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作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (1): 149-160.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44085

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

有机肥替代化肥氮对谷子氮素累积、产量及品质的影响

王媛(), 许佳茵, 董二伟, 王劲松, 刘秋霞, 黄晓磊, 焦晓燕()   

  1. 山西农业大学资源环境学院, 山西太原 030031
  • 收稿日期:2024-05-23 接受日期:2024-09-18 出版日期:2025-01-12 网络出版日期:2024-10-10
  • 通讯作者: 焦晓燕
  • 作者简介:E-mail: wangyuan1520@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    山西省重点研发项目(2022ZDYF108);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-06-14.5-A20)

Effects of manure replacement of chemical fertilizer nitrogen on yield, nitrogen accumulation, and quality of foxtail millet

WANG Yuan(), XU Jia-Yin, DONG Er-Wei, WANG Jin-Song, LIU Qiu-Xia, HUANG Xiao-Lei, JIAO Xiao-Yan()   

  1. College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
  • Received:2024-05-23 Accepted:2024-09-18 Published:2025-01-12 Published online:2024-10-10
  • Contact: JIAO Xiao-Yan
  • Supported by:
    Key Research Project of Shanxi Province(2022ZDYF108);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-06-14.5-A20)

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摘要：

有机肥部分替代化肥是一种实现化肥减量的可持续农业生产措施。本研究于2020和2021连续2年以“沁黄2号”为供试材料, 设不施氮(CK)、常量化肥氮(NPK)、有机肥替代25%化肥氮(25% M)、有机肥替代50%化肥氮(50% M)、有机肥替代75%化肥氮(75% M)和有机肥替代100%化肥氮(100% M) 6个处理, 研究不同替代率对谷子产量构成和氮素吸收的影响, 并分析氮素吸收调控小米米色、糊化特性和类胡萝卜素组分的效应, 明确谷子生产中有机肥最佳替代率。结果表明, 2年中较低的有机肥替代化肥氮率显著提高了谷子植株氮素累积, 但随着替代率的持续增加, 植株氮素累积量呈降低趋势, 最终影响谷子产量和小米品质。2020年, 25% M处理显著提高了谷子地上部氮素累积量, 较NPK处理提高9.6%; 2021年, 25% M处理谷子地上部氮素累积量、生物量、穗粒数和产量达到最高, 较NPK处理分别提高6.1%、12.0%、15.4%和12.0%。50% M处理显著影响了小米的米色、糊化特征和类胡萝卜素含量, 与NPK相比, 小米籽粒红绿值、橘色值、支链淀粉含量、总淀粉含量、小米糊化最终黏度、叶黄素含量、玉米黄质含量和黄色素含量的增幅分别可达6.0%、6.0%、7.4%、4.3%、7.8%、20.7%、17.4%和2.8%。但有机肥完全替代化肥降低了谷子地上部氮素吸收、地上部生物量、穗粒数及谷子产量, 也抑制了小米叶黄素和玉米黄质含量的提升。2年均表现出谷子地上部氮吸收量与小米单粒重、直链淀粉含量和小米糊化回升值呈显著的负相关。且2021年谷子地上部氮吸收量还与小米总淀粉含量、蛋白质含量、小米粉糊化峰值黏度和小米黄色素含量呈显著的负相关, 与小米糊化峰谷黏度呈显著的正相关。综上, 施氮总量120 kg hm-2下, 有机肥替代25%~50%化肥氮能通过促进植株氮素的吸收, 实现产量、米色、蒸煮特性及类胡萝卜素的协同提升, 为谷子化肥减量和提质增效生产提供技术支撑。

关键词: 谷子, 有机肥替代化肥氮率, 氮素累积, 产量, 米色, 糊化特性, 类胡萝卜素

Abstract:

The partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with manure is increasingly recognized as a promising strategy for achieving sustainable agriculture. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different manure substitution ratios on grain yield and its components, plant nitrogen accumulation, grain appearance quality, carotenoid content, and pasting properties. A two-year field experiment (2020-2021) was conducted with six treatments: no fertilizer application (CK), chemical fertilizer (NPK), 25% substitution of chemical nitrogen with manure (25% M), 50% substitution (50% M), 75% substitution (75% M), and 100% substitution (100% M). Results indicated that plant nitrogen accumulation was highest with 25% M and decreased as the proportion of manure substitution increased, which subsequently affected grain yield and quality. In 2020, 25% M increased plant nitrogen accumulation by 9.6% compared to NPK. In 2021, 25% M produced the highest values for plant nitrogen accumulation, aboveground biomass, grain yield, and grain number per ear, with increases of 6.1%, 12.0%, 15.4%, and 12.0%, respectively, compared to NPK. Grain appearance quality, pasting properties, and carotenoid content were significantly influenced by the 50% M treatment. Compared to NPK, 50% M increased the a* parameter (indicating red or green coloration) by 6%, CCI (indicating orange coloration) by 6%, and final viscosity by 7.8%. Additionally, amylopectin, total starch, lutein, zeaxanthin, and yellow pigment contents increased by 7.4%, 4.3%, 20.68%, 17.4%, and 2.8%, respectively, under 50% M compared to NPK. However, 100% M significantly reduced plant nitrogen accumulation, biomass, grain number per ear, and grain yield relative to NPK, and had no positive effects on lutein and zeaxanthin contents. Pearson correlation analyses revealed that plant nitrogen accumulation was negatively related to grain weight, amylose content, and setback viscosity in 2020 and 2021. A negative correlation was also observed between plant nitrogen accumulation and total starch content, protein content, peak viscosity, and yellow pigment content in 2021, while a positive correlation was found between plant nitrogen accumulation and trough viscosity. In conclusion, under a total nitrogen application rate of 120 kg hm-2, substituting 25%-50% of chemical nitrogen with manure enhanced plant nitrogen accumulation, which in turn improved yield, grain appearance quality, pasting properties, and carotenoid content in foxtail millet grains.

Key words: foxtail millet, replacement ratio of chemical fertilizer nitrogen by manure, plant nitrogen accumulation, grain yield, grain appearance quality, pasting properties, carotenoids in grains

图1

2020-2021年生育期日平均气温和降雨量"

表1

各处理施肥量"

处理
Treatment		 有机肥
Organic fertilizer (kg hm-2)		 化肥Chemical fertilizer (kg hm-2)
N P2O5 K2O
CK 0 0 0 0
NPK 0 120 60 75
25% M 1200 90 42 54
50% M 2400 60 24 33
75% M 3600 30 6 12
100% M 4800 0 0 0

表2

有机肥替代化肥氮对谷子产量及其构成的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 产量
Grain yield
(kg hm-2)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight
(g)		 穗粒数
Grain number
(per panicle)		 生物量
Biomass
(kg hm-2)		 收获指数
HI
(%)		 氮累积量
N accumulation
(kg hm-2)		 氮收获指数
NHI
(%)
2020 CK 5525.3±245.4 b 2.72±0.02 c 6858±136 ab 10,600.3±361.6 a 52.1±0.5 b 123.1±2.8 a 64.5±1.9 c
NPK 6050.2±180.4 bc 2.67±0.01 ab 6796±230 ab 12,401.2±124.1 b 48.8±1.1 b 158.0±0.2 d 62.0±1.5 abc
25% M 6531.7±258.8 c 2.66±0.01 ab 7433±677 ab 13,008.0±737.0 b 50.4±1.8 b 173.1±1.0 f 61.3±0.5 abc
50% M 6560.0±384.2 c 2.65±0.01 ab 8537±837 b 12,793.8±779.8 b 51.3±0.5 b 162.6±0.4 e 63.9±0.3 bc
75% M 6300.4±288.7 bc 2.70±0.01 bc 6750±685 ab 12,221.3±520.5 ab 51.7±2.9 b 149.5±1.4 c 60.8±0.4 ab
100% M 5149.4±188.8 a 2.71±0.00 c 6108±237 a 12,206.4±178.0 ab 42.2±1.6 a 144.0±0.6 b 59.3±0.6 a
2021 CK 3649.5±95.2 a 2.74±0.00 d 5461±179 a 7871.4±111.2 a 46.3±0.6 c 89.8±3.0 a 59.3±0.8 c
NPK 4472.5±77.3 c 2.70±0.01 bc 5884±173 ab 10,226.4±98.0 cd 43.8±1.1 a 137.1±3.0 c 54.1±0.2 ab
25% M 5007.2±30.3 d 2.66±0.01 a 6791±132 c 11,456.2±79.6 e 43.7±0.1 a 145.5±1.9 d 55.6±0.8 b
50% M 4639.2±109.2 c 2.68±0.01 ab 6459±419 bc 10,505.7±159.6 d 44.2±0.7 ab 138.1±1.7 c 54.3±0.6 ab
75% M 4594.0±78.6 c 2.71±0.00 cd 6518±260 bc 10,132.0±93.0 c 45.3±0.5 abc 135.3±0.2 c 52.5±0.1 a
100% M 4073.2±45.4 b 2.70±0.00 cd 5360±13 a 8824.2±51.4 b 46.2±0.6 bc 125.9±2.0 b 52.5±0.4 a

表3

有机肥替代化肥氮对谷子籽粒性状和小米外观品质的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 单粒重
Weight per grain
(mg)		 籽粒体积
Volume per grain
(mm3)		 籽粒密度
Grain density
(g L-1)		 米色 Grain color values
L a b CCI E
2020 CK 2.71±0.02 c 1.96±0.01 ab 1383.58±12.51 b 54.27±0.23 b 1.73±0.01 bc 26.23±0.23 b 1.22±0.02 ab 60.30±0.28 b
NPK 2.64±0.01 ab 1.95±0.01 a 1354.69±5.74 ab 53.71±0.19 ab 1.67±0.02 a 26.04±0.08 ab 1.20±0.02 a 59.71±0.20 ab
25% M 2.64±0.01 ab 1.96±0.02 abc 1348.58±19.68 a 53.62±0.09 ab 1.70±0.01 ab 25.55±0.24 a 1.24±0.00 abc 59.42±0.07 a
50% M 2.65±0.01 ab 2.00±0.00 bc 1324.96±3.81 a 53.99±0.3 ab 1.72±0.01 bc 25.84±0.08 ab 1.23±0.01 abc 59.88±0.30 ab
75% M 2.69±0.01 bc 1.97±0.01 abc 1368.63±3.08 ab 53.37±0.29 a 1.72±0.01 bc 25.55±0.06 a 1.26±0.01 c 59.20±0.24 a
100% M 2.71±0.00 c 1.99±0.01 c 1361.19±4.52 ab 53.84±0.08 ab 1.75±0.01 c 26.02±0.07 ab 1.25±0.01 bc 59.82±0.08 ab
2021 CK 2.72±0.00 d 1.97±0.02 a 1380.86±9.59 b 53.82±0.39 a 1.37±0.01 a 25.67±0.13 b 0.99±0.02 a 59.65±0.40 a
NPK 2.69±0.01 bc 2.00±0.01 ab 1342.55±9.58 ab 53.06±0.35 a 1.34±0.01 a 25.21±0.23 ab 1.00±0.01 a 58.77±0.41 a
25% M 2.63±0.01 a 2.00±0.01 ab 1313.03±14.98 a 53.53±0.20 a 1.36±0.00 a 25.16±0.32 ab 1.01±0.01 ab 59.16±0.32 a
50% M 2.66±0.01 ab 2.03±0.03 ab 1312.31±17.12 a 53.09±0.60 a 1.42±0.01 b 25.23±0.25 ab 1.06±0.03 cd 58.80±0.63 a
75% M 2.70±0.00 cd 2.04±0.02 b 1321.99±16.38 a 53.03±0.33 a 1.42±0.01 b 25.26±0.09 ab 1.06±0.00 bc 58.76±0.34 a
100% M 2.70±0.00 cd 2.03±0.03 ab 1329.27±19.64 a 53.52±0.44 a 1.47±0.02 c 24.70±0.29 a 1.11±0.01 d 58.97±0.48 a

图2

有机肥替代化肥氮对小米直链淀粉、支链淀粉、总淀粉含量和蛋白质含量的影响 不同小写字母代表不同处理间在0.05概率水平差异显著。处理同表1。"

表4

有机肥部分替代化肥氮对小米粉糊化特性的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 峰值黏度
Peak viscosity
(BU)		 最终黏度
Final viscosity
(BU)		 崩解值
Breakdown
(BU)		 回升值
Setback
(BU)		 峰谷黏度
Trough viscosity
(BU)		 糊化温度
Pasting temperature
(℃)		 开始糊化时间
Start pasting time
(min)
2020 CK 267.0±9.7 bc 484.7±4.9 b 76.7±2.9 bc 355.7±7.1 d 129.0±3.5 a 77.3±0.5 a 9.36±0.20 a
NPK 251.7±15.5 ab 463.0±2.3 a 71.0±3.6 ab 342.3±2.4 bc 120.7±0.7 a 77.3±0.1 a 9.35±0.02 a
25% M 261.3±5.3 bc 492.3±3.7 bc 65.0±3.5 a 323.7±3.2 a 168.7±6.7 b 78.8±0.5 a 9.87±0.18 a
50% M 232.0±5.3 a 499.0±3.2 c 70.3±3.2 ab 339.3±0.9 b 159.7±3.2 b 78.5±0.5 a 9.79±0.18 a
75% M 272.3±5.4 bc 510.3±3.7 d 81.7±1.2 c 348.7±3.8 bcd 161.7±5.0 b 78.6±0.8 a 9.83±0.24 a
100% M 284.7±7.2 c 525.3±2.6 e 79.0±1.2 bc 353.3±0.9 cd 172.0±3.5 b 78.2±0.4 a 9.65±0.14 a
2021 CK 287.3±2.9 c 476.3±1.8 ab 63.0±2.0 a 373.3±3.5 ab 103.0±3.5 a 82.4±0.2 a 11.08±0.07 a
NPK 276.7±1.7 bc 471.7±2.2 a 60.0±5.2 a 335.3±8.5 b 136.3±9.2 a 82.3±0.4 a 11.06±0.13 a
25% M 265.7±6.4 ab 482.7±3.4 b 60.0±4.0 a 314.0±9.0 a 168.7±10.6 b 82.6±0.2 a 11.13±0.09 a
50% M 255.3±4.4 a 497.0±0.6 c 61.7±5.4 a 329.0±23.7 ab 168.0±23.8 b 82.6±0.4 a 11.10±0.12 a
75% M 266.0±4.6 ab 501.7±2.7 c 59.7±5.6 a 331.3±12.0 ab 170.3±12.8 b 83.1±0.1 a 11.19±0.11 a
100% M 270.7±3.7 b 510.3±2.2 d 67.3±4.5 a 340.0±20.8 ab 170.3±22.8 b 82.5±0.2 a 11.28±0.03 a

图3

有机肥部分替代化肥氮对小米黄色素和类胡萝卜素的影响 不同小写字母代表不同处理间在0.05概率水平差异显著。处理同表1。"

图4

谷子地上部氮吸收量与小米品质的相关关系 PN: 植株地上部氮累积量; GW: 小米单粒重; GV: 小米体积; a: 米色红绿值; CCI: 米色橘色值; AM: 小米直链淀粉含量; AMP: 小米支链淀粉含量; SC: 小米总淀粉含量; PC: 小米蛋白质含量; PV: 小米粉糊化峰值黏度; FV: 小米粉糊化最终黏度; SB: 小米粉糊化回升值; YP: 小米黄色素含量; LT: 小米叶黄素含量; ZE: 小米玉米黄质含量; CA: 小米β-胡萝卜素含量。* 、** 和*** 分别表示在0.05、0.01和0.001概率水平显著相关。"

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