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作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (1): 161-173.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44065

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

密植对不同年代大豆品种群体光合生产和产量形成的影响

丁树启1,2(), 程彤1(), 王弼琨1,2, 于德彬1, 饶德民1, 孟凡钢1, 赵胤凯1, 王晓慧1, 张伟1,*()   

  1. 1吉林省农业科学院(中国农业科技东北创新中心)大豆研究所, 吉林长春 130033
    2吉林农业大学农学院, 吉林长春 130118
  • 收稿日期:2024-04-19 接受日期:2024-08-15 出版日期:2025-01-12 网络出版日期:2024-08-26
  • 通讯作者: *张伟, E-mail: zw.0431@163.com
  • 作者简介:丁树启, E-mail: dingshuqi0710@163.com;
    程彤, E-mail: 844423156@qq.com<
    **同等贡献
  • 基金资助:
    吉林省农业科技创新工程项目(CXGC2022RCB003);吉林省农业科技创新工程项目(CXGC2022RCG011);国家自然科学基金区域创新发展联合基金项目(U21A20215);吉林省科技发展计划项目(20240602046RC);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-04-PS14);吉林省农业科学院(中国农业科技东北创新中心)基本科研经费项目(KYJF2023DX012)

Effects of planting density on photosynthetic production and yield formation of soybean varieties from different eras

DING Shu-Qi1,2(), CHENG Tong1(), WANG Bi-Kun1,2, YU De-Bin1, RAO De-Min1, MENG Fan-Gang1, ZHAO Yin-Kai1, WANG Xiao-Hui1, ZHANG Wei1,*()   

  1. 1Institute of Soybean Research, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Northeast Agricultural Research Center of China), Changchun 130033, Jilin, China
    2College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
  • Received:2024-04-19 Accepted:2024-08-15 Published:2025-01-12 Published online:2024-08-26
  • Contact: *E-mail: zw.0431@163.com
  • About author:**Contributed equally to this work
  • Supported by:
    Jilin Province Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project(CXGC2022RCB003);Jilin Province Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project(CXGC2022RCG011);National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Innovation and Development Joint Fund Project(U21A20215);Science and Technology Development Plant Project of Jilin Province, China(20240602046RC);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-04-PS14);Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Northeast Agricultural Research Center of China) Basic Research Funding Project(KYJF2023DX012)

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摘要：

密植是挖掘优良大豆品种生产潜力的有效途径, 但对于育种时间跨度长达百年的大豆品种而言, 其对密植的响应差异仍不清楚。为明晰密植对不同年代大豆品种群体光合生产和产量形成的影响, 以1930s—2020s育成的50个大豆品种为试验材料, 探究了不同年代大豆品种(1930s—1940s、1950s—1960s、1970s—1980s、1990s—2000s和2010s—2020s)在不同密度水平(常规密度200,000株 hm-2和高密度300,000株 hm-2)下叶面积指数(LAI)、叶面积指数增长率(LGR)、光合势(LAD)、干物质积累、作物生长率(CGR)、下部叶片衰老和产量的响应差异。结果表明, 随着育成年代的推进, 大豆群体光合生产能力和产量均逐渐提升。与老品种(1930s—1940s, 1950s—1960s和1970s—1980s)相比, 新品种(1990s—2000s和2010s—2020s)在高密度下表现出更好的生长状态。新品种在高密度下的叶面积指数(LAI)增幅更大, 盛荚期(R4)的LAI的增幅依次为17.79%和23.06%, 盛荚—鼓粒期(R4—R6)的LAI衰减更缓慢, LAD增幅更大。在R6期, 新品种在高密度下的干物质积累增幅更大, 依次为25.28%和28.96%, 其CGR也显著增加(P < 0.05), 依次为21.66%和25.38%; 此外, 新品种在高密度下下部叶片黄叶节位上移量和叶片SPAD值的降幅较小, 表现出较强的抗衰老特性。在产量方面, 新品种在高密度下单位面积粒数和荚数增幅较大, 百粒重降幅较小, 产量显著(P < 0.05)提升, 其产量增幅依次为4.49%和5.04%。综上, 生育初期, 新品种在高密度下表现出较强的“源”增加能力, 其叶源值高且稳定, 光能截获量大, 干物质积累多, 促进籽粒“库”快速发育; 而生育后期, 其叶面积指数衰减速度较慢, 群体光合能力强, 籽粒灌浆充分, 因而显著提高单位面积粒数和荚数, 从而弥补百粒重的微降, 实现大豆产量显著提升。

关键词: 大豆, 密植, 不同年代, 光合生产, 产量

Abstract:

Planting density is an effective way to harness the production potential of elite soybean varieties, yet the response differences to planting density among soybean varieties over a breeding time span of up to 100 years remain unclear. To clarify the effects of planting density on the photosynthetic production and yield formation of soybean varieties released in different eras, this study used 50 soybean varieties released from the 1930s to the 2020s. The response differences in leaf area index (LAI), leaf area index growth rate (LGR), leaf area duration (LAD), dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate (CGR), lower leaf senescence, and yield were explored under different planting densities (normal density of 200,000 plants hm-2 and high density of 300,000 plants hm-2) for soybean varieties from different eras (1930s-1940s, 1950s-1960s, 1970s-1980s, 1990s-2000s, and 2010s-2020s). The results showed that with the advancement of breeding eras, both the photosynthetic production capacity and yield of soybeans gradually increased. Compared with old varieties (1930s-1940s, 1950s-1960s, and 1970s-1980s), new varieties (1990s-2000s and 2010s-2020s) showed better growth status at high density. The increase in LAI of new varieties at high density was more substantial, with increases of 17.79% and 23.06% at the R4 stage, and the decrease in LAI from the R4 to R6 stage was slower, resulting in a more significant increase in LAD. At the R6 stage, the dry matter accumulation of new varieties at high density increased by 25.28% and 28.96%, respectively, and their CGR also significantly increased (P < 0.05) by 21.66% and 25.38%, respectively. Moreover, the new varieties showed strong senescence resistance at high density, with smaller decreases in the amount of upward displacement of yellow leaf nodes and leaf SPAD values of the lower leaves. In terms of yield, new varieties experienced greater increases in the number of seeds and pods per unit area at high density, with a smaller decrease in 100-seed weight, resulting in a significant (P < 0.05) yield increases of 4.49% and 5.04%, respectively. In conclusion, at the beginning of the growth period, new varieties showed a strong ability to increase the ‘source’ under high density, with high and stable leaf source values, greater light energy interception, and substantial dry matter accumulation, promoting the rapid development of the seed ‘sink’. During the later growth period, the slower decrease in LAI, robust photosynthetic capacity of the population and thorough seed filling significantly increased the number of seeds and pods per unit area, thereby compensating for the slight decrease in 100-seed weight and achieving a significant increase in soybean yield.

Key words: soybean, density planting, different eras, photosynthetic production, yield

图1

2022-2023年的气象数据"

图2

不同年代大豆品种"

图3

不同年代大豆品种生育期间叶面积指数动态 ND: 常规密度; HD: 高密度。R2: 盛花期; R4: 盛荚期; R6: 鼓籽期。B1、B2、B3、B4和B5分别代表1930s-1940s、1950s-1960s、1970s-1980s、1990s-2000s和2010s-2020s。小写字母表示在相同密度下不同年代间P < 0.05时的差异显著性; 大写字母表示在相同年代下不同密度处理间P < 0.05时的差异显著性; **表示P < 0.01, *表示P < 0.05; F值为双因素方差分析结果。"

表1

不同年代大豆品种叶面积增长率和光合势对密植的响应"

密度
Density		 年代
Eras		 叶面积指数增长率 LGR (LAI d-1) 光合势 LAD (d m2 m-2)
VE-R2 R2-R4 R4-R6 VE-R2 R2-R4 R4-R6
ND B1 0.0514±0.0005 dB 0.1582±0.0090 bB -0.1107±0.0138 aA 64.27±0.60 dB 66.56±1.18 dB 74.83±2.19 eB
B2 0.0544±0.0007 cB 0.1654±0.0075 abB -0.1097±0.0053 aA 67.99±0.90 cB 70.14±1.06 cB 78.19±1.50 dB
B3 0.0594±0.0003 bB 0.1692±0.0035 abB -0.1028±0.0077 aA 74.29±0.39 bB 74.97±0.61 bB 84.57±0.11 cB
B4 0.0617±0.0019 aB 0.1706±0.0077 abB -0.0999±0.0106 aA 77.10±2.39 aB 77.08±0.94 abB 87.30±0.71 bB
B5 0.0622±0.0003 aB 0.1759±0.0059 aB -0.0936±0.0052 aA 77.74±0.40 aB 78.28±0.70 aB 90.18±0.81 aB
HD B1 0.0578±0.0014 eA 0.1947±0.0112 bA -0.1481±0.0109 cB 72.29±1.71 eA 77.28±2.78 eA 84.01±2.81 eA
B2 0.0621±0.0001 dA 0.2016±0.0093 bA -0.1417±0.0101 bcB 77.64±0.18 dA 81.92±1.31 dA 90.58±1.33 dA
B3 0.0661±0.0012 cA 0.2019±0.0103 bA -0.1374±0.0230 abcB 82.69±1.44 cA 85.40±0.88 cA 94.72±2.29 cA
B4 0.0702±0.0006 bA 0.2084±0.0141 bA -0.1267±0.0136 abB 87.69±0.74 bA 89.74±1.60 bA 101.54±1.67 bA
B5 0.0724±0.0007 aA 0.2287±0.0028 aA -0.1168±0.0063 aB 90.48±0.89 aA 94.57±0.76 aA 110.73±0.69 aA
F值 B 197.40** 7.75** 2.95* 197.38** 130.09** 198.48**
F-value D 549.64** 162.62** 54.33** 549.59** 748.22** 645.67**
B×D 4.05* 1.3 0.86 4.05* 5.43** 14.83**

图4

不同年代大豆品种生育期间干物质积累动态 处理同图3。R2: 盛花期; R4: 盛荚期; R6: 鼓粒期。小写字母表示在相同密度下不同年代间P < 0.05时的差异显著性; 大写字母表示在相同年代下不同密度处理间P < 0.05时的差异显著性; **表示P < 0.01, *表示P < 0.05; F值为双因素方差分析结果。"

图5

不同年代大豆品种的作物生长率对密植的响应 处理同图3。VE-R2: 出苗-盛花期; R2-R4: 盛花-盛荚期; R4-R6: 盛荚-鼓粒期。小写字母表示在相同密度下不同年代间P < 0.05时的差异显著性; 大写字母表示在相同年代下不同密度处理间P < 0.05时的差异显著性; ** 表示P < 0.01, * 表示P < 0.05; F值为双因素方差分析结果。"

图6

不同年代大豆品种生育期间下部黄叶节位动态 处理同图3。R2: 盛花期; R4: 盛荚期; R6: 鼓粒期。小写字母表示在相同密度下不同年代间P < 0.05时的差异显著性; 大写字母表示在相同年代下不同密度处理间P < 0.05时的差异显著性; ** 表示P < 0.01, * 表示P < 0.05; F值为双因素方差分析结果。"

图7

不同年代大豆品种生育期间下部SPAD值动态 处理同图3。R2: 盛花期; R4: 盛荚期; R6: 鼓粒期。小写字母表示在相同密度下不同年代间P < 0.05时的差异显著性; 大写字母表示在相同年代下不同密度处理间P < 0.05时的差异显著性; ** 表示P < 0.01, * 表示P < 0.05; F值为双因素方差分析结果。"

表2

不同年代大豆品种产量和产量构成对密植的响应"

密度
Density		 年代
Eras		 单位面积荚数
Pods per unit area (pod m-2)		 单位面积粒数
Seeds per unit area (seed m-2)		 百粒重
100-seed weight (g)		 产量
Yield (kg hm-2)
ND B1 953.16±63.36 bB 1715.12±38.56 cB 19.09±0.16 cA 2962.63±50.07 eA
B2 979.83±41.93 bB 1884.49±95.26 bB 19.32±0.25 bA 3084.34±61.82 dA
B3 996.11±50.47 bB 1921.96±43.44 bB 19.44±0.20 bA 3287.16±87.08 cA
B4 1008.85±20.62 abB 2005.79±89.70 bB 19.97±0.22 aA 3520.82±19.95 bB
B5 1092.65±48.33 aB 2343.43±103.85 aB 20.12±0.01 aA 4241.44±35.64 aB
HD B1 1088.49±36.24 cA 2032.40±54.74 dA 18.24±0.08 eB 3024.25±102.34 eA
B2 1189.70±77.68 bA 2355.93±79.42 cA 18.56±0.08 dB 3173.99±22.34 dA
B3 1222.46±30.86 bA 2431.37±71.83 cA 18.82±0.09 cB 3341.72±29.17 cA
B4 1268.26±45.15 bA 2629.91±166.25 bA 19.47±0.03 bB 3678.99±34.84 bA
B5 1424.01±92.43 aA 3242.99±136.82 aA 19.73±0.15 aB 4455.40±23.91 aA
F值 B 16.82** 116.31** 103.73** 566.77**
F-value D 148.35** 399.83** 179.09** 32.76**
B×D 2.81 11.84** 3.21* 2.3

表3

密植作物农艺参数对产量的灰色关联度分析"

参数
Parameter		 常规密度 Normal density 高密度 High density 处理间差异 Difference between treatment
关联系数
Correlation coefficient		 排序
Rank		 关联系数
Correlation coefficient		 排序
Rank		 关联系数
Correlation coefficient		 排序
Rank
LAI 0.7904 6 0.8589 4 0.8824 2
DM 0.7348 9 0.7729 9 0.8523 4
YL 0.5638 10 0.5451 10 0.4670 10
SPAD-L 0.8399 4 0.8081 7 0.7356 8
LGR 0.8239 5 0.9111 2 0.7259 9
LAD 0.7816 7 0.8421 6 0.8850 1
CGR 0.7393 8 0.7775 8 0.8704 3
SPUA 0.9261 2 0.9178 1 0.8167 5
PPUA 0.9373 1 0.8926 3 0.8036 6
100-SW 0.8518 3 0.8532 5 0.7881 7
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