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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (7): 1919-1929.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23056

所属专题： 玉米：耕作栽培·生理生化

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

水氮减量密植玉米的产量及产量构成

韦金贵(), 郭瑶, 柴强*(), 殷文*(), 樊志龙, 胡发龙   

  1. 省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室 / 甘肃农业大学农学院, 甘肃兰州730070
  • 收稿日期:2022-08-05 接受日期:2022-10-10 出版日期:2023-07-12 网络出版日期:2022-10-18
  • 通讯作者: *柴强, E-mail: chaiq@gsau.edu.cn; 殷文, E-mail: yinwen@gsau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 1946819335@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(32101857);本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(U21A20218);甘肃农业大学伏羲青年人才项目(Gaufx-03Y10);甘肃省重点人才项目(204197083016);中央引导地方科技发展专项(ZCYD-2021-10)

Yield and yield components of maize response to high plant density under reduced water and nitrogen supply

WEI Jin-Gui(), GUO Yao, CHAI Qiang*(), YIN Wen*(), FAN Zhi-Long, HU Fa-Long   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, College of Agronomy Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2022-08-05 Accepted:2022-10-10 Published:2023-07-12 Published online:2022-10-18
  • Contact: *E-mail: chaiq@gsau.edu.cn; E-mail: yinwen@gsau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    The National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101857);The National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20218);The Fuxi Young Talents Fund of Gansu Agricultural University(Gaufx-03Y10);The Important talent of Gansu province(204197083016);The Central Government will Guide Local Science and Technology Development Projects(ZCYD-2021-10)

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摘要：

针对干旱绿洲灌区水资源匮乏、玉米生产化肥投入量大等问题, 在水氮减量条件下, 探讨增大密度对玉米干物质积累、籽粒产量和产量构成的影响, 以期为建立水氮减量玉米稳产高效技术体系提供依据。2020—2021年, 在地方习惯灌水减量20% (3240 m3 hm-2, W1)、习惯灌水(4050 m3 hm-2, W2)和减量施氮25% (270 kg hm-2, N1)、习惯施氮(360 kg hm-2, N2)条件下, 研究密度从7.50万株 hm-2 (低, D1)提高30% (中, D2)、60% (高, D3)时, 玉米干物质积累及产量的响应特征。研究表明, 水、氮减量均显著降低玉米籽粒产量, 增密30%可补偿水氮同时减量导致的产量降低效应; 施氮量不变降低灌水量时, 增密可显著提高产量。2个试验年度内, W1较W2、N1较N2产量分别降低3.0%、12.9%, D2、D3较D1产量分别高12.9%、9.2%; W1N1D1较W2N2D1处理减产12.3%, W1N1D2与W2N2D1处理产量差异不显著。增密30%能够补偿水氮减量减产的主要原因是提高了灌浆初期到成熟期干物质的累积量和成穗数, W1N1D2与W2N2D1相比, 灌浆初期到成熟期干物质积累量提高5.8%, Vmax (最大干物质积累速率)、Vmean (平均干物质积累速率)、Tm (最大干物质积累速率出现时间)、HI (收获指数)差异均不显著, 穗数增加24.7%, 但穗粒数、千粒重分别降低19.3%和14.8%。W1N2D2较W2N2D1处理增产13.9%。当施氮量不变时, 减水增密稳产的主要原因是提高了干物质积累量、Vmean、HI和穗数, W1N2D2与W2N2D1相比, 穗数、干物质积累、Vmean和HI分别提高24.8%、10.2%、8.4%和4.7%, 千粒重差异不显著。因此, 本试验水氮同步减量条件下增密30%, 是绿洲灌区玉米水氮节约稳产高产的可行措施; 在施氮量保持不变但灌水量减少20%时, 密度提高30%是玉米节水增产的有效措施。

关键词: 水氮减量, 密植, 玉米, 干物质积累, 产量, 补偿效应

Abstract:

Water shortage and high fertilizer input have become the dominant factors restraining maize production in arid oasis irrigation area, it is urgent to study the technology of stable yield and increasing yield of crops with reduced water and fertilizer. To provide basis for establishing the efficient technology of stable and high yield of maize with water and nitrogen reduction, the effects of increasing density on dry matter accumulation, grain yield and yield components of maize were investigated under reduced water and nitrogen supply. A split-split plot field experiment was conducted in 2020 and 2021. Under two irrigation levels on local conventional irrigation reduced by 20% (W1) and local conventional irrigation (W2), and two levels of nitrogen fertilizer at a local conventional nitrogen reduced by 25% (N1) and local conventional nitrogen (N2), the response characteristics of dry matter accumulation and yield of maize were studied when maize density increased from 75,000 plants·hm-2 (low density, D1) by 30% (medium density D2), and by 60% (high density D3). The results showed that the grain yield of maize was significantly decreased with the reduced water and nitrogen supply, and increasing planting density by 30% could compensate the negative effect on the decrease of yield. Under the reduced water supply while maintaining N application rate, the dense planting density could significantly increase grain yield. In the two experimental years, the yield of W1 was 3.0% lower than W2. The grain yield of N1 was 12.9% lower than N2. Compared with D1, D2, and D3 increased grain yield by 12.9% and 9.2%, respectively. Compared with W2N2D1, the grain yield of W1N1D1 was decreased by 12.3%, but there was no significant difference between W2N2D1 andW1N1D2 treatments. Under the reduced water and nitrogen supply, increasing density could compensate the negative effect on the decrease of yield was mainly attributed to promoting the dry matter accumulation from early-filling to maturing stage and improving panicle number significantly. Compared with W2N2D1, the dry matter accumulation of W1N1D2 was increased by 5.8% from the early-filling to maturing stage of maize, but there were no significant differences on Vmax (maximum rate of dry matter accumulation), Vmean (mean increase rate of dry matter accumulation), Tm (the days of the maximum rate), and HI (harvest index) between W1N1D2 and W2N2D1 treatments. Compared with W2N2D1, the spike number of W1N1D2 was increased by 24.7%, but the number of kernels per spike and 1000-kernel weight of W1N1D2 were decreased by 19.3% and 14.8%, respectively. The grain yield of W1N2D2 was 13.9% higher than W2N2D1. When the nitrogen application rate was unchanged, the main reasons for the reduced irrigation, increasing density, and stable yield were the increase of dry matter accumulation, Vmean, HI, and the panicle number. Compared with W2N2D1, W1N2D2 increased panicle number, dry matter accumulation, Vmean and HI by 24.8%, 10.2%, 8.4%, and 4.7%, respectively, but there was not significant difference in 1000-kernel weight between W1N2D2 and W2N2D1 treatments. In conclusion, increasing planting density by 30% under the simultaneous reduction of water and nitrogen in the experiment was a feasible measure to save water and nitrogen for stable and high yield of maize in oasis irrigation areas. Increasing planting density by 30% was a feasible measure to save water and increase yield of maize when irrigation water was reduced by 20% while maintaining N application rate

Key words: water and nitrogen reduction, high planting density, maize, dry matter accumulation, yield, compensation effect

图1

2020-2021年度试验区玉米生育期降水量及日平均温度变化"

表1

不同处理的灌水制度和施氮制度"

灌水量
Irrigation quota (m3 hm-2)		 施氮量
N fertilizer rate (kg hm-2)		 种植密度
Planting density
(×104 plant hm-2)		 代码
Code
水平Level 生育时期
Growth stage		 定额
Quota		 水平Level 生育时期
Growth stage		 量
Amount		 水平Level 量
Amount
W2 播种期 Sowing 0 N2 播种期 Sowing 108 D1 7.50 W2N2D1
苗期 Seeding 900 大喇叭口期 Big flare 180 D2 9.75 W2N2D2
拔节期 Jointing 750 灌浆期 Filling 72 D3 12.00 W2N2D3
大喇叭口期 Big flare 900 N1 播种期 Sowing 81 D1 7.50 W2N1D1
开花期 Flowering 750 大喇叭口期 Big flare 135 D2 9.75 W2N1D2
灌浆期 Filling 750 灌浆期 Filling 54 D3 12.00 W2N1D3
W1 播种期 Sowing 0 N2 播种期 Sowing 108 D1 7.50 W1N2D1
苗期 Seeding 720 大喇叭口期 Big flare 180 D2 9.75 W1N2D2
拔节期 Jointing 600 灌浆期 Filling 72 D3 12.00 W1N2D3
大喇叭口期 Big flare 720 N1 播种期 Sowing 81 D1 7.50 W1N1D1
开花期 Flowering 600 大喇叭口期 Big flare 135 D2 9.75 W1N1D2
灌浆期 Filling 600 灌浆期 Filling 54 D3 12.00 W1N1D3

表2

不同处理模式下玉米的产量、产量构成因素"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 籽粒产量
Grain yield
(kg hm-2)		 生物产量
Biomass
(kg hm-2)		 收获指数
Harvest index		 产量构成因素 Yield components
穗数
Ear number
(ear m-2)		 穗粒数
Kernel number per spike (grain ear-1)		 千粒重
1000-kernel weight (g)
2020 W1N1D1 12,579 h 30,873 e 0.41 bc 7.38 d 509.17 e 322.84 f
W1N1D2 14,300 ef 33,936 d 0.42 b 9.29 c 477.95 f 310.88 g
W1N1D3 13,804 fg 40,822 b 0.34 f 11.43 b 455.89 g 292.18 h
W1N2D1 14,938 e 31,918 de 0.47 a 7.66 d 558.07 bc 370.48 ab
W1N2D2 17,816 ab 37,006 c 0.48 a 9.46 c 543.25 cd 366.42 b
W1N2D3 16,325 cd 44,445 a 0.37 de 11.88 a 484.03 f 332.77 e
W2N1D1 13,052 gh 36,534 c 0.36 ef 7.29 d 553.66 cd 368.69 ab
W2N1D2 13,813 fg 36,814 c 0.38 de 9.40 c 538.83 d 351.03 c
W2N1D3 14,815 e 43,834 a 0.34 f 11.45 b 476.84 f 324.59 ef
W2N2D1 15,772 d 32,667 de 0.48 a 7.53 d 597.70 a 376.36 a
W2N2D2 17,942 a 37,168 c 0.48 a 9.51 c 573.75 b 369.91 ab
W2N2D3 17,045 bc 43,311 a 0.39 cd 11.98 a 509.69 e 342.18 d
2021 W1N1D1 13,680 f 29,624 e 0.46 a 7.29 d 517.59 cd 349.43 bc
W1N1D2 14,586 cd 33,938 cd 0.43 ab 9.49 c 476.77 ef 331.81 cd
W1N1D3 14,255 d 40,330 ab 0.35d 11.32 b 440.46 h 292.91 e
W1N2D1 13,677 f 34,123 cd 0.40 bc 7.53 d 563.57 b 366.82 ab
W1N2D2 16,294 a 36,401 c 0.45 a 9.34 c 516.62 cd 363.91 ab
2021 W1N2D3 15,320 b 41,935 a 0.37 cd 11.55 b 464.55 fg 330.62 bc
W2N1D1 13,613 f 31,790 de 0.43 ab 7.43 d 556.88 b 372.09 a
W2N1D2 14,868 c 37,257 bc 0.40 bc 9.49 c 508.35 d 346.04 bc
W2N1D3 13,612 f 40,600 ab 0.34 d 11.36 b 453.33 gh 315.72 d
W2N2D1 14,178 d 35,005 cd 0.41 bc 7.54 d 585.10 a 377.56 a
W2N2D2 16,294 a 37,471 bc 0.44 ab 9.43 c 528.01 c 366.71 ab
W2N2D3 16,561 a 42,059 a 0.39 bc 12.03 a 480.98 e 334.22 cd
显著性分析 P-value
灌水 Irrigation (W) * NS NS NS ** **
施氮 Nitrogen (N) ** * ** NS ** **
密度 Density (D) ** ** ** ** ** **
灌水×施氮W×N ** * ** NS NS **
灌水×密度W×D NS * * NS NS NS
施氮×密度N×D ** NS NS ** NS *
灌水×施氮×密度W×N×D * NS NS NS NS NS

图2

不同处理玉米干物质积累量 处理缩写同表1。"

表3

不同处理玉米干物质积累速率的Logistic方程回归分析"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 回归方程
Regression equation		 R2 最大增长速率出现天数
Days of MIR
(Tm, d)		 最大增长速率
Maximum increase rate
(Vmax, kg hm-2 d-1)		 平均增长速率
Mean increase rate
(Vmean, kg hm-2 d-1)
2020 W1N1D1 Y=31524/(1+e6.401-0.070*t) 0.989 91.4 cd 551.7 de 210.0 f
W1N1D2 Y=35452/(1+e5.671-0.059*t) 0.979 96.1 abc 522.9 de 230.9 d
W1N1D3 Y=41017/(1+e5.279-0.056*t) 0.996 94.3 cd 574.2 bc 251.7 c
W1N2D1 Y=36583/(1+e5.226-0.055*t) 0.989 95.0 bcd 503.0 e 217.1 ef
W1N2D2 Y=39032/(1+e5.280-0.055*t) 0.993 96.0 abc 536.7 de 277.7 b
W1N2D3 Y=46356/(1+e5.185-0.057*t) 0.991 91.0 ab 660.6 ab 302.3 a
W2N1D1 Y=32725/(1+e6.652-0.075*t) 0.998 88.7 e 613.6 bc 248.5 c
W2N1D2 Y=35459/(1+e6.088-0.063*t) 0.996 96.6 ab 558.5 cde 250.4 c
W2N1D3 Y=41225/(1+e5.944-0.066*t) 0.995 90.1 de 680.2 a 298.2 a
W2N2D1 Y=34471/(1+e5.585-0.059*t) 0.997 94.7 cd 508.4 e 222.2 de
W2N2D2 Y=40810/(1+e5.560-0.055*t) 0.997 101.1 a 561.1 cde 252.9 c
W2N2D3 Y=45861/(1+e5.368-0.057*t) 0.964 94.2 cd 653.5 ab 294.6 a
2021 W1N1D1 Y=33565/(1+e5.261-0.058*t) 0.996 90.7 cd 486.7 d 210.1 d
W1N1D2 Y=35960/(1+e5.235-0.059*t) 0.998 89.2 d 527.4 cd 240.7 cd
W1N1D3 Y=42586/(1+e5.344-0.057*t) 0.998 93.8 abc 606.9 ab 286.0 ab
W1N2D1 Y=36375/(1+e5.541-0.059*t) 0.993 93.9 ab 536.5 cd 242.0 cd
W1N2D2 Y=41353/(1+e5.550-0.058*t) 0.990 96.2 a 596.2 abc 258.2 abc
W1N2D3 Y=44211/(1+e5.451-0.056*t) 0.997 96.8 a 622.6 ab 297.4 a
W2N1D1 Y=34439/(1+e5.665-0.062*t) 0.995 91.9 bcd 530.9 cd 225.5 cd
W2N1D2 Y=39923/(1+e5.183-0.057*t) 0.998 90.9 bcd 568.9 bc 264.2 abc
W2N1D3 Y=42129/(1+e5.319-0.058*t) 0.996 92.2 bcd 607.4 ab 287.9 ab
W2N2D1 Y=36517/(1+e5.739-0.062*t) 0.998 92.6 bc 566.0 bc 248.3 bcd
W2N2D2 Y=39238/(1+e5.733-0.062*t) 0.997 93.0 bc 604.9 ab 265.8 abc
W2N2D3 Y=44421/(1+e5.575-0.058*t) 0.998 96.1 a 644.1 a 298.3 a
显著性分析P-value
灌水 Irrigation (W) NS * *
施氮 Nitrogen (N) * NS *
密度 Density (D) * ** **
灌水×施氮W×N NS NS *
灌水水平×密度W×D NS NS NS
施氮水平×密度N×D NS NS NS
灌水×施氮×密度W×N×D NS NS NS

图3

不同处理玉米群体生长率动态 处理缩写同表1。"

表4

不同处理玉米籽粒产量与产量构成因素, 干物质积累和收获指数的相关系数和通径系数"

指标
Parameter		 与籽粒产量的
简单相关系数
Correlation coefficient with yield		 直接通径系数
Direct path coefficient		 间接通径系数 Indirect path coefficient
穗数
SN		 穗粒数KSN 千粒重TKW 干物质积累
DMA		 收获指数HI
穗数SN 0.396** 0.494** — -0.117 -0.061 0.603 -0.524
穗粒数KSN 0.129 0.158* -0.365 — 0.085 -0.372 0.623
千粒重TKW 0.255* 0.099 -0.304 0.136 — -0.271 0.594
干物质积累DMA 0.358* 0.735** 0.405 -0.080 -0.037 — -0.667
收获指数HI 0.430** 1.013** -0.256 0.097 0.058 -0.483 —
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