number significantly. Compared with W2N2D1, the dry matter accumulation of W1N1D2 was increased by 5.8% from the early-filling to maturing stage of maize, but there were no significant differences on V_max (maximum rate of dry matter accumulation), V_mean (mean increase rate of dry matter accumulation), T_m (the days of the maximum rate), and HI (harvest index) between W1N1D2 and W2N2D1 treatments. Compared with W2N2D1, the spike number of W1N1D2 was increased by 24.7%, but the number of kernels per spike and 1000-kernel weight of W1N1D2 were decreased by 19.3% and 14.8%, respectively. The grain yield of W1N2D2 was 13.9% higher than W2N2D1. When the nitrogen application rate was unchanged, the main reasons for the reduced irrigation, increasing density, and stable yield were the increase of dry matter accumulation, V_mean, HI, and the panicle number. Compared with W2N2D1, W1N2D2 increased panicle number, dry matter accumulation, V_mean and HI by 24.8%, 10.2%, 8.4%, and 4.7%, respectively, but there was not signiﬁcant difference in 1000-kernel weight between W1N2D2 and W2N2D1 treatments. In conclusion, increasing planting density by 30% under the simultaneous reduction of water and nitrogen in the experiment was a feasible measure to save water and nitrogen for stable and high yield of maize in oasis irrigation areas. Increasing planting density by 30% was a feasible measure to save water and increase yield of maize when irrigation water was reduced by 20% while maintaining N application rate

Key words: water and nitrogen reduction, high planting density, maize, dry matter accumulation, yield, compensation effect

韦金贵, 郭瑶, 柴强, 殷文, 樊志龙, 胡发龙. 水氮减量密植玉米的产量及产量构成[J]. 作物学报, 2023, 49(7): 1919-1929.

WEI Jin-Gui, GUO Yao, CHAI Qiang, YIN Wen, FAN Zhi-Long, HU Fa-Long. Yield and yield components of maize response to high plant density under reduced water and nitrogen supply[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(7): 1919-1929.

图/表 7

图1

表1

表2

不同处理模式下玉米的产量、产量构成因素"

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg hm^-2)			生物产量 Biomass (kg hm^-2)	收获指数 Harvest index	产量构成因素 Yield components
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg hm^-2)			生物产量 Biomass (kg hm^-2)	收获指数 Harvest index	穗数 Ear number (ear m^-2)	穗粒数 Kernel number per spike (grain ear^-1)	千粒重 1000-kernel weight (g)
2020	W1N1D1	12,579 h			30,873 e	0.41 bc	7.38 d	509.17 e	322.84 f
	W1N1D2	14,300 ef			33,936 d	0.42 b	9.29 c	477.95 f	310.88 g
	W1N1D3	13,804 fg			40,822 b	0.34 f	11.43 b	455.89 g	292.18 h
	W1N2D1	14,938 e			31,918 de	0.47 a	7.66 d	558.07 bc	370.48 ab
	W1N2D2	17,816 ab			37,006 c	0.48 a	9.46 c	543.25 cd	366.42 b
	W1N2D3	16,325 cd			44,445 a	0.37 de	11.88 a	484.03 f	332.77 e
	W2N1D1	13,052 gh			36,534 c	0.36 ef	7.29 d	553.66 cd	368.69 ab
	W2N1D2	13,813 fg			36,814 c	0.38 de	9.40 c	538.83 d	351.03 c
	W2N1D3	14,815 e			43,834 a	0.34 f	11.45 b	476.84 f	324.59 ef
	W2N2D1	15,772 d			32,667 de	0.48 a	7.53 d	597.70 a	376.36 a
	W2N2D2	17,942 a			37,168 c	0.48 a	9.51 c	573.75 b	369.91 ab
	W2N2D3	17,045 bc			43,311 a	0.39 cd	11.98 a	509.69 e	342.18 d
2021	W1N1D1	13,680 f			29,624 e	0.46 a	7.29 d	517.59 cd	349.43 bc
	W1N1D2	14,586 cd			33,938 cd	0.43 ab	9.49 c	476.77 ef	331.81 cd
	W1N1D3	14,255 d			40,330 ab	0.35d	11.32 b	440.46 h	292.91 e
	W1N2D1	13,677 f			34,123 cd	0.40 bc	7.53 d	563.57 b	366.82 ab
	W1N2D2	16,294 a			36,401 c	0.45 a	9.34 c	516.62 cd	363.91 ab
2021	W1N2D3	15,320 b			41,935 a	0.37 cd	11.55 b	464.55 fg	330.62 bc
	W2N1D1	13,613 f			31,790 de	0.43 ab	7.43 d	556.88 b	372.09 a
	W2N1D2	14,868 c			37,257 bc	0.40 bc	9.49 c	508.35 d	346.04 bc
	W2N1D3	13,612 f			40,600 ab	0.34 d	11.36 b	453.33 gh	315.72 d
	W2N2D1	14,178 d			35,005 cd	0.41 bc	7.54 d	585.10 a	377.56 a
	W2N2D2	16,294 a			37,471 bc	0.44 ab	9.43 c	528.01 c	366.71 ab
	W2N2D3	16,561 a			42,059 a	0.39 bc	12.03 a	480.98 e	334.22 cd
显著性分析 P-value
灌水 Irrigation (W)			*	NS		NS	NS	**	**
施氮 Nitrogen (N)			**	*		**	NS	**	**
密度 Density (D)			**	**		**	**	**	**
灌水×施氮W×N			**	*		**	NS	NS	**
灌水×密度W×D			NS	*		*	NS	NS	NS
施氮×密度N×D			**	NS		NS	**	NS	*
灌水×施氮×密度W×N×D			*	NS		NS	NS	NS	NS

表2

图2

表3

不同处理玉米干物质积累速率的Logistic方程回归分析"

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	回归方程 Regression equation	R²	最大增长速率出现天数 Days of MIR (T_m, d)	最大增长速率 Maximum increase rate (V_max, kg hm^-2 d^-1)	平均增长速率 Mean increase rate (V_mean, kg hm^-2 d^-1)
2020	W1N1D1	Y=31524/(1+e^6.401-0.070*^t)	0.989	91.4 cd	551.7 de	210.0 f
	W1N1D2	Y=35452/(1+e^5.671-0.059*^t)	0.979	96.1 abc	522.9 de	230.9 d
	W1N1D3	Y=41017/(1+e^5.279-0.056*^t)	0.996	94.3 cd	574.2 bc	251.7 c
	W1N2D1	Y=36583/(1+e^5.226-0.055*^t)	0.989	95.0 bcd	503.0 e	217.1 ef
	W1N2D2	Y=39032/(1+e^5.280-0.055*^t)	0.993	96.0 abc	536.7 de	277.7 b
	W1N2D3	Y=46356/(1+e^5.185-0.057*^t)	0.991	91.0 ab	660.6 ab	302.3 a
	W2N1D1	Y=32725/(1+e^6.652-0.075*^t)	0.998	88.7 e	613.6 bc	248.5 c
	W2N1D2	Y=35459/(1+e^6.088-0.063*^t)	0.996	96.6 ab	558.5 cde	250.4 c
	W2N1D3	Y=41225/(1+e^5.944-0.066*^t)	0.995	90.1 de	680.2 a	298.2 a
	W2N2D1	Y=34471/(1+e^5.585-0.059*^t)	0.997	94.7 cd	508.4 e	222.2 de
	W2N2D2	Y=40810/(1+e^5.560-0.055*^t)	0.997	101.1 a	561.1 cde	252.9 c
	W2N2D3	Y=45861/(1+e^5.368-0.057*^t)	0.964	94.2 cd	653.5 ab	294.6 a
2021	W1N1D1	Y=33565/(1+e^5.261-0.058*^t)	0.996	90.7 cd	486.7 d	210.1 d
	W1N1D2	Y=35960/(1+e^5.235-0.059*^t)	0.998	89.2 d	527.4 cd	240.7 cd
	W1N1D3	Y=42586/(1+e^5.344-0.057*^t)	0.998	93.8 abc	606.9 ab	286.0 ab
	W1N2D1	Y=36375/(1+e^5.541-0.059*^t)	0.993	93.9 ab	536.5 cd	242.0 cd
	W1N2D2	Y=41353/(1+e^5.550-0.058*^t)	0.990	96.2 a	596.2 abc	258.2 abc
	W1N2D3	Y=44211/(1+e^5.451-0.056*^t)	0.997	96.8 a	622.6 ab	297.4 a
	W2N1D1	Y=34439/(1+e^5.665-0.062*^t)	0.995	91.9 bcd	530.9 cd	225.5 cd
	W2N1D2	Y=39923/(1+e^5.183-0.057*^t)	0.998	90.9 bcd	568.9 bc	264.2 abc
	W2N1D3	Y=42129/(1+e^5.319-0.058*^t)	0.996	92.2 bcd	607.4 ab	287.9 ab
	W2N2D1	Y=36517/(1+e^5.739-0.062*^t)	0.998	92.6 bc	566.0 bc	248.3 bcd
	W2N2D2	Y=39238/(1+e^5.733-0.062*^t)	0.997	93.0 bc	604.9 ab	265.8 abc
	W2N2D3	Y=44421/(1+e^5.575-0.058*^t)	0.998	96.1 a	644.1 a	298.3 a
显著性分析P-value
灌水 Irrigation (W)				NS	*	*
施氮 Nitrogen (N)				*	NS	*
密度 Density (D)				*	**	**
灌水×施氮W×N				NS	NS	*
灌水水平×密度W×D				NS	NS	NS
施氮水平×密度N×D				NS	NS	NS
灌水×施氮×密度W×N×D				NS	NS	NS

表3

图3

表4

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灌水量 Irrigation quota (m³ hm^-2)			施氮量 N fertilizer rate (kg hm^-2)			种植密度 Planting density (×10⁴ plant hm^-2)		代码 Code
水平Level	生育时期 Growth stage	定额 Quota	水平Level	生育时期 Growth stage	量 Amount	水平Level	量 Amount	代码 Code
W2	播种期 Sowing	0	N2	播种期 Sowing	108	D1	7.50	W2N2D1
	苗期 Seeding	900		大喇叭口期 Big flare	180	D2	9.75	W2N2D2
	拔节期 Jointing	750		灌浆期 Filling	72	D3	12.00	W2N2D3
	大喇叭口期 Big flare	900	N1	播种期 Sowing	81	D1	7.50	W2N1D1
	开花期 Flowering	750		大喇叭口期 Big flare	135	D2	9.75	W2N1D2
	灌浆期 Filling	750		灌浆期 Filling	54	D3	12.00	W2N1D3
W1	播种期 Sowing	0	N2	播种期 Sowing	108	D1	7.50	W1N2D1
	苗期 Seeding	720		大喇叭口期 Big flare	180	D2	9.75	W1N2D2
	拔节期 Jointing	600		灌浆期 Filling	72	D3	12.00	W1N2D3
	大喇叭口期 Big flare	720	N1	播种期 Sowing	81	D1	7.50	W1N1D1
	开花期 Flowering	600		大喇叭口期 Big flare	135	D2	9.75	W1N1D2
	灌浆期 Filling	600		灌浆期 Filling	54	D3	12.00	W1N1D3

指标 Parameter	与籽粒产量的简单相关系数 Correlation coefficient with yield	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient	间接通径系数 Indirect path coefficient
指标 Parameter	与籽粒产量的简单相关系数 Correlation coefficient with yield	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient	穗数 SN	穗粒数KSN	千粒重TKW	干物质积累 DMA	收获指数HI
穗数SN	0.396^**	0.494^**	—	-0.117	-0.061	0.603	-0.524
穗粒数KSN	0.129	0.158^*	-0.365	—	0.085	-0.372	0.623
千粒重TKW	0.255^*	0.099	-0.304	0.136	—	-0.271	0.594
干物质积累DMA	0.358^*	0.735^**	0.405	-0.080	-0.037	—	-0.667
收获指数HI	0.430^**	1.013^**	-0.256	0.097	0.058	-0.483	—

水氮减量密植玉米的产量及产量构成

Yield and yield components of maize response to high plant density under reduced water and nitrogen supply

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